THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 


From  the  collection  of 
Julius  Doerner,  Chicago 
Purchased,  1918. 


031 


REVISED,  IMPROVED  EDITION 


THE  NEW 

CONKLIN'S 

HANDY  MANUAL 

OF 

USEFUL  INFORMATION 

AND 

WORLD'S  ATLAS 

For  Mechanics,  Merchants,  Editors,  Lawyers,  Printers 
Doctors,   Farmers,  Lumbermen,    Bankers,  Book- 
Keepers,  Politicians,  and  all  classes  of  workers 
in  every  department  of  human  effort  ;  also 
A  Compilation  of  Facts  for  Reference  on  2,000  Sub- 
jects, being  an  epitome  of  matters  Historical, 
Statistical,  Biographical,  Political,  Geo- 
graphical and  of  General  Interest 

Census  for  1900  Up  to  Date  of  Publication 


COMPILED  BY 
Prof.  GEO.  W.  CON  KLIN  of  the  Hamilton  University 


CopyHght,  im,   7^  /v'7.    hi/  LAIRD  &  LEE, 

Copyri:  .  h,/  H'.M.  H.  LEE. 


CHICAGO 

LAIRD  &  LEE,  Publishers 

1902 


THE  SCHLEY  VERDICT,  DEC.  13,  1901 
Majority  report,  by  Admiral  Dewey  and  Rear  Admsrais 
Benham  and  Ramsay. 

(Admiral  Dewey,  the  President  of  the  court,  signed 
this  ciocuinent.  bnt  took  exceptions  iis  stated  in  his 
miiioi  iiy  report.   See  next  page.) 

"Coiuinodore  Schley,  in  command  of  the  flying  squad- 
ron, should  have  proceeded  with  utmost  dispatcli  off 
Cieiifuegos,  and  should  have  maintained  a  close  blockade 
of  that  port. 

•'He  should  have  endeavored,  on  May  23,  at  Cien- 
fueyos,  to  obtain  information  regarding  the  Spanish 
squadron  by  communicaiing  wii.h  the  insurgents  at  the 
pla  (;e  designated  in  the  memorandum  delivered  to  him  at 
8;  15  a.  m.  of  that  dale. 

'"He  should  have  proceeded  from  Cienfuegos  to  Sin- 
tiago  de  Cuba  with  all  dispatch,  and  should  have  disposed 
bis  vessels  with  a  view  of  iniercepiing  the  enemy  in  any 
attempt  to  pass  the  flying  sqnadi  on. 

"He  should  not  have  delayed  the  squadron  for  the 
Eajile. 

"He  should  not  have  made  the  retrograde  turn  west- 
ward with  his  squadron. 

He  should  have  pi  omptly  obeyed  the  Navy  deparl- 
meni's  order  of  May  25. 

"  He  shouhl  have  endeavored  to  capture  or  destrov  the 
Spanish  vessels  at,  anchor  near  the  entrance  of  Santiago 
harbor  on  May  29  and  30. 

"  He  did  not  do  his  utmost  with  the  force  unrier  his 
command  to  capture  or  destroy  the  Colon  and  other 
vessels  of  the  enemy  which  he  a  ttacked  on  May  31. 

"By  Commencing  the  eng{jgement  on  July  3  with  the 
port  ba'tery  and  turnimr  the  Brooklyn  ai'ound  with  port 
helm.  Commodore  Scliley  caused  it  to  lo^e  distance  and 
po^nlion  with  the  Si>anish  Vessels.  The  turn  was  made 
toward  the  Texas,  and  caused  that  vessel  to  .stop  aud 
back  its  engines  to  avoid  a  possible  collision. 

"Admiral  Schley  did  injnstice  to  Lieutenant  Com- 
mand sr  A.  C.  Hodgson  in  publishiiig  only  a  portion  of  the 
cort  esnomlence  which  jiassed  between  them. 

'•Commodore  Schley's  conduct  in  connection  with  the 
events  of  the  Santiago  campaign  prior  to  June  1.  1898, 
was  characterized  by  vacillation,  dilatoriness,  and  lack 
of  enterprise. 

"  His  official  reports  resxardine:  the  coal  supply  and  the 
coaling  facilities  of  the  flying  squadron  were  inaccurate 
and  misleading. 

'•His  conduct  during  the  battle  of  July  3  was  self- 


703068 


possessed,  and  he  encouraged,  in  his  own  pprson,  his 
subordinate  ottlcers  and  men  to  fight  courageously." 

Minority  report,  by  Admiral  Dewey,  President  of  the  Court. 

"Ill  tlie  opinion  of  the  under.- igned,  the  Dassii^e  from 
Key  Wesi  to  Cienfuegos  was  made  by  tlie  flying  squadrnu 
with  all  possible  dispatch,  Commodore  Schley  ha.-ing  in 
view  the  importance  of  arriving  off  Cienfuegos  with  as 
much  coal  as  pos&ible  in  the  ships'  bunkers. 

'  The  blockade  of  Cienfuegos  w  is  effective. 
Commander  Schley,  in  permitiing  the  British  steamer 
Adula  lo  enter  the  port  of  Cienfuegos,  expected  to  obtain 
informiiiion  concerning  the  Spanish  Squadron  from  it 
when  it  came  out. 

"The  passage  from  Cienfuegos  toa  point  about  twenty- 
two  miles  south  of  Santiago  was  made  with  as  much 
dispatch  as  was  possible  while  keeping  the  squadron  a 
unit. 

"  The  blockade  of  Santiago  was  effective, 

"Commodore  Schley  was  the  senior  officer  of  our 
squadron  off  Santiago  when  the  Spanish  squadron 
attempted  to  escape  on  the  morning  of  July  3,  1898.  He 
was  in  absolute  command  and  is  entitled  to  the  credit 
due  to  sucn  commanding  officer  for  the  glorious  victory 
which  resulted  in  the  total  destruction  of  the  Spanish 
ships.   

The  Court  of  Inquiry  recommended  that  •»ln  view  of  the 
length  of  time  which  has  elapsed  since  the  occurrence  of 
the  events  of  the  Santiago  campaign,  no  further  proceed- 
ings be  had  in  the  premises."  On  Dec.  21, 1901  Secretary 
Long  approved  of  the  majority  report,  and  of  this  recom- 
mendation, ret  using  to  give  further  hearing  to  Schley, 
Sampson,  or  others  in  this  matter. 


SKETCH  OF  THE  LIFE  OF  WILLIAM  IVIcKINLEY 

Twenty-fifth  President  of  the  United  States. 

Born  Jan.  22,  1843,  at Niles.  Trumbull  Co.,  O.  Ances" 
try.  Scotch-Irish.  Joined  M  E.  Cliurch  1858.  Attended 
public  school  and  Union  Seminary.  Poland.  0.,tiil  1858. 
Tauerht  school,  1859.  Entered  Allegheny  College  1860. 
Enlisted  as  a  private  in  Co.  E,  23d  Ohio  V.  I.,  June 
11,  1861.  Promoted  to  sergeant  April  15,  1862:  to  sec- 
ond lieutenani  Sept.  23,  1862:  to  first  lieutenant  Feb.  7, 
1863:  io  cap'ain  July  25,  1864.  Bievetted  major  March 
13.  1865.  Mustered  out  July  26,  1865.  Admitted  to 
the  bar  at  Canton,  O.,  1867.  Elected  Prosecuting  Attor- 
ney 1869.  Married  Miss  Id  i  S  <xton.  Jan.  25,  1871. 
Elected  to  Congress  seven  times.  1876-1888.  Passage  of 
McKinlev  Tariff  bill,  Ocu)ber.  1890.  Defeated  for  re-elec- 
tion to  Cont^ress  in  1890.  Elected  Governor  of  Ohio, 


N'ovember,  1891,  and  re-elected  by  enormous  majority 
1893.  Nominated  for  President,  at  St.  Louis,  1896,  receiv- 
ing 661  voies  out  of  905,  on  ihe  first  ballot,  and  elected 
in  November  by  a  large  popular  and  electoral  majority. 
Inauguraied  Mar.  4, 1897.  In  extra  session  of  Cougre.ss 
signed  ibe  Dingley  tariff  bill,  July,  1897.  Sent  first 
message  on  Cuba  to  Congress,  Dec.  6,  1897.  Demanded 
tbat  Spain  withdraw  from  Cuba,  Mar.  30,  1898.  Signed 
gold  standard  bill,  March,  1900.  Stated  American  policy 
as  to  China  July  10,  1900.  Re-elecied  President  by 
largely  increased  majority,  Nov.  6,  1900.  Made  famous 
reciprocity  speech,  at  Buffalo,  Sept.  5,  1901.  Shot  by 
Leon  P.  Czolgosz,  Sept.  6,  1901,  in  the  Temple  of  Music, 
at  the  Piin-American  Exi)Osltion.  Died  at  2:15  a.  m. 
Sept.  14,  190 J,  58  years.  7  months  and  16  days  old. 


TRANSATLANTIC  WIRELESS  TELEGRAPHY. 

The  first  year  of  the  twentieth  century  brought  to  the 
astonished  world  a  new  invention,  the  enormous  possibili- 
ties and  consequences  of  which  even  the  most  fertile 
Imagination  cannot  lealize  at  present. 

A  young  Italian  electrical  scientist,  Marconi,  had,  for 
seveial  years,  experimented  with  wireless  telegraphy. 
He  had  succeeded  in  telegraphing  without  wires  from 
the  cofist  to  a  ship  miles  off  and  had  sent  an  electric 
message  from  France  to  England  across  the  channel 
where  It  is  about  twtnty  miles  wide. 

Mr.  Marconi  was  encouraged  by  the  governments  of 
Europe,  and  a  company  was  formed  which  furnishes  Mr. 
Marconi  with  the  necessary  funds  to  carry  his  experi- 
ments to  a  successful  issue.  This  company  decided  in 
1900  to  build  two  very  large  stations  at  the  cost  of 
$70,000  each,  one  at  Poldliu.  near  the  Lizard,  in  Corn- 
wall, and  the  other  at  Cape  Cod,  Mass.  Immense 
machinery  was  put  up,  and  twenty  poles  210  feet  high  to 
support  the  vertical  wires  that  served  as  senders  and 
receivers.  The  whole  apparatus  is  of  necessity  most  deli- 
cately and  sensitively  adjusted  and  violent  storms  prac- 
tical ly  destroyed  the  whole  station  in  Cornwall. 

The  invention  is  still  in  the  experimental  stage;  there 
has  been  no  opportunity  or  time,  as  yet,  to  improve  the 
apparatus  so  as  to  decrease  the  danger  from  wind  and 
weather.  It  Is  all  the  more  wonderful,  therefore,  that 
with  his  imperfect  instruments,  Marconi  succeeded,  Dec. 
11,  1901,  on  Signal  Hill,  near  St.  John,  Newfonndland, 
In  receiving  a  prearranged  signal  from  Poldhu  across 
1700  miles  of  ocean.  The  signal  was  repeated  often  and 
conformed  so  exactly  to  the  detailed  plan,  tha  t  an  error 
is  excluded.  It  was  received  by  means  of  a  kite  elevated 
with  an  aerial  wire. 


The  STATUS  of  PORTO  RICO  and  the  PHILIPPINES. 

On  Dec.  2,  1901,  tlie  U.  S.  Supreme  Conn  haiuled  down 
a  decision,  by  wbich  among  OLhers  the  following  point 
was  seli  led  : 

Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippines  became  domestic  terri- 
tories immediately  upon  the  raiiticatiim  of  the  ireaty  of 
peace  (at  Paris,  Pi-ance,  Dec.  10.  1898.)  The  constitution 
iollovved  the  f]ag  to  all  of  the  islands." 


THE  PHILIPPINES  TARIFF. 

The  nrticle  chiefly  imported  into  the  U.  S.  from  the 
Philippine  I.slands,  is  Manila  henjp.  It  consiitute.s  ;ibout 
fifty-nine  sixiieths  of  the  loial  imports  and  j.s  on  ilie  iree 
lisL.  So,  rhe  Dinglej'  tariff  m  ly  rem;iin  in  force  as  against 
the  Philipi>ine  Islands  without,  hard.ship  to  any  one. 

For  the  Islands  tlie  Phiiip))ines  commission  framed  a 
tariff  that  is  splendidly  adopted  to  the  needs  of  the  people 
there  without  showing  any  favor  to  Americans  over  any 
other  nations.  It  imposes  the  same  <iutieson  goods  no 
ma  tter  from  what  country  Mieyare  imported,  thus  adher- 
Inir  to  the  famous  -'open-door  policy." 

Merchandise  can  be  transported  from  one  American 
port  to  another  only  in  A^>ierican  ships.  This  re.striction 
does  not  anply  to  the  transportation  between  the  U.  S. 
and  the  Philippines. 

The  revenues  derived  from  custom  duties  in  the  Philip- 
pines, and  tlie  duties  paid  in  ihis  country  on  goods 
imported  from  the  island.-s,  shall  all  be  paid  into  i  he  trea- 
sury of  the  islands,  to  be  expended  for  their  benefit. 


THE  HAY-PAUNCEFOTE  TREATY. 

Was  ratified  by  the  U.  S.  Senate  on  Dec.  16,  1901.  It 
frees  the  U.  S.  from  all  burdensome  obliiraiion--  of  the 
Clayton-Buluer  treaty,  ratified  July  4,  1850.  in  which 
England  and  the  U.  S.  boib  guaranteed  the  neutrality  of 
a  proposed  ship-canal  aci  oss  Central-America  . 

By  I  lie  new  treaty  the  U.  S.  a  ione  acquires  full  c(mtiol 
and  guarantees  neutrality  toall  the  nations.  The  former 
restricii(»n  that  *•  no  fortifications  shall  be  erected  com- 
manding the  canal  or  the  waters  adjacent"  is  omitted. 
In  the  old  clause:  "Thecanal  shall  be  free  and  open  [in 
time  of  war  as  in  time  of  peace]  to  the  vessels  of  com- 
merce and  of  war  of  all  nations,"  the  bracketed  words 
have  been  omitted. 

There  is  no  obstacle  now  in  the  way  of  an  Isthmian 
Canal  built  and  controlled  exclusively  by  the  United 
States,  either  over  the  Nicaragua  or  the  Pana:na  route. 


REVISED  INDEX,  (ipoi)- 


MAPS  Index  Page  X. 

I>ES€RIPTION  OF  MAPS,  Etc   "  X. 


INDEX  TO  USEFUL  INFORMATION. 

A  PAGE. 

Accidents  on  Water,  Rules  for   213 

Acre— Dimensions  of  one    26 

Alcohol  as  a  Drink   99 

Alloys    161 

Alps,  The   124 

Andes  Mountains,  The   124 

Animal  s,  Ages  of  ,   124 

Antidotes  for  Poisons   82 

Apothecary's  Weights    285 

Aqueducts  of  Ancient  Home   125 

Archimedean  Screw   156 

Architects  and  Builders,  Useful  Information  for   30 

Arctic  Explorers,  Most  northern  point  reached  by . .  110 

Armenian  Massacre   439 

Armies  of  the  Principal  Nations   141 

Armories  of  the  United  States   309 

Army  of  the  United  States.  (1901)  143,306 

Arsenals  of  the  United  States   309 

Artesian  Wells   157 

Asphalt  ,   5 

Asses  on  United  States  Farms   73 

Atlantic  Ocean  Steamship  Records   137 

Australian  Ballot  System   271 

Automobile,  15  Rules  for  Running  an   209 

Avoirdupois  Weights   285 

Average  Velocity  of  Various  Bodies,  The   154 

B 

Babylonian  Architecture   Ii5 

Bankruptcy,  Law  of,  1898   2(U 

Bark  Measurement  at  Sight   25i) 

Battles— Greatest  in  History   105 

Bell— Largest  in  the  World   185 

Bible,  Curiosities  of  the   157 

Bibles  of  the  World,  The   3 

Biggest  Thiners.  The   74 

Blackinsr.  A  Waterpr    242 

Board  and  Plank.  Tvr,                                ;    24S 


II. 


PAGK. 

Books  Published   71 

Breviries,  Legal   277 

Bricklayers'  Work   25 

Bricks;  Quantities  Required   31 

Bridges,  Notable   38 

Brushes,  How  to  Cleanse    213 

Builders'  Estimating  Tables    23 

Building  Materials;  Estimates   29 

Bushel,  Pounds  to  the   72 

Business— Safe  Rules   276 

C 

Calendar  up  to  1927   76 

Canals,  International    159 

Canals— Length  and  Cost   73 

Capitals,  Use  of  ....  ^  275 

Carpenters'  Work   25 

Castings,  Shrinkage  of   99 

Cast  Iron,  Weight  of  Square  or  Round   257 

Cavern,  Biggest  in  the  World   75 

Census  of  1900  99,  170,  199,  214,  386,  215 

Centenarians  in  the  United  States   15 

Century  of  Growth,  Our   130 

Checks   175 

Child's  Prophecies   278 

Cholera,  History  and  Treatment   79 

Chronology  of  Spanish- American  War   530 

Circular  Measure   285 

Circus  in  Germany,  An  American   197 

Cisterns,  Capacity  of   313 

Cities,  Relative  Rank  of  Our  Largest  (1880-1900). . .  214 

Cities,  Social  Statistics  of   168 

Civil  Service    299 

Civil  War,  Important  Events  of  the   39 

Clerks,  Valuable  Suggestions  to   222 

Cloth  Measure.    285 

Coins,  First  American   235 

Cold — Degrees  Needed  to  Freeze  Certain  Substances,  284 

Coliseum  at  Rome   125 

Colleges,  Founding  of  Noted   129 

Colored  Population  of  the  United  States   14 

Colors,  Symbolic  Meaning  of  -   223 

Commercial  Travelers,  Tax  on   279 

Common  Carriers,  Law  Concerning    177 

Confederate  Money   .'J05 

Congress,  Reapportionment  of  U.  S.  (1901)   203 

Contagious  and  Eruptive  Diseases   87 

Co-Par tnerships.   103 

Coppers,  Capacities,  Size,  and  Weight,  of   250 

Copyright  Law,  the  New   215 

Gordwood,  Weights  of   252 


III. 

PAGE. 

Corn  —  How  Deep  to  Plant  it   69 

Corn  —  How  to  Measure  it  in  the  Crib   69 

Correspondence,  The  Correct  Thing  in                —  208 

Cost  of  Articles  by  the  piece,  from  1  lo  1  dozen   226 

Countries  of  the  World,  Principal  , .  194 

Cuba  336,  525 

Cuban  Independence  Recognized.   263 

Cubic  Foot  of  Earth,  Stone,  etc..  Weight  of   35 

Ciktoic  Measure    284 

Currency  Circulation,  United  States   102 

D 

Debt  of  Nation,  States  and  Counties  (1880-1890) ...  150 

Debt  of  the  World    151 

Deposit,  Certificates  of   174 

Depots  of  the  United  States  Army   309 

Desert,  Largest  in  the  World   75 

Detailed  Debt  of  the  United  States  (1890)   151 

Diamonds,  Value  of   31 

Diana,  Temple  of   125 

Digestion;  Average  Time  According       Nature  of 

Food   89 

Distances  from  Washington,  D.  C,  to  Various 

Points  all  over  the  World   109 

Divorce  Laws  in  the  United  States    105 

Drafts   175 

Dry  Measures  ,   284 

Due  Bills   171 

E 

Education,  Higher   129 

Eggs,  How  to  Preserve   167 

Engineering,  Ancient  and  Modern    125 

Engineers  and  Mechanics,  Tables  for  ,   252 

Equestrians,  Law  Ruling   182 

Exi)orts  and  Imports   230 


F 

Famoi?s  Sayin  gs   93 

Facts  Worth  Knowing   167 

Farm  Crops  in  1900,  Value  of   296 

Farm  Deed— What  it  Includes   70 

Farmers  of  America    236 

First  Occurrences,  Dates  of   90 

First  Steamer  Crossing  the  Atlantic   136 

Flax  in  the  United  States   144 

Floor  Measures   29 

Food,  Analysis  of  Articles  of   Ill 

Foods  for  Stock,  Relative  Value  of   153 

Foreign  Trade  of  the  United  States  (1874-1900) ....  140 


IV 

PAGE, 

Foreign  Coins,  Value  of   , . ,  227 

Formulas,  Valuable   213 

Fort,  Oldest  American                               =   296 

Fortress;  L<argest  in  the  World   74 

Fortune,  Total  Amount  of  Our   144 

Frames,  How  to  Build  Strong   27 

Fraternal  Organizations   13 

Freight  by  Water  and  Rail,  Comparative  Cost  of  . .  224 

Fruit-Growing,  Tropical  and  Semi-tropical   156 

C 

Generals  and  Lieut-Geuerais  of  the  Army   308 

Genius  of  Youth   249 

Gestation,  Period  of    123 

Girders  and  Joints,  Sizes  of   32 

Glue,  Marine   211 

Glue,  Moisture-Proof   311 

Gold  Produced  in  the  World  208.  210 

Gold  and  Silver  Produced  in  the  United  States   229 

Golf,  The  Great  Game  of   158 

Grain— How  it  will  Shrink   69 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic   129 

Grease  Spots,  How  to  Kill  Them  Before  Painting. . .  26 

Great  Libraries  of  the  World   38 

Grindstones,  Weight  of   160 

Growth  of  tho  United  States  ,   18 

Guiana,  Map  of  the  Limits  of  British                  ...  440 

H 

Hay— Cost  of  Small  Quantities   153 

Hay— How  to  Measure  in  a  Mow   69 

Heat— Degrees  Needed  to  Melt  or  Boll  Certain  Sub- 
stances o   233 

Hemp  in  the  United  States   144 

Historical  Events,  365  Principal   112 

Homestead  Law  in  the  United  States,  The   70 

Horse,  Durability  of  a   224 

Horse-Power  in  Engine,  How  to  Calculate   164 

Horses  on  United  States  Farms    73 

Hotel  des  Invalides,  in  Paris   29 

Human  Body,  Facts  About   133 

How  to  TellAny  Person's  Age   5 


Tce—Its  Strength  at  Various  Thicknesses   241 

Illness,  How  to  determine  character  of  a  Suspicious,  88 

Imports  and  Exports   230 

Incandescent  Light;  its  Effect  on  the  Eyes   23o 

Income,  Rate  of  Annual   269 

Indian,  Lo,  the  Poor   186 


V. 


PAGE- 

Inns  and  Innkeepers   176 

Inscriptions;  How  to  Write  Them  on  Metal   21.^ 

Insomnia,  Cure  for   ^ 

Interest  Laws      191 

Int«^rest  Tables  (5  to  8  per  cent.)     19 

Iron;  Different  Colors  Caused  by  Heat   162 

Iron,  Hot  Shot   311 

Iron,  per  Foot,  Weight  of   254 

Iron,  Testing  Quality  of     311 

J-K 

Joints  and  Girders,  Sizes  of   32 

Know-Nothings   155 


Lakes,  Seas  and  Oceans   164 

Landlord  and  Tenant    183 

Land  Measure  in  the  United  States   70 

Law,  Points  of    172 

Lead  Pipe,  Weight  of   253 

Liberty  Bell   78 

Library,  Largest  in  the  World   75 

Lick  Observatory   233 

Light  Coins— How  Detected  by  Electricity    138 

Lightning  Conductors   297 

Liquid  Air,  Explosive  Power  of   172 

Liquid  or  Wine  Measure   284 

Liquid  Fuel  for  Steamers     439 

Live  Stock  on  United  States  Ranges   86 

Loam   311 

Logs  Reduced  to  Running  Board  Measure   246 

Longevity,  Human  o   134,155 

Long  Measure— Distance   284 

Looking  Glasses;  How  to  Make   l3l 

Lumber  and  Log  Measurement  at  Sight   231 

M 

Manufacturing  Increase  (1889-1901)   202 

Marriage  Laws  in  the  United  States   105 

Marriageable  Age,  The   294 

Mason  and  Dixon  Line   109 

Mason  Work   28 

Maxims,  Some  Good  ^  166 

Mayflower's  Passengers,  The  '  132 

Measures  of  Length,  Sundry   104 

Men  in  U.  S.  Army,  Quoia  of  Officers  and   143 

Merchant  Shipping,  Progress  of   97 

Metals,  Meltiiic:  Point  of   160 

Metropolitan  Police  District.  London   100 

Military  Academy,  Admission  to  U.  S   292 

Miles  of  Various  Nations.   121 


\  I. 

PAGE. 

Mineral  Products  of  the  United  States   14 

Miscellaneous  Measures   585 

Mississippi  River,  Length  of  Navigation  of  the   305 

Molds,  Blacking  for  ,   311 

Moulder  s  Table   255 

Mountains,  Highest   65 

Mules  on  United  States  Farms   73 

Murderer,  The   211 

Mormons— "Mormon  War.  '   154 

N 

Nails  and  Tacks— Number  in  Pound   30 

Nails—Number  Required  in  Carpenter  Work  , .  28 

Nation's  Dead,  The   145 

National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers   310 

Naturalization  Laws  of  the  United  States   302 

Naval  Academy,  Admission  to  U.  S   293 

Naval  Militia   259 

Naval  Strength  of  Nations   259 

Navy  of  the  United  States,   187 

Negotiable  Instruments   172 

News,  The  Word  ,   310 

Newspapers  Sheets,  Sizes  of   197 

Nile,  The   126 

Nubian  Temple  •   125 

^  o 

Ocean  Steamer  Savannah:  First  to  Cross  Atlantic.  136 

Ocean  Steamers— Fastest  Records   137 

Oil  in  Seeds,  Amount  of  ,   153 

One  Dollar  Loaned  100  Years  at  Compound  Interest,  276 

Ocean  Travel,  Important  Items  Concerning   193 

Ordnance  on  Our  War  Ships   188 

Ostler  Joe  ,  ....  219 

Oval,  to  Draw  Out  an  ,  195 

Oyster,  The  French    274 

P 

Paint,  Amount  Required  for  a  Given  Surface   26 

Painter's  Colic   274 

Painters'  Work,  Cost  of  ,   29 

Paper,  Flat— Sizes   197 

Paris  Exposition  of  1900   92 

Parliamentary  Rules     9 

Parting  Sand   311 

Patternmaker's  Table   255 

Pedestrians....   183 

Pension  Statistics,  United  Sta.tes   146-208 

Perpetual  Motion   316 

Phonograph,  The.J^   63 

Photographing  the  Invisible  (the  x  Rays)   127 


VII. 

PAGE. 

Pictures  of  the  Capitols  in  Washington,  (D.  C), 

Albanj'  (N.  Y.),  Springfield  (111.)   8 

Pile  Driving   128 

Plasterer's  Work     25 

Playing  Cards     269 

Political  Information   287 

Popular  Vote  for  President  (1900)    17 

Popular  and  Electoral  Votes  for  Presidents  (1840- 

1890)   16 

Population  of  Cities  in  the  United  Stat?s  (1900) ....  199 
Population  of  Every  State  and  Territory  in  the 

United  States  (Census  of  1900)   286 

Population  of  the  United  States  (Census  of  1870, 

1880,  1890,  1900)   170 

Population  of  the  United  States,  Center  of   99 

Postage,  Rates  of       281 

Postage  Stamps,  Facts  About    121 

Post  Offices,  Number  of   121 

Popular  Presidential  Votes  (1824-1890)   297 

Preachers,  Doctors  and  Lawyers  of  the  Future   207 

Presidents  and   Vice-Presidents  of    the  United 

States,  by  States   138 

Presidents  of  the  United  States— How  They  Died. . .  139 

Promissory  Notes   173 

Publications  in  1 899,  American  or  Imported   90 

Pyramid,  The  Largest  Egyptian   125 

^  R 

Railroad  Car,  Cost  of  a   224 

Railroad  Pacts   98 

Railroad— Highest  in  the  United  States   239 

Railroad  Mileage  of  the  World  95,  210 

Railroads— Records  of  Speed   96 

Railroad  Statistics  of  the  United  States   98 

Railway  Bridge  at  Niagara   150 

Railway  Signals   152 

Rainfall  in  the  United  States,  Average   67 

Ready  Reckoner  Table   253 

Recruiting  Requirements  and  Depots   310 

Religious  Communities,  English-speaking   316 

Religious  Statistics   316 

Resist  Torsion,  Relative  Strength*of  Bodies  to   256 

Rivers  1000  Miles  Long  and  Over   6 

Road,  Law  of  the   180 

Roof  Elevations   26 

Roof  Measure    29 

Rust— How  to  Remove  it  from  Steel   311 

S 

Salaries  of  United  States  Officers   198 

Savings  Bank  Compound  Interest  Tables   276 


VIII. 


PAGE. 

Scarlet  Fever,  Sure  Cure  for   1 61 

Screw  Threads,  Standard   162 

Seasoning  and  Preserving  Timber   18 

Ship,  Provisioning  a. .  *   172 

Ships,  Questions  Answered  About   196 

Shingles  Required  in  a  Roof    28 

Shrubs  or  Plants,  Number  per  Acre   68 

Silver  Question,  The   122 

Sleeping  Cars   179 

Small  Pox,  Sure  Cure  for   161 

Soldiers'  Homes   309 

Speed  of  Train— How  to  Tell   18 

Spelling,  Rules  for   274 

Sphinx,  The  Egyptian   15 

Square  Measure   285 

States  and  Territories  of  _ the  Union,  Relative 

Ranks  of  *   315 

State  Flowers   158 

State  Militia,  Present  Strength  of   62 

Statutes  of  Limitation    191 

Steel— Cut  a  Hole  in  Hard   35 

Steel,  Flat,  Weight  per  Foot   255 

Steel,  Notes  on  Working  of   312 

Steel  Plates   152 

Steel  Square,  Use  of   34 

Steel— Tempering  Process.   192 

Stock  Brokers'  Technicalities   247 

Strength,  Human   135 

Subterranean  Heat   123 

Surveyors'  Measure   284 

Swim,  Learn  to   213 

T 

Table  showing  the  number  of  days  from  any  day  in 

one  month  to  the  same  day  in  another   225 

Table  Showing  Difference  of  Time   4 

Tariff  Laws,  U.  S.,  and  for  Cuba  443,  525 

Telegraph  Statistics  of  the  World   100 

Telegraph— Westerm  Union  Statistics   101 

Telephone,  The   64 

Telephone— How  Fast  its  Use  is  Growing   66 

Telescope,  Largest  in«the  World   30 

Temperature  of  the  United  States,  Average   66 

Temple  of  Solomon   125 

Ten-Ton  Freight  Cars;  Carrying  Capacity  of   164 

Theater— Largest  in  the  World   74 

Timber  Measurement  Table   243 

Time  in  Which  Money  Doubles  at  Interest   277 

Jime  Measure   285 

Tin  Roofing,  Cost  of   36 

Tints,  How  to  Mix  Paints  for   283 


IX. 


PAGE- 

Trees  of  California,  Mammoth   75- 

Trichina  •    213 

Troy  Weights   285 

Tunnels,  iiargest  in  the  World                            75.  269* 

Type,  Various  Sizes  of.   126^ 

U 

Uncle  Sam's  Boys,  Clothing   295 

"Uncle  Sam"— Origin  of  the  Term   154: 

United  States,  Area  and  Brief  History  of  the   94 

U.  S.  Government,  Receipts  and  Expenditures   103 

United  States,  Subdivision  of   197 

United  States,  45  Present,  13  Original   280 

University  Boat  Racing   270' 

V 

Venezuela,  and  Anglo- Venezuelan  Award   442; 

Vessels  Built,  Number  of   278 

Victoria  and  her  Family,  Queen   314 

Vitality  of  Seeds   282 

Voting,  Qualifications  for   189 

W 

Wages,  Effect  of  Machine  Work  on   295^ 

Wages  Tables,  per  Hour,  Day  and  Month   24 

Wall  Measures   29 

Warehousemen  and  Warehouse  Receipts  175.  179 

Wars  of  the  United  States                                 148,  530 

War  Tax,  Spanish-American,  (1898)   263 

Wash,  Black   311 

Waterfalls,  Remarkable   145 

Wedding  Anniversaries   251 

Weight  of  Various  Materials  per  Cubic  Foot   104 

Weight  of  Various  Metals  per  Cubic  Inch   104 

Weights  Needed  to  Tear  Asunder  Bars  of  Various 

Materials   245 

Weights,  Sundry  Commercial   104 

Welding  Steel,  Mixture  for   311 

Winds.  Velocity  and  Force  of   211 

Wire,  Barbed— Amount  Required  for  Fences   68 

Wire,  Yards  per  Bundle   67 

Wonders  in  America,  The  Eleven  Great   132^ 

Wonders  of  Science   127 

Wood  Measurement  at  Sight   250 

Wood  Screws,  Formulas  for   160 

Woods,  Durability  of  Different   279 

Woods.  Relative  Hardness  of   123 

Workingmen,  Valuable  Suggestions  to   222 

Workshop  Rules  and  Receipts   311 

World's  Fairs,  The   110 

Wounds  Made  by  Fire-Arms   142 


I 


X 


INDEX  TO  ATLAS  MAPS. 


PAGE, 

Alabama  36i 

Alaska  359 

Arizona   365 

Arkansas   363 

California   367 

Central  America   337 

Coloraao   371 

Connecticut   369 

Delaware   375 

Florida   377 

Georgia   379 

Idaho  381 

Illinois   383 

Indiana   385 

Indian  Territory   387 

Iowa   389 

Kansas   391 

Kentucky   350 

Louisiana   393 

Maine   395 

Manitoba  341 

Maryland   397 

Massachusetts     399 

Mexico  a35 

Michigan  , . .  401 

Minnesota   403 

Mississippi   405 

Missouri....  407 


PAOS. 

Montana...  ,  409 

Nebraska  41t 

Nevada  1  413 

New  Hampshire   347 

New  Jersey   415 

New  Mexico   417 

New  York  419 

North  Amerioi  329 

North  Carolina  353 

North  Dakota  373 

Ohio  J,..  421 

Ontario   343 

Oregon    423 

PennsylTAnia   425 

Quebec   345 

Rhode  Island  427 

South  America  329 

South  Carolina  352 

South  Dakota  S73 

Tennessee  350 

Texas  429 

Utah  431 

Vermont  347 

Virginia  357 

Washington   433 

We,st  Virginia  a57 

"Wisconsin  435 

Wyoming  437 


INDEX  TO  ATLAS  DESCRIPTIVE  MATTER, 


PAGE. 

Abyssinia    326 

Afghanistan   322 

Africa   323 

Alabama   360 

Alaska  358 

Algeria   325 

Andes  Republics   339 

Antilles— The  Greater. ...  336 

Lesser  336 

Arabia   322 

Argentine  Republic  340 

Arizona      ,   364 

Arkansas   362 

AbI»  318 


PAGB. 

Bahama  Islands  33d 

Barbary  States—The  325 

Beloochistan.  322 

Bokhara  323 

Brazil  339 

British  Columbia  342 

California   366 

Canada— The  Dominion  of  342 

Central  Africa   323  327 

Central  America  336 

Ceylon  321 

^jjjlj^   340 

Chinese  Erapire^The.*.!.  330 
Colorado  370 


XI. 


PAGE. 

Congo  Free  States,  The,  327 

Connecticut   368 

Cuba   525 

Delaware   374 

District  of  Columbia ....  438 

Europe   317 

Farther  India   321 

Florida   376 

Georgia   378 

Hawaii   204 

Hayti   336 

Illinois  382 

Idaho   380 

India  321 

Indiana  384 

Indian  Territory  ^  386 

Iowa   .  388 

Jamaica   336 

Japanese  Empire— The..,  320 

Kansas  390 

Kentucky  349 

Louisiana  392 

Madagascur..,  328 

Maine   394 

Manitoba  342 

Maryland  396 

Massachusetts,  398 

Mexico  334 

Michigan...  400 

Minnesota  402 

Mississippi  404 

Missouri  406 

Montana,   408 

Morocco  ...  325 

Nebraska   410 

Nevada  412 

New  Brunswick.  344 

Newtoundland  344 

New  Hampshire  346 

New  Jersey  414 

New  Mexico  416 

New  York   418 

Nile  Country— The   326 

North  America.  328 


PAGE. 

North  Carolina   352 

North  Dakota   37^ 

Ohio   420' 

Oklahoma   420 

Ontario   342^ 

Oregon   422 

Parasfuay   340 

Pennsylvania   424 

Persia   322 

Philippine  Islands   205 

Porto  Rico   20e 

Prince  Edward  Island   344 

Quebec   344 

Rhode  Island   42& 

Russian  Turkestan   320 

Sahara   327 

Senegambia   328 

Siberia   32(? 

Sierra  Leone   338 

Soudan  327 

South  America..   338 

South  Africa  324,  327 

South  Carolina  354 

South  Dakota  372 

Tennessee  .,   351 

Texas  ^   428 

Transcaucasia   320 

Tripoli   326 

Tunis   326, 

Turkey  in  Asia   322 

United  States— The..   33^ 

Uruguay   34^ 

Utah  430! 

Venezuela   341 

Vermont   348 

Virginia   355 

Washington,  D.  C   438 

Washington....   432 

West  Griqualand  327 

West  Indies   336 

West  Virginia   35^ 

Wisconsin  434 

Wyoming   436. 

Zanzibar  339 


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USEFUL  INFORMATION 


THE  BIBLES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

The  chief  sacred  books  of  the  world  are  the  Scriptures 
•f  the  Christians,  the  Tripitake  of  the  Southern  Bud- 
dhists, the  Five  Kings  of  the  Chinese,  the  three  Vedas  of 
the  Hindoos,  the  Koran  of  the  Mohammedans,  and  th# 
Zendavesta  of  the  Parsees. 

The  Koran  is  the  most  recent,  having  heen  written  in 
the  seventh  century  after  Christ.  It  contains  many  ex- 
cerpts from  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  and  the  '^^l- 
mud. 

The  Tripitake  contains  sublime  morals  and  pure  aspira- 
tions. The  author  lived  and  died  in  the  sixth  century 
before  Christ.  % 

The  Five  Kings  contain  wise  sayings  on  the  duties  of 
life.  The  word  "king"  in  the  Chinese  language  meana 
web  of  cloth.  From  this  it  is  presumed  that  they  werd 
originally  written  on  five  rolls  of  cloth.  They  were  writ- 
ten by  a  number  of  wise  men  some  time  not  earlier  than 
the  eleventh  century  before  Christ.  ^ 

The  Vedas  can  not  be  proven  to  antedate  the  twelftli 
century  before  the  Christian  era. 

The  Zendavesta  is  regarded  among  scholars  as  being  the 
greatest  and  most  learned  of  all  sacred  writings,  except- 
ing the  Christian  Bible.  It  was  written  by  Zoroaster  in 
the  twelfth  century  before  Christ. 

Moses  wrote  the  Pentateuch  at  least  1,500  years  before 
Christ:  therefore,  that  portion  of  the  Christian  Bible  is  at 
least  300  years  older  than  any  other  sacred  writings. 

The  Eddas,  a  semi-sacred  work  of  the  Scandinavians, 
was  first  given  to  the  wor'd  in  the  14th  century. 

There  are  estimated  U  be  about  420,000,000  people 
living  under  Christian  laws;  340,000,000  Buddhists; 
210,000,000  Mohammeditns:  15,000,000  ruled  by  the 
Zendavesta;  150.000,000  under  the  Five  Kings;  175.- 
000.000  under  the  Vedas  of  the  Hindoos. 

3 


4 


Table  Showing  Difference  of  Time  in  Various  Parts  off  the  Worl^ 
When  It  Is  Noon  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Alaska   7 :23  a.m. 

Albany  ,12:13  p.m. 

Amsterdam,  Holland..  2:58  p.m. 

Angra,  India.   3 :19  p.m. 

Atchison.  Kas..  10:47  a.m. 

Athens,  Greece   6 :43  p.m. 

Atlanta.  Ga   ll  :40  a.m. 

Augusta,  Me..  *  12:29  p.m. 

Baltimore  12:02  p.m. 

Bath,  Me  ,12  .29  p.m. 

Berlin,  Germany   6:02  p.m. 

Bombay,  India  10 :00  p.m. 

Boston.  12  :24  p.m. 

Brussels,  Belgium....  5:25  p.m. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y  11:62  a.m. 

Cape  Town.  Africa. ...  6 :22  p.m. 

Cairo,  Egypt   7  :13  p.m. 

Calcutta,  India  11 :01  p.m. 

Canton^  China  12:41  a.m. 

Cambridge,  Mass  12:29  p  m. 

Charleston,  S.  C  11 :43  a.m. 

Chicago  11:17  a.m. 

Cincinnati  11:30  a.m. 

Cleveland,  0  11:41  a.m. 

Columbia,  S.C  11:44  a  m. 

Constantinople.   7:04  p.m. 

Danvfllle,  Va  11 :50  a.m. 

Penver,  Colo.  10 :08  a.m. 

Des  Moines, Iowa  10:53  a.m. 

I|etroit,  Mich  ..11 :36  a.m. 

Dubuque,  Iowa  11 :05  a.m. 

Dublin,  Ireland   4:43  p.m. 

Edinburgh,  Scotland..  4:55  p.m. 

Galveston,  Texas  10:49  a.m. 

Halifax,  N..S  12:54  p.m. 

Hamilton,  Ont  11:49  a.m. 

Hannibal,  Mo  11:07  a.m. 

Hartford,  Conn  12;17  p.m. 

Havana,  Cuba  11:38  e.m. 

Houston,  Texas  10:44  a.m. 

Indianapolis  11:24  a.m. 

Jacksonville,  111   11:07  a.m. 

Jefferson  City ,  Mo  10:59  a.m. 

Kalama,  Wash   8:58  a.m. 

Kansas  City,  Mo....  .10:49  a.m. 

Key  West,  Fla  11:41  a.m. 

Knoxville,  Tenn  1«1 :32  a.m. 

Laramie,  Wyo  10:12  a.m. 

Leavenworth,  Kas  ...10:49  a.m. 
Lisbon,  Portugal.. ... .  4:31  p.m. 

Lincoln,  Neb  10:41  a  m. 

Little  Rock,  Ark  10:59  a.m. 

LoDdoii,  England.  ...  5  08  p.m. 


Louisville,  Ky  11 

Macon,  Ga  11 

Melbourne,  Aus          .  2 

Memphis,  Tenn  11 

Meridian,  Miss  11 

Mexico.,  10 

Milwaukee  11 

Minneapolis,  Minn....  10 

Mobile,  Ala  11 

Monoton,  N.  B  12 

Montreal,  Canada  12 

Moscow,  Russia   7 

Nashville,  Tenn  11 

New  Orleans  11 

New  York  12 

Omaha,  Neb  10 

Ottawa,  Canada   12 

Panama,  C.  A  11 

Paris,  France   6 

Pensacola,  Fla   11 

Philadelphia  12 

Pittsburg,  Pa  11 

Port  Huron,  Mich  11 

Portland,  Me  12 

Portland,  Ore   8 

Portsmouth,  Va  12 

Providence.  R.  1  12 

Quebec,  Canada  12 

Quincy,  111  11 

Raleigh,  N.C  11 

Richmond,  Va.  11 

Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil .. .  2 

Rome,  Italy....  5 

Rome,  Ga.   11 

San  Francisco  8 

Salt  Lake  City   9 

Savannah,  Ga  11 

Selma.  Ala  11 

Sioux  City,  lOwa  10 

St.  John,  N.  B  12 

St.  Johns%'N.  F   1 

St,  Joseph,  Mo  10 

St.  Louis  11 

St.  Paul,  Minn  10 

Terre  Haute,  Ind  11 

Toronto,  Canada  11 

Vera  Cruz,  Mex  10 

Vicksburg,  Miss  11 

Virginia  City,  Nev....  9 

Wheeling,  W.  Va  11 

Wilmington,  N.C  11 

Yankton,  S.  D  10 


:26  a.in« 
:37  a.m» 
:48  a.iiv 
:08  a.m* 
:14  a.nu 
:32  8L.m», 
:16  a.m. 
:  5  5, a.m. 
:16  a.m* 
:48  p.m. 
:14  p.m. 
:38  p.m. 
:21  a.m. 
;08  a.mi 
:12  p.m. 
:44  a.m., 
05  p.m. 
:50  a  m. 
:17  p.m. 
:19  a.m. 
:07  p.m. 
:48  a.m. 
:34  a.m. 
;27  p.m. 
:5t>  a.m. 
:03  p.m. 
:22  p.m. 
:23  p.m. 
:07  a.m. 
:50  a.m 
:58  a.m. 
:15  p.m.' 
:58  p.m. 
:32  a.m. 
:58  a.m„ 
:40  a.m. 
:44  a.m. 
:20  am. 
:42  a.m. 
:44  p.m. 
:37  p.m. 
:50  a.m. 
:C7  a.m. 
:56  a.m. 
:18  a.m. 
:51  a.m. 
:43  a.m. 
:05  a.m. 
:40  a.m. 
:45  a.m. 
:58  a.m» 


5 

HOW  TO  TELL  ANY  PERSON'S  AGE. 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  amusement  in  the  following* 
magical  table  of  figures.  It  will  enable  you  to  tell  hov*  , 
old  the  young  ladies  are.  Just  hand  this  table  to  a  young 
lady,  and  request  her  to  tell  you  in  which  column  or  col  j 
umns  her  age  is  contained,  and  add  together  the  figures 
at  the  top  of  the  columns  in  which  her  age  is  found,  an^ 
you  have  the  great  secret.  Thus,  suppose  her  age  to  be 
1*?,  you  will  find  that  number  in  the  first  and  fifth  col- 
umns; add  the  first  figures  of  these  two  columns.  Her©. 
Is  the  magic  table: 


1 

2 

4 

8 

16 

32: 

3 

3 

5 

9 

17 

33 

5 

6 

6 

10 

18 

3^ 

7 

7 

7 

11 

19 

35 

9 

10 

12 

12 

20 

36^ 

11 

11 

13 

13 

21 

37 

13 

14 

14 

14 

22 

38 

15 

15 

35 

15 

23 

3& 

17 

18 

20 

24 

24 

40 

19 

19 

?1 

25 

25 

41 

21 

22 

22 

26 

26 

42 

23 

23 

23 

27 

27 

43 

25 

26 

28 

28 

28 

44 

27 

27 

29 

29 

29 

45 

29 

30 

30 

30 

30 

46 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

47 

33 

34 

36 

40 

48 

4a 

35 

35 

37 

41 

49 

49 

37 

38 

38 

42 

50 

60 

39 

39 

39 

43 

61 

6S 

41 

42 

44 

44 

62 

52 

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it 

49 

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6Q 

59 

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62 

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63 

63 

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63 

63 

63 

Aspbalt,  or  Aspbaltum.— -A  bituminous  sub^ 
stance,  found  in  the  tertiary  strata  in  different  parts  oC 
the  earth,  evidently  produced  from  coal  by  the  action  of 
heat.  It  is  much  used  as  a  pavement  when  misled  with 
certain  proportions  of  lime,  gravel  or  pounded  stOB@i^ 
Coal-tar  is  artificial  asphalt. 


4>  Q  >. 

.Jo 


'3.  §  2 


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c    c  fi  ®  .2 


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35 


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« -i^  ti  ^  v5 


t}<OCOOOO  O  OOOOr-OOOOOOOOOOOOJ0!fflO 
rl^OOt-O^OO   O  0>OOOiOOXiOOOOOOOOOOr-"350 

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NEW  YORK  STATE  CAPITOL,  ALBANY,  N,  Y. 


STATE  CAPITOL,  SPRINGFIELD,  ILL. 


9 


Panliamentapy  Rules  and  Usages. 

The  following  are  the  complete  rules,  in  a  plain  and 
compact  form,  for  conducting  a  public  meeting. 

Si^  Quorum. —  A  quorum  is  a  sufficient  number  of  the  members  ol 
an  association  to  legally  transact  business.  Unless  a  quorum  is 
present  no  busmess  is  in  order,  except  to  adjourn.  A  majority 
of  the  members  constitutes  a  natural  quorum,  but  the  by-laws  of 
(the  association  may  prescribe  a  smaller  number. 

The  Chairman. —  Itis  the  duty  of  the  chairman  to  open  the 
sneetingat  the  time  fixed  upon,  by  taking  the  chair,  calling  the 
house  to  order,  to  announce  the  business  before  the  house  in  the 
order  in  which  it  is  to  be  acted  upon;  to  receive  and  submit  all 
motions;  to  put  to  vote  all  questions  which  are  regularly  moved, 
or  which  necessarily  arise  in  the  course  of  proceedings,  and  to 
announce  the  result;  to  restrain  every  one,  when  engaged  in 
debate,  within  the  rules  of  order;  to  enforce  the  obseirvance  of 
order  and  decorum;  to  appoint  committees;  to  authenticate  by 
his  signature,  when  necessary,  all  the  acts  and  proceedings  of 
the  house,  and  generally  to  declare  its  will. 

He  may  speak  to  points  of  order  in  preference  to  others;  shall 
der'de  all  questions  of  order,  and  if  the  house  is  evenly  divided 
he  may  give  the  casting  vote,  in  doing  which  he  may,  if  he  pleases, 
give  his  reasons. 

The  Clerk. —  Itis  the  duty  of  the  clerk  or  secretary  to  keep 
correct  minutes  of  the  proceedings  of  the  house;  to  rea.d  all 
papers  when  ordered,  and  for  this  purpose  he  should  always  rise; 
to  call  the  roll,  and  state  the  answer  when  a  vote  is  taken  by 
yeas  and  nays;  to  have  the  custody  of  all  papers  and  dociiments, 
and  to  authenticate  the  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  house  by  his 
signature. 

Committees. —  Standing  committees  sit  permanently;  special 
committees  perform  only  some  particular  duty,  when  they  arc 
discharged.  The  person  first-named  is  usually  regarded  as 
chairman,  but  this  is  only  a  matter  of  courtesy;  every  committee 
has  a  right  to  select  its  own  chairman.  Custom,  however,  has 
practically  taken  away  this  right,  and  it  is  considered  bad  form  to 
elect  any  other  person  than  the  first-named  as  chairman.  The 
mover  of  a  motion  to  commit,  should  be  placed  on  the  committee 
and  first-named,  except  where  the  matter  committed  concerns  him 
personally.  In  the  appointment  of  the  committee  no  person 
directly  opposed  to  the  measure  committed  should  be  named,  and 
when  any  person  who  is  thus  opposed  to  same,  hears  himself 
named  of  its  committee  he  should  ask  to  be  excused. 

The  chair  appoints  all  committees.  Committees  do  not  adjourn, 
but,  when  they  have  concluded  their  deliberations,  should  rise  and 
report.  The  report  should  be  presented  by  the  chairman.  When 
the  roBifFt  is  received  the  committee  is  dissolved  and  cannot  act 
further  v/ithout  new  power. 

Any  committee  required  or  entitled  to  report  upon  a  subject 
referred  to  them  may  make  a  majority'  and  minority  report,  white 


10 


»ny  member  oi  such  committee  dissenting  in  whole  or  in  part,  frona 
cither  the  conclusion  or  the  reasoning  of  both  the  majority  and 
minority,  may  also  present  a  statement  of  his  reasons  for  such, 
dissent,  which  should  be  received  in  connection  with  the  reports.  ^ 

The  committee  of  the  whole  is  an  expedient  to  simplify  the  busi- 
ness of  legislative  bodies.  No  record  is  made  of  its  proceedings.! 
The  presiding  officer  puts  the  question,  and,  if  san.e  is  carried,^ 
appoints  some  person  as  chairman  and  then  vacates  the  chair.  i 

Motions. — Propositions  made  to  a  deliberative  assembly  are 
called  motions;  when  the  proposition  is  put  to  vote  it  is  called  the 
question.  A  motion  cannot  be  entertained  or  the  question  put, 
until  the  same  has  been  seconded.  After  this  it  becomes  the  prop- 
erty of  the  house,  and  cannot  be  withdrawn  except  by  leave.  It 
must  be  in  writing  whenever  the  house  or  presiding  officer  require 
it,  and  must  be  read  when  any  person  demands  it  for  information. 

An  exception  to  the  rule  requiring  a  second  to  a  motion  is  made 
in  cases  when  the  proposition  is  to  proceed  with  or  to  execute  an 
order  of  the  house;  as  where  it  is  moved  to  proceed  with  an  order 
of  the  day,  or  where  a  call  is  made  for  the  enforcement  of  some 
order  relating  to  the  observance  of  decorum. 

No  motion  can  be  made  while  a  speaker  has  the  floor,  nor  while 
another  motion  is  pending,  except  it  be  a  question  of  privilege. 

ILmendments  —  A  motion  may  be  amended  by  inserting  or 
adding  words,  or  by  striking  out  words,  or  by  striking  out  and 
inserting  words.  An  amendment  takes  precedence  of  the  original 
question  and  must  be  first  decided.  So,  too,  an  amendment  to  an. 
amendment  must  be  decided  before  the  amendment.  *A  moti«D> 
maybe  made  to  amend,  after  which  a  motion  will  be  to  amend  the 
amendment,  but  this  is  the  full  limit  of  the  rule  by  which  one 
motion  may  be  put  upon  another.  A  motion  to  a'~:C-^<i  the  second 
amendment  is  not  in  order. 

Questions  of  privilege  cannot  be  amended,  except  that  a  motion, 
to  postpone  can  be  amended  as  to  time.  i 

The  Question. —  The  question  is  first  to  be  put  on  the  affirma- 
tive and  then  on  the  negative  side,  the  vote  in  most  cases  beiag  by- 
oral  response.  If  there  are  doubts  as  to  the  voice  of  the  majority^ 
any  one  may  call  for  a  division,  ^n  all  cases  where  the  house  is 
equally  divided  the  question  is  lost,  unless  the  presiding  officer 
affirms  it  \iy  a  casting  vote. 

When  a  division  is  had,  those  in  the  affirmative  on  the  question 
should  first  rise  and  be  counted,  or,  if  there  still  be  a  doubt,  or  a 
count  be  called  for,  the  chairman  should  appoint  two  tellers,  one 
from  each  side,  to  mak"  the  count  and  report  the  same  to  the 
chairman,  who  should  then  declare  the  same  to  the  house. 
*  In  small  matters  of  routine  business  or  trifling  importancCj^. 
sucli  as  receiving  reports,  withdrawing  motions,  etc.,  the  presid- 
ing officer  may  suppose  the  consent  of  the  house  where  no  objec- 
tion is  expressed,  and  need  not  give  them  the  trouble  of  putting 
the  question  formally.  «  $  i 

A  question  should  always  be  stated  by  the  chair  before  it  is  put» 
after  whiSh  it  is  open  to  debate.  Questions  may  be  stated  by  the 
chair  while  sitting,  but  he  should  always  rise  to  put  a  question^ 


II 


And  should  use  substantially  this  form:  "  As  many  as  are  of  th* 
•pinion  that  (as  the  question  may  be)  will  say  aye ;"  and,  after 
the  affirmative  voice  is  expressed,  "As  many  as  are  of  a  contrary 
opinion,  will  say  no." 

After  a  question  has  been  put  it  is  not  debatable,  but  after  the 
affirmative  is  put  any  person  who  has  not  spoken  before  to  the 
question  may  rise  and  speak  before  the  negative  is  put.  f 

Division  of  Question.— Any  person  may  call  for  the  division 
of  a  question  if  it  comprehend  propositions,  in  substance  so  dis- 
tinct, that,  one  being  taken  away,  a  substantive  proposition  shall 
remain  for  decision. 

When  a  question  is  divided,  after  the  question  on  the  first  part, 
the  second  is  open  to  debate  and  amendment. 

Privileged  Questions.— When  a  question  is  under  debate, 
no  motion  shall  be  received,  except  to  adjourn;  to  lay  on  the 
table;  for  the  previous  question;  to  postpone  to  a  day  certain;  to 
commit;  to  amend;  to  postpone  indefinitely^  These  motions 
have  precedence  in  the  order  in  which  they  stand  arranged,  and 
are  called  privileged  questions. 

A  motion  to  adjourn  is  always  in  order  and  takes  precedence  of 
all  other  motions,  and  an  order  of  the  day  takes  the  place  of  all 
qu'^stions  except  adjournment. 

When  a  matter  has  been  laid  on  the  table  it  may  be  taken  up  at 
any  time  afterward  and  considered,  but  not  at  the  same  meeting 
or  session  at  which  it  was  tabled.  Frequently  this  motion  is 
made  to  finally  dispose  of  the  matter,  and  it  always  has  this 
effect  when  no  motion  is  afterward  made  to  take  it  up.  The 
proper  motion  for  proceeding  with  a  matter  that  has  been  ordered 
to  be  on  the  table,  is,  that  the  house  do  now  proceed  to  consider 
that  matter,  although  it  would  be  proper  to  move  that  the  matter 
be  taken  up  for  consideration. 

There  are  several  questions  which,  being  incidental  to  every 
one,  will  take  the  place  of  everyone,  privileged  or  not;  as,  a 
question  of  order  arising  out  of  any  other  question  must  be  de- 
cided before  that  question. 

A  motion  for  indefinite  postponement  is  generally  resorted  to 
in  order  to  suppress  a  question  or  prevent  its  doming  to  vote.  '< 

Previous  Question. —  When  any  question  is  before  the  house 
any  member  may  move  that  the  question  (called  the  main  ques- 
tion) be  now  put,  or,  as  it  is  usually  termed,  may  move  the  pre- 
vious question.  If  it  pass  in  the  affirmative,  then  the  main  ques- 
tion is  to  be  put  immediately,  and  no  further  debate  is  per- 
mitted.     ^  ^ 

The  previous  question  being  moved  and  seconded,  the  question 
from  the  chair  should  be,  "  Shall  the  main  question  be  now  put  ?  * 
If  the  nays  prevail  the  main  question  remains  as  the  question 
before  the  house,  in  the  same  stage  of  proceedings  as  before  the 
previous  question  was  moved.  C  t 

%  Equivalent  Questions. — Where  qu  .stions  are  perfectly  equiv- 
alent, so  that  the  negative  of  the  one  amounts  to  the  affirmative  of 
the  other,  and  leaves  no  other  alternative,  the  decision  of  the  one 
necessarily  concludes  the  other .    Thus  the  negative  of  striking  out 


12 


fttnotints  to  the  affirmative  of  agreeing  ;  and,  therefore,  to  put  a 

question  on  agreeing  after  that  of  striking  out,  would  be  to  put  the 
same  question  in  effect  twice  over. 

Questions  of  Order. —  It  is  the  duty  of  the  chairman  to  decide 
nil  questions  of  order  whenever  raised.  Upon  such  questions  no 
>3ebate  or  discussion  is  in  order,  but  if  the  decision  is  not  satisfac- 
tory any  one  may  object  to  it  and  appeal  to  the  house.  On  appeal 
being  taken,  the  question  should  be:  "Shall  the  decision  of  the 
^hair  stand  as  the  judgment  of  the  house?"  Whereupon  the 
luestlon  may  be  debated  and  discussed  the  same  as  any  other 
question. 

Commitment. —  Any  measure  maybe  referred  to  a  committee, 
on  motion.  This  motion  stands  in  the  same  degree  with  the  pre- 
vious question  and  postponement,  and,  if  first  made,  takes  pre- 
cedence of  them.  A  motion  to  commit  may  be  amended  by  the 
substitution  of  one  kind  of  committee  for  another,  or  by  enlarging 
or  diminishing  the  number  of  the  members  of  the  committee,  as 
originally  proposed,  or  by  instructions  to  the  committee. 

After  a  measure  has  been  committed  and  reported,  it  should 
not,  in  an  ordinary  course,  be  recommitted,  but  in  cases  of 
importance,  and  for  special  reasons,  it  is  sometimes  recommitted, 
and  usually  to  the  same  committee.  ^ 

Reconsideration. — When  a  motion  or  question  shah  have 
been  determined,  either  in  the  affirmative  or  negative,  it  is  always 
in  order  for  any  one  who  voted  with  the  majority,  or  in  case  the 
vote  was  eoually  divided,  for  one  who  voted  in  the  negative,  to 
move  for  a  reconsideration  thereof  Such  motion  must  be  made 
at  the  same  meeting  at  which  the  former  vote  was  taken.  A 
motion  to  reconsider,  being  put  and  lost,  cannot  be  renewed. 

UndebataDie  Motions. — A  motion  to  adjourn;  to  lay  on 
fche  table,  and  a  call  for  the  previous  question,  must  be  decided 
without  debate.  And  all  incidental  questions  of  order,  arising 
after  a  motion  is  made  for  either  of  the  foregoing  questions,  must 
be  decided,  whether  on  appeal  or  otherwise,  without  debate. 

Order  in  Debate. — When  a  person  means  to  speak,  he  is  tc 
stand  up  in  his  place,  uncovered.,  and  address  himself  to  the  chair, 
who  calls  him  by  name,  that  all  may  take  notice  who  it  is  that 
speaks.  A  person  who  is  indisposed  may  be  indulged  to  speak 
sitting. 

When  a  person  rises  to  speak,  no  question  is  to  be  put,  but  he  is 
to  be  heard  undisturbed,  unless  overruled. 

If  two  or  more  rise  to  speak  nearly  together,  the  chair  deter* 
mines  who  was  first  up  and  calls  him  by  name,  whereupon  he  pro- 
ceeds, unless  he  voluntarily  sits  down  and  yields  the  floor  to  the 
Other.  ' 

No  ont  may  speak  more  than  twice  to  the  same  question  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  house,  except  merely  to  explain  himself  in 
some  material  part  of  his  speech,  or  to  the  manner  of  the  words  in 
question,  keeping  himself  to  that  only  and  not  going  the  merits 
of  it. 

If  the  chairman  rises  to  speak,  the  person  standmg  muse  sit 
down,  that  the  chair  may  be  first  heard. 


13 

No  one  is  to  speak  impertinently,  or  iDeside  the  ques- 
tion, or  to  use  indecent  language  against  the  proceedings 
of  the  house.  Nor  should  a  person  in  speaking,  mention 
another  then  present,  by  his  name,  but  should  describe 
by  his  seat,  or  as  "the  gentleman  who  spoke  last,"  or, 
*'  on  the  other  side  of  the  question,"  etc. 

Any  one  when  called  to  order  by  another  or  by  the 
chair,  must  sit  down,  and  not  proceed  without  leave  until 
the  question  of  order  shall  have  been  decided  by  the  chair. 

While  the  presiding  officer  is  addressing  the  house  or 
putting  a  question,  no  one  should  cross  the  floor  or  leave 
the  room;  nor  while  another  is  speaking,  walk  between 
him  and  the  chair. 

Adjournment.— A  motion  to  adjourn  is  not  suscept 
ible  of  amendment.  If  it  is  desirable  to  adjourn  to  any 
particular  place  or  time,  this  may  be  accomplished  by  a 
previous  resolution  to  that  effect. 


FRATERNAL  ORGANIZATIONS. 


Odd  Fellows   1,025,073 

Freemasons   896,830 

Modern  Woodmen  of 

A]  erica   547,625 

Knights  of  Pythias....  492,506 

Ancient  Order  of  Unit- 
ed Workmen   410,000 

Improved  Order  of  Red 

Men   236,702 

Knights  of  the  Macca- 
bees  227.936 

Royal  Areannm   205,628 

Junior  Order  of  United 

American  Mechanics  183.508 

Foresters  of  America. .  175,569 

Independent  Order  of 


Foresters   170,000 

W^oodmenof  theWorhl  114,643 
Ancient  Order  of  Hiber- 

bians  of  America   104,869 

Benevolent  and  Protec- 
tive Order  of  Elks. . .  75,000 
Knights  of  the  Golden 

Eagle   70.000 

Knights  of  Honor   62,173 

Ladies' Catholic  Benev- 
olent Association... .  59.821 

National  Union   58,000 

Improved  Order  of 

Heptosaphs   55,668 

Elnights  and  Ladies  of 

Honor   53,000 


Order  of  United  Amer- 
ican Mechanics   49,189 

Catholic  Benevolent 

Legion   44.000 

Ancient  Order  of  For- 
resters  38,098 

Tribe  of  Ben  Hur   36,429 

Sons  of  Temperance. . .  34,614 

Independent  Order  of 

B'nai  B'rith   31,750 

New  England  Oi'der  of 

Protection   29,688 

Knights  of  Malta......  27,000 

Catholic  Knights  of 

America    23,200 

United  Order  of  Pil- 
grim Fathers   22,901 

Royal  Templars  of 

Temperance   22,718 

Brith  Abraham  order..  19,487 

Order  of  Chosen 

Friends   17,533 

United  Ancient  Order 

of  Druids   16,782 

Irish  Catholic  Benevo- 
lent Union    14,095 

American  Legion  of 

Honor   13,107 

Smaller  organziations 

not  reported   54,913 

1»  

Total  5,722,016 


14 


MINERAL  PRODUCTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  1890  census  furnishes  the  following  data  concern^ 
Ing  this  important  branch  of  public  wealth.  It  divides 
mineral  products  into  two  classes. 

Metallic  Products  (11  different  metals).  Value  ex- 
tractH3d  in  1889:  ^269, 590,487;  iron  counting  the  highest 
($120,000,000),  and  platinum  the  lowest  ($2,000),  with 
66  million  worth  of  silver  and  32  million  worth  of  gold. 

Non-Metallic  Mineral  Products  (44  different  substances). 
Value  extracted  in  1889:  $307,640,175.  headed  by  coal 
(bituminous  for  94  millions:  anthracite.  66  millions; 
total,  $160,000,000),  followed  by  lime,  33  millions;  petro- 
leum, 27  millions,  and  natural  gas,  21  millions.  Then 
eome  cement,  5  millions;  salt,  4  millions,  etc.,  down  to 
lithographic  stones,  value  $243. 

For  the  preceding  ten  years  (1880-89  inclusive)  we  find 
the  following  totals: 

Metallic  Products  $2,165,000,310 

Non-Metallic  Minerals   2,461,843,320 

Unspecified  Minerals   60,500,000 


Grand  Total  $4,687,343,630 

for  ten  years'  production. 

The  Total  Colored  Population,  as  returned  under  the 
census  of  1890,  is  7,638,360.  Of  this  number  7,470,040 
are  persons  of  African  descent,  107,475  are  Chinese, 
2,039  are  Japanese,  and  58,806  are  civilized  Indians. 

Considering  persons  of  African  descent,  it  is  seen  that 
there  has  been  an  increase,  during  the  decade  from  1880 
to  1890,  of  889,247,  or  13.51  per  cent,  as  against  an  in- 
crease, during  the  decade  from  1870  to  1880,  of  1,700,784, 
or  34.85  per  cent.  The  abnormal  increase  of  the  colored 
population  of  the  South,  during  the  decade  ending  in 
1880,  led  to  the  popular  belief  that  the  negroes  were  in- 
creasing at  a  much  greater  rate  than  the  white  popula- 
tion. The  last  census  has  showTi,  however,  that)  the  high 
rate  of  increase  in  the  colored  population,  as  shown,  by 
the  census  of  1880,  was  apparent  only,  and  w^as  due  to  the 
imperfect  enumeration  of  1870  in  the  southern  states 

There  has  been  an  increase  in  the  number  of  Chinese  in 
the  United  States,  during  the  decade  from  1880  to  1890, 
of  only  2,010,  or  1.91  per  cent,  the  number  returned  in 
1880  being  105,465,  and  the  number  returned  in  1890 
being  107,475.  The  Chinese  increased  66.88  per  cent 
from  1870  to  1880,  and  80.91  per  cent  from  1860  to  1870. 

In  1880  the  Japanese  in  the  United  States  numbered 
only  148,  while  in  3  890  they  numbered  2,039.  In  1870 
there  were  only  55  Japanese  returned  under  that  census. 
*rThe  civilized  Indians  have  decreased  during  the  past 
ten  years  7.601.  nv  1 145  ])er  cent,  the  number  returned 
in  1880  beiiiiz:  (iO.  107  as  aL^ainst  58,806  returned  in  1890. 


15 


CENTENARIANS  IN  THE  UNITED  STMfES. 

Bulletin  No.  154  of  the  Census  of  1890,  treats  ex- 
clusively of  the  poorhouses  throughout  the  United  States. 
It  finds  therein  73,045  paupers,  40,741  of  these  oeing 
males,  and  32,304  females. 

Then  the  ages  are  given  in  detail,  ranging  from  less 
than  1  year  to  the  respectable  age  of  128.  Here  is  a  table? 
of  all  the  paupers  100  years  old  and  over: 


AGE. 

MALE. 

FEMALE. 

TOTAL. 

AGE. 

MALE, 

FEMALE. 

TOTAL, 

100  to  104 
105  to  109 
no  to  114 
115  to  119 
....  122 

40 
16 
() 

5 
0 

51 

18 
9 
6 

1 

91 

34 
15 
11 
1 

123 

125 
128 

1 

0 
0 

1 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 

Totals, 

.68 

88 

15(3 

Of  the  Jive  oldest  paupers /o  Mr  are  women,  and  belong: 
[or  rather  belonged,  for  they  are  probably  dead  -since 
1890]  to  the  following  states:  Missouri  (122),  South. 
Carolina  (123),  Tennessee  (125)  and  Alabama  (128). 
The  man  (age,  123)  was  in  a  Georgian  institution.  All 
five  were  colored. 

Between  90  and  94  years  old,  we  flnd  345  men  and  271 
women.  Between  95  and  99  years  old,  we  find  80  men. 
and  75  women.  Out  of  a  total  of  73,045  inmates,  the 
proportion  is  enormous. 


THE  SPHINX. 

In  ancient  mythology  the  sphinx  was  a  monster  having 
the  head  and  breast  of  a  woman,  the  body  of  a  dog,  the 
tail  of  a  serpent,  the  wings  of  an  eagle,  the  paws  of  a  lion 
and  a  human  voice,  She  lived  in  the  country  near  Thebes,, 
and  proposed  to  every  passer-by  the  following  enigma: 
'"What  animal  is  that  which  walks  on  four  legs  in  the 
morning,  two  at  noon  and  three  in  the  evening  "?"  CEdi- 
pus  solved  the  riddle  thus  :  Man  is  the  animal,  for 
when  he  is  an  infant  he  crawls  on  his  hands  and  feet;  4n 
the  noontide  of  life  he  walks  erect,  and  as  the  evening  of 
his  existence  sets  in,  he  supports  himself  with  a  stick." 
When  the  Sphinx  found  her  riddle  solv^ed  she  destroyed 
herself.  Her  image  is  found  often  represented  in  ancient 
Egyptian  architecture. 


TO  CPOSS  THE  RUBICON. 

To  take  a  decisive  step  as  did  Caesar  when  he  cpogsed.thft 
small  stream  that  separated  Gaul  from  Italy.  No  Roman, 
general  was  allowed  to  come  so  near  the  capital  city  with, 
his  army. 


16 


POPULAR  and  ELECTaRAL  VOTES  for  PRESIDENTS. 

TEAR."      CANDIDATES.                  PARTY.                  Popular  Elec'l 

Vote.  Vote. 

1840.  .Martin  Van  Buren  Democrat  1,128,702  48 

1840.  .W.  H.  Harrison  Whig  1,275,017  234 

1844.. James  K.  Polk.  Democrat  l.;^37,243  170 

1844.. Henry  Clay  Whig  1.299,068  105 

1848.  .Zachary  Taylor  Whig  1,800,10"1  163 

1848.. Lewis  Cass  Democrat  1.220.544  127 

'  1848.  .Martin. Van  Buren   Free  Soil..    291,263   

1852.. Franklin  Pierce   Democrat            1.601.474  254 

1852..Winfield  Scott  Whig  1,386,578  42 

1852.  .John  F.  Hale  Free  Soil                156,149  .... 

1856.  ..James  Buchanan  Democrat  1.838,169  174 

1856.. John  C.  Fremont  Republican  1.341,262  114 

18,56 i  .Millard  Fillmoj-e..  American              874,534  8 

1860.  .Abraham 'Lincoln  Republican  1.866.352  180 

I860.. Stephen  A.  Douglas  ...Democrat  1.375,157  12 

1S60.  ..Tolm  G  Breckenridge  . . .  .Democrat              845,763  72 

181)0,. John  Bell.                        Union                   589,581  39 

1864.. Abraham  Lincoln..  Republican  2.216.067  212 

1864.  .George  B.  McClellan  Democrat  1,808,725  21 

1868 :.U.      Grant  Republican  3,015,071  214 

1868.. Horatio  Seymour  Democrat  2.709,613  80 

1872.  .U.  S;  Grant..  Republican  3.597,070  286 

1872.  .Horace  Greely   Liber'l  and  Dcm.2,834,079 

1872..  James  Black  Prohibition  ....  5,608 

1876:.R.  B.  Hayes  Republican  4,033,950  185 

1876. .  Samuel  J.  Tilden  Democrat  4,284,885  184 

1876.. Peter  Cooper   Greenback   81,740 

1876.. G.  C;  Smith...  Prohibition   9,522   

1880.  .James  A.  Garfield  Republican  4,449.053  214 

1880,,Winfierd  S.  Hancock  Democrat  4,442.035  155 

1880/.JamesB.  W^eayer.  Greenback            307.306  .... 

1884  .Grover  Cleveland  Democrat  4.911.017  219 

1884.  .James  G:  Blaine.  Republican  4,848,334  182 

1884.  .Benj.  F.  Butler  Greenback   133,825   

1884.  .John  P.  St.  John..  Prohibition   151.800 

1888V. Benjamiit Harrison.  ....  Republican  5,441,902  233 

1888. . Grover  Cleveland  Democrat           5,538.560  168 

J  88^^Fisk  Prohibition  249.937 

1888. . Labor  Vote. ...   147,521 

1892.  .Grover  Cleveland...  .  Democrat  5,553,142  277 

1892.. Benjamin  Harrison  Republican.  5,186,931  145 

189a".  .James  B.  Yfeavex... ....  .People's  1,030,128  22 

1892. .John  Bidwell..,.   Prohibition  268,361 

1896.  .William  McKinley.  Republican  7,104,779  271 

1896  ;  William  J.  Bryan  Democrat  6,502,925  176 

1 896 . .  Palmer.  Gold  Dera  133 .424  .... 

189G . .  Leverfng  Prohibition  132 ,007   

189^.  .Matchett..   Social  Democrat. .  .  36,274   

190V>. .  William  McKinley  Republican  7.220,193  292 

19Qft,  •  Willilam  J.  Bryan  Democrat  6,337,431  155 

Wm. .  Wooirey  Prohibition  207,125  .... 

19w...'Debs  Social  Democrat. . .  85,344 


17 


Popular  and  Electoral  Vole  for  President — 10D0 


ElIictoraIj 

States  and 

rOPULAR  VOFI 

Vote 

Terrimories 

McKinley 

Bryan 

Pluralities 

McX. 

Bryam 

55,634 

96,368 

40,734  B 

11 

44,700 

81,141 

3.6,442  B 

165,175 

124,985 

■39,770  Mc 

9 

93,141 

122,408 

.29,267  B 

'"i 

102,572 

74,014 

'28^58  Me 

*"6 

22,529 

18,858 

3,671  Mc 

3 

7,314 

28,007 

20,6.93  JB 

"4 

35,035 

81,700 

-46,665  B 

13 

27,198 

29,414 

"2,216  B 

3 

Illinois              . . 

597,985 

503,061 

.,94,924  Mc 

"24 

336,063 

309,594 

26,4T9  Mc 

15 

307,808 

209,265 

,98,543  Mc 

13 

185,955 

162,j601 

23,354  Mc 

10 

226,801 

234,899 

„  8,098  B 

'  1^ 

14,233 

53,671 

39,438  B 

65,435 

30,822 

28,613  Mc 

*  6 

136,305 

122,336 

.lo,\)bv  Mc 

8 

Massachussets  . . , 

239.147 

157,016 

S2,131  Mc 

15 

Michigan  

316,269 

211,685 

lU4,Oo4  Mc 

14 

Minnesota  

190,461 

112,901 

77  j560  Mc 

9 

Mississippi  

5,753 

51,706 

45,953  B 

314,093 

351,913 

37^820  B 

17 

25,373 

37,146 

11,773  B 

121,385 

114,013 

7,372  Mc 

"8 

3,849 

6,347 

2,498  B 

"i 

New  Hampshire. . 

54,798 

35,489 

19,309  Mc 

221,707 

164.808 

56,899  Mc 

10 

New  York  

821.992 

678,462 

143.530  Mc 

0() 

North  Carolina. . 

133,080 

157,773 

24,653  B 

'  11 

North  Dakota  

35  891 

20.519 

15,372  Mc 

'"'3 

543,918 

474,882 

ij9,036Mc 

23 

Oregon  

46,294 

33,067 

13,227  Mc 

Pennsylvania  

712,665 

424,232 

288,433  Mc 

32 

Rhode  Island  

33,784 

19,812 

13,972  Mc 

'  3 

South  Carolina  . . 

3,779 

47,233 

43,654  B 

"9 

South  Dakota.... 

54,530 

39,544 

14,986  Mc 

*  4 

iZO.UUo 

145,250  - 

22,242  B 

Texas  

130,641 

267,432 

136,791  B 

15 

47,139 

45^06 

2.133  Mc 

"'3 

lont  

42,568 

12.830 

29.738  Mc 

4 

117,151 

146  177 

12 

a.^hington  ....> 

57,456 

44,833 

l^^xjZo  Mc 

'■■4 

West  Virginia... 

119,851 

98.811 

21 ,040  Mc 

6 

Wisconsin  

265,866 

159,285 

1  OB.  5  81  Mc 

12 

14,482 

10,164 

4,318  Mc 

13 

Totals  

7,220,193 

6,357,431 

292 

155 

f»urality  

862,762 

tfajority  over  all 

480,148 

i 


18 


How  to  Tell  the  Speed  of  a  Train. 
it^rA  ia  R  wav  to  tell  bow  last  you  are  travelmg  m  a  railway 

'"fee  Sing  of  timber  requires  from  two  to  four  years,  ac- 

wmmsM 

T>ieces  of  email  dimensions,  and  is  apt  to  cause  c^acKs,  ami  uu 
Impair  the  streneth  of  wood,  unless  performed  very  slowly. 

Ser  of  iSSI  dimension  is  improved  by  t  W|r 

lor  some  weeks! according  to  its  size,  after  which,  itis  less  sul>. 

'WZlrZ'se'^^^^^^^  its^if^  B-soning. 

4ind  about  one-ihird  of  its  weight  in  becoming  dry. 

r:i-owtli  of  tlie  United  States. 

it  was  17  069  4^^^^  increase  of  33.52  per  cent;  m  1850  it 

^ItoTi^rc^^  f„  WOO,  it  was  76,304,799,  an  increase  of 

.hat  the  future .pro.n.ses_  ■g.ti',!,';!"!^ d^f^t^t^„,",^ 


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22 

EIGHT  PER  CENT.  INTEREST  TABLE. 


Time, 

$1 

$2 

$3 

$4 

$5 

$6 

h 

$8 

$9 

$10 

$100 

$XOOO 

Pay  

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

32 

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44 

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7 

67 

4 

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3 

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3 

33 

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30 

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4,67 

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4.89 

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60 

6.00 

28 

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29 

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3 

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7 

07 

6  67 

3 

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7 

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12 

13 

1-33 

13-33 

3 

2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

2.00 

20.00 

li 

3 

5 

8 

II 

13 

16 

19 

21 

24 

27 

2,67 

26.67 

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3 

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10 

13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

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3-33 

33-33 

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12 

16 

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32 

36 

40 

4.00 

40.00 

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28 

33 

37 

42 

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46.67 

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37 

43 

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54 

60 

6.00 

60.00 

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13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

6.67 

66.67 

15 

22 

29 

37 

44 

51 

59 

66 

73 

7.33 

73.33 

16 

24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

8.00  1 

80.00 

23 


Builders'  Estimating  Tables. 

Table  showing  quantity  of  material  in  every  four  lineal  feet  of 
«Kterior  wall  in  a  balloon  frame  building,  height  of  wall  be'ms 
given:  


Length  of 

Studs. 

Siaeof  SiUs. 

bize  01  otudSy  rJraceSy  etc. 

Qtaantity  of 
Roug?i  Lumber. 

Siding  in 
sup.  feet 

1      Tar  Paper  in  ] 
[        sup.  feet.  J 

"  8 

6x  6 

A 

2x4  StUQS. 

42 

3" 

40 

lO 

6x  8 

4x4  braces. 

52 

44 

50 

12 

6x10 

4x4  plates. 

62 

53 

60 

96 

14 

6x10 

1x6  ribbons. 

69 

62 

70 

"2 

i6 

8x10 

82 

71 

80 

12$ 

i8 

8x10 

studs 

87 
98 

80 

90 

so 

8x12 

16  inches  from 

88 

100 

160 

32 

9x12 

centers. 

109 

97 

no 

176 

24 

10x12 

119 

106 

420 

i9« 

i8 

20 
22 
24 
26 

s8 

30 

10x10 
10x12 

XOX12 
12X12 
10X14 
10x14 
12x14 

2x6  studs. 
6x6  braces. 
4x6  plates. 
1x6  ribbons. 

studs  16  inch  centers. 

122 
137 
145 
162 
169 
176 
198 

80 
88 

97 
106 
114 
123 
132 

90 
100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 

144 
160 
176 
198 
ao8 
224 
240 

Table  showing  amount  of  lumber  in  rafters,  collar-piece  and 
boarding,  and  number  of  shingles  to  four  lineal  feet  of  roof»  meas* 
Ored from  eave  to  eave  over  ridge.    Rafters  16-inch  centers;  


Width 

of 
House. 
Feet. 

Size  of 
Rafters. 

Size  of 
Collar- 
piece. 

Quantity  of  Lumber 
in  Rafter  and 
Collar-piece. 

Quant'y 

of 
Board'g 
Feet. 

No.  of 
Shingi*s 

14 

2x4 

2x4 

39 

91 

560 

x6 

2x4 

2x4 

45 

70 

640 

18 

2x4 

2x4 

50 

79 

720 

30 

2x4 

2x4 

56 

88 

800 

S2 

2x4 

2x4 

62 

97 

880 

•4 

2x4 

2x4 

67 

lOf 

IS 

ao 

2x6 

2x6 

84 

88 

82 

2x6 

2x6 

92 

97 

880 

«4 

2x6 

2x6 

lOX 

106 

960 

s6 

2x6 

2x6 

109 

115 

xo4r 

98 

2x6 

2x6 

117 

124 

112® 

2x6 

2x6 

X26 

133 

taoe 

•  H  ci  ^^^^  ^°^<^o^^^  iii^i  i^^iii 

0 

CM 

€^ 

oo 

€«- 

vS  ^?c^^^vg^?^s^;^:^?^^'^8vS  ^c^^^vg^?^Ss;?;!:^j:%8 

1 

jnnHnnninHHnn;! 

25 


One 
Day. 


Eight 
Hours. 


Six 
Hours, 


Five 
Hours. 


Four 
Hours. 


Two 
Hours 


33>S 

5°  , 
66% 

$1  CO 

I  i6% 

I  50 
I  66':_ 

1  83M 

2  00 

2  16% 
2  33/^ 
2  50 
2  66% 

2  83M 

3  o 

3  33/i 


26% 
40 

66% 

80 

93% 
Pi  06% 
1  20 
I  33% 
I  a6% 
I  60 
X  73M 

1  86% 

2  00 

2  13% 
2  26% 
2  4c 
2  53% 
2  66% 


30 
40 
50 
60 
70 
80 

00 
I  10 
I  20 
I  30 
z  40 
I  50 
I  60 
I  70 
1  8c 
1  90 
a  00 


25 

4x% 

58% 
66% 
75 

9x?^ 

00 
I  08% 
I  16% 
I  25 
I  33% 
I  41% 

I  58% 
I  66% 


I3)i 

20 

26% 

33% 

40 

46% 

53^ 

60 

66% 

73M 

80 

86% 

.  93>^ 
pi  00 
I  06% 
I  13% 
I  20 
I  26% 
X  33% 


Carpenters',  Plasterers'  and  Brick- 
layers' Work. 

To  find  how  many  square  yards  in  a  floor  or  wall :  multiply  the 
length  by  the  width  or  height,  and  diinde  the  product  by  9. 


14X18=252  sq.  ft. 
9)252(28  sq.  yds. 


28 
4 


How  many  square  yards  in  a  floor  18  ft.  : 
long  and  14  ft.  wide ;  and  hoAv  many  yards  5 
of  carpet  %  yd.  wide,  will  it  take? 

To  divide  by  a  fraction,  multiply  the 
number  by  the  denominator,  and  divide  the 

the  product  by  the  numerator.   

To  multiply  by  a  fraction,  multiply  by  8)112(37>8  yds.  carpet, 
the  numerator  and  divide  by  the  denom-  J         28  sq.  yds. 
inator.  )  \        'S7}i  yds.  carpet. 

Find  how  many  square  yards  in  176X11=836  sq.  ft.  in  four  walls, 
the  four  walls  and  ceiling  of  a  18X20=360  "    •*    '*  ceiling, 
room  18  by  20,  11  ft.  high;  and| 
the  cost  of  plastering  the  same  atl 
15  cts.  per  sq.  yd. 

The  length  of  the  four  -wixWs  is 
(twice  20  and  twice  18)  76  feet,! 
which  multiplied  by  the  height  gives  the  sq.  ft.  in  the  walls.  The 
length  multiplied  by  the  width  gives  the  sq.  ft.  in  the  ceiling. 


9)1196(133  sq.  yds.  nearly. 

 ^15 

Ans.  $19.95  for  plastering. 


26 

To  measure  square  timbers :  multiply  the  lengthy  width  anS 
titiciness  together ^  and  divide  the  product  Ity  j  2. 
How  many  square  feet  in  a  joist  2  by  8,  18  ft.  long? 

2X8X18=2884-12=24  ft.  Ans 
Sill  8  by  8,  22  ft.  long?   8X8X22=ri4o8-f-i2=n7>S  ft  Ans. 

Amount  of  Paint  Required  for  a  Qiven 
Surface. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  a  rule  that  will  apply  in  all  cases,  as  the 
amouut  varies  with  the  kind  and  thickness  of  the  paint,  the  kind 
of  wood  or  other  material  to  which  it  is  applied,  the  age  of  the 
surface,  etc.  The  following  is  an  approximate  rule :  Divide  the 
number  of  square  feet  of  surface  by  200.  The  result  will  be  the 
number  of  gallons  of  liquid  paint  required  to  g^ve  two  coats;  or, 
divide  by  18  and  the  result  will  bo  the  number  of  pounds  of  pure 
ground  white  lead  required  to  give  three  coate. 

How  to  Kill  Grease  Spots  before  Painting. 

Wash  over  smoky  or  greasy  parts  with  saltpetre,  or  very  thin 
lime  whit«-wash.  If  soap-suds  are  used,  they  must  be  washed  off 
thoroughly,  as  they  prevent  the  paint  from  drying  hard. 

Dimensions  of  One  Acre. 

A  square,  whose  sides  are  12,649  rods,  or  69.57  yards  or  208. |i 
feet  long,  contains  one  acre.  Table  of  dimensions  of  rectangle 
OOntaining  one  acre : 

RODS. 


I 

X160 

iKXio6^ 
3^1 X  45  5-7 

2 

X  80 

25^  X  64 

3 

X  53^ 

4 

X  40 

4^X  35  5-9 

S 

X  32 

SKX  29  i-ii 

6 

X  26^ 

t>%Vs  24  8-13 

7 

X  22  6-7 

7KX  21M 

8 

X  20 

8KX  18  14-17 

9 

X  17  7-9 

9^X  16  16-19 

ID 

X  16 

lojJX  15  5-ai 

IX 

X  14  6-II 

iijiX  13  21-33 

12 

X  13K 

i2j|X  12  4-5 
12  13-20X  12  13-^ 

Roof  Elevations. 

By  the  '*  pitch  **  of  a  roof  is  meant  the  relation  which  the  height 
of  the  ridge  above  the  level  of  the  roof-plates  bears  to  the  span.  Of 
the  distance  between  the  studs  on  which  the  roof  rests. 

The  length  of  rafters  for  the  most  common  pitches  caA  be  foua^ 
as  follows  from  any  given  span : 

If     pitch,  multiply  span  by  5^9,  or  7-12  nearly. 
MM     "  "  "     "  .6'  ,or3-^ 

If^    "  V         "     "    625.  or  ^  « 

If^     -  "         "     "  .71    ,  or  7-10  « 


.8  ,  or  4-5 
t  la,  or  xVg 


27 


To  lengths  thus  obtained  must  be  added  amount  of  projection  ot 
rafters  at  the  eaves. 

As  rafters  must  be  purchased  of  even  lengths,  a  few  inches  more 
or  less  on  their  lengths  will  make  a  difference  to  the  pitch  so  slight 
that  it  cannot  be  detected  by  the  eye. 

Example. — To  determine  the  length  of  rafters  for  a'  roof  c<Mi* 
structed  one-half  pitch,  with  a  span  of  24  feet — 24X. 71=17.04;  Of. 
practically,  just  17  feet.  A  projection  of  one  foot  for  eaves  maket 
the  length  to  be  purchased  18  feet. 

How  To  Build  Strong  Frames. 

Sheathing  put  on  diagonally  acts  as  a  brace  over  the  whole  sur- 
face, and  requires  no  more  lumber  than  if  put  on  horizontally.  It 
is  well  to  run  the  sheathing  from  each  side  up  parallel  Jwith  th0 
rafters,  if  at  the  gable  ends,  and  at  similar  angles  at  the  sides. 
Roofing  boards  can  be  put  on  in  the  same  manner.  Studs  can  be 
allowed  to  project  above  the  plates  and  the  rafters  spiked  to  the 
sides  of  studs.  Partitions  should  be  braced  with  waste  stuff,  and 
in  such  ways  a  building  can  be  strengthened  that  it  can  be  tolied 
over  and  over  without  coming  to  pieces,  and  the  extra  cost  will 
simply  consist  in  a  few  hours  extra  labor. 

Tn  some  parts  of  the  West,  and  especially  in  Nebraska,  a  framed 
•sill  is  in  use,  which  combines  qualities  that  will  make  it  of  service 
to  builders  in  many  localities.  A  piece  of  2x6  or  2x8  is  laid  upon 
the  wall,  and  flush  with  one  side  of  this  a  2-inch  piece  of  the  same 
uridth  as  t^ie  joists  is  placed  on  edge  and  securely  spiked  on,  thus 
making  the  bottom  and  one  side  of  a  trough.  These  can  be  fast- 
ened before  being  put  in  place.  The  joists  are  placed  with  their 
ends  upon  the  bed  of  the  sill  and  against  the  side,  and  spiked  to 
"both.  The  studs  are  halved  down,  in  this  case  8  inches,  and 
nailed  to  side  of  sill  and  joists.  The  sides  of  the  sill,  running 
parallel  with  the  joists,  are  formed  by  two  of  the  joists  them- 
selves, either  set  flush  with  the  face  of  the  wall  and  the  studs  let 
down  back,  or  set  back  two  inches  and  the  studs  let  down  ia 
front. 

When  the  frame  is  finished,  and  before  the  floor  is  laid,  the  wafl 
is  built  up  behind  and  over  the  sill;  thus  holding  all  in  placc^ 
guarding  against  wind,  as  the  wall  must  be^  torn  up  before  tfie 
building  will  go;  and  also,  incidentally,  against  rats  and  other 
vermin.  It  will  be  found  fully  as  strong  and  much  cheaper  thaia 
timber. 

If  posts  are  used  for  the  foundation  a  modification  of  this  arrange- 
ment will  prove  equally  serviceable.  The  principal  on  which  it 
depends  is  explained  at  length  farther  on.  It  is  well  known  that  a 
thin  piece  of  timber  put  on  edge,  as  in  joists,  etc.,  will  support  a 
much  greater  weight  than  if  laid  on  its  side.  The  strength  of  a 
piece  is  in  direct  proportion  to  the  square  of  its  depth  and  nearly 
inversely  as  its  length.  Thus  it  will  be  found  that  simply  the  2x12, 
8  feet  long,  without  considering  the  support  afforded  to  it  by  the 
walls,  would  have  a  strength  equal  to  four  2x4s  16  feet  lonft^  rtmieht 
be  objected  that  the  joists  would  not  rest  on  the  2x12,  but  on  Uie 
*x6    This  is  partly  true,  but  the  joists  are  spiked  to  the  2x12,  and 


28 


are  nailed  to  tiie  studs,  which  rest  on  the  sill,  thus  binding  thtt 
whole  together.  Particular  care  must  be  taken  to  spike  the  2xxa 
side  of  the  sill  to  the  2x4  or  2x6  base  at  short  intervals.  All  the 
parts  must  be  well  nailed  together,  and  especially  the  studs  to  the 
joists,  and  the  sills  to  the  posts.  This  form  will  have  abundant 
strength  and  stiffness  if  the  posts  are  not  over  8  feet  apart  A  sill 
constructed  in  this  way,  of  these  dimensions,  contains  the  same 
number  of  feet  as  a  6x6  sill,  but  will  sustain  a  weight  a  third 
greater  than  the  latter,  if  the  weights  are  placed  at  the  centers,  but 
as  the  studs  are  fastened  together  by  the  sheathing,  the  weight 
will  be  partly  transferred  from^  the  sills  to  the  posts.  It  can  also 
be  made  of  any  lengths  that  will  reach  from  post  to  post,  and  the 
cost  can  thus  be  made  less. 


Shingles  Required  in  a  Roof. 

To  the  square  foot  it  takes  9  if  exposed  four  inches;  8  if  exposed 
4}^  inches,  and  7  1-5  if  exposed  5  inches  to  the  weather. 

Find  the  number  of  shingles  required  to  cover  a  roof  38  ft.  long, 
and  the  rafters  on  each  side  14  ft.    Shingles  exposed  ^%  inches. 

28  X  38  =  1064  (sq.  ft.)  X  8  =  8512  shingles.  Ans, 

To  find  the  length  of  rafters,  giving  the  roof  one-third  pitch ; 
take  three-Jiftks  of  the  width  of  the  building.  If  the  building  is 
30  feet  wide,  they  must  be  18  feet  long,  exclusive  of  projection. 

The  following  very  useful  and  practical  calculations  will  be  found 
exceedingly  handy,  as  guides  to  the  builder,  in  making  up  his 
figures  when  he  is  called  upon  to  estimate  for  all  portions  of  a  job, 
many  of  which  are  not  entirely  in  his  own  particular  line : 

MASON  WORK  — BRICK. 

xYz  barrels  lime  and  %  yard  sand  will  lay  1,000  brick. 

One  man  with  i%  tenders  will  lay  1,800  to  2,000  brick  per  day. 

RUBBLE. 

barrels  lime  and  i  yard  of  sand  will  lay  100  feet  of  stone;. 
One  man  will  lay  150  feet  of  stone  per  day  with  one  tender. 

CEMENT. 

\%  barrels  cement  and  ^  yard  sand  will  lay  100  feet  rubble  stoiuk 
Same  time  as  to  mason  and  tender  as  rubble. 

NUMBER    OF   NAILS    REQUIRED    IN  CARPENTER 

WORK. 

To  case  and  hang  one  door,  i  lb. 
T©  case  and  hang  one  window,  ^  lb. 
Base,  100  lineal  feet,  i  lb. 

To  put  on  rafters,  joists,  etc.,  3  lbs.  to  1,000  feet 

To  put  up  studding,  same. 

To  lay  a  6-inch  pine  floor,  15  lbs.  to  1,000  feet 


29 


LABOR. 

To  place  joists,  etc.,  on  wall,  $4  per  1,000. 

Put  up  jambs  and  case  a  door,  $1.50. 

Hanging"  door  and  locking,  50c.  to  7 5c. 

Fitting  sash,  50c.  to  75c. 

Casing  window,  stool  and  apron,  $1.00. 

Hang  outside  blinds,  50c. 

Hang  inside  blinds,  75c. ;  if  boxed,  $]  .00. 

Lay  pine  floor,  6  in.,  30c.  per  square. 

Lay  pine  floor,  4  in.,  40c.  per  square. 

Lay  walnut  floor,  3  in. ,  $1  per  square. 

Roof  and  sheathing,  25c.  per  square. 

To  lay  shingles,  per  1,000,  75c.  per  square. 

COST  OF  PAINTERS'  VTO^^ 

1  coat  shellac,  50c.  per  square. 
1  coat  lead  and  oil,  75c  per  square. 
2.coats  lead  and  oil,  $1.50  per  square. 
3  coats  lead  and  oil,  $2.50  per  square. 
Sanding,  1  coat,  75c.  per  square. 
Grain  oak,  2  coats,  $2.50  per  square. 
Grain  walnut,  2  coats,  $3  per  square. 
To  set  glass,  ]  0  per  cent,  of  cost. 
Calcimining,  60c.  to  75c.  per  square. 

1  coat  varnish,  50c.  per  square. 

Floor,  Wall  and  Roof  Measure. 

To  find  the  number  of  square  yards  in  a  floor  or  wall :  RuLK— 
Multiply  the  length  by  the  width  or  height  (in  feet)  and  divide  th« 
product  by  9 ;  the  result  will  be  square  yards. 

ESTIMATES  OF  MATERIALS. 

3^  barrels  of  lime  will  do  100  square  yards  plastering,  two  coats. 

2  •*  "  •*  100  "  one  coat 
IK  bushels  of  hair      "       ]00     "        "  " 

y  ards  good  sand    "      100     "  " 
}4  barrel  of  [plaster  (stucco)  will  hard-finish  100  square  yards 
plastering. 

1  barrel  lime  will  lay  1,000  bricks.  (It  takes  good  lime  to 
do  it.) 

2  barrels  of  lime  will  lay  1  cord  rubble  stone. 

^  barrel  of  lime  will  lay  1  perch  rubble  stone.  (Estimating  }( 
cord  to  perch.) 

To  every  barrel  of  lime  estimate  about  ^  yard  of  good  sand  for 
plastering  and  brick  work. 


Ifdtel  ties  Invaliflcs.— Veterans'  home  at  Paris;  built  by 
liOiii  <  XIV. ;  contains  the  reniainj^  of  Napoleon  I, 


30 

THE  LARGEST  TELESCOPE  In  the  world  is  the  t«rd 
Kosse,  which  has  an  aperture  of  seventy  •two  inches.  The  larg- 
est in  this  country  is  at  San  Jose,  Cal.,  having  an  aperture  of 
twenty-eight  inches . 

Useful  Information  fop  Apchitects  and 
Builders. 


NUMBER  OF  NAILS  AND  TACKS  PER  POUND. 


NAILS. 

No. 

TACKS. 

No. 

Size. 

per  lb. 

Length. 

per  lb. 

6  penny. 

fence  2  in 

So  nails 

1 

oz. . 

•  •  /3 

inch 

.  .16,000 

Cl           ^  « 

50 

ll^ 

. .3-16 

..10,666 

34 

u 

2 

..  8,000 
..  6,40Q 

?  « 

"  3V" 

39 

25^ 

. .5-10 

<i 

^  u 

fine  " 

760 

..  ^ 

M 

. .  5, 33 J 

3 

....  ij<  « 

480 

4 

.  .7-16 

(( 

. .  4,000 

...  " 

300 

(4 

6 

. .9-16 

..  2,666 

" 

200 

8 

H 

..  2,000 

....  2 

160 

10 

..11-16 

<f 

..  1,600 

i  : 

....  2^  " 

128 

« 

12 

'A 

..  i»333 

....    2^  " 

92 

14 

.  .13-16 

..  1,143 

....   2^  « 

72 

16 

•  .  n 

(( 

..  1,000 

60 

18 

. .15-16 

U 

i  = 

::::3V« 

44 

20 

.  .1 

..  800 

....  3K  " 

32 

22 

. .1  1-16 

« 

..  727 

....  4  " 

24 

24 

..  666 

....  45^  " 
....  5  ,  " 

18 
14 

« 

....  s'A  " 

12 

1,000  shingles,  laid  4  inches  to  the  weather,  will  cover  .100  square 
feet  of  surface,  and  5  lbs.  of  shingle  nails  will  fasten  them  on. 

One-fifth  more  siding  and  flooring  is  needed  than  the  number  of 
fquare  feet  of  surface  to  be  covered,  because  of  the  lap  in  the  sid- 
ing^ and  matching. 

1  000  laths  will  cover  70  yards  of  surface,  and  11  lbs.  of  lathe 
naiie  will  nail  them  on;  8  bushels  of  good  lime,  16  bushels  of  sand« 
•nd  I  bushel  of  hair,  will  make  enough  good  mortar  to  plaster  100 
Square  yards. 

A  cord  of  stone,  3  bushels  of  lime,  and  a  cubic  yard  of  sand, 
will  lay  100  cubic  feet  of  wall. 

Five  courses  of  brick  will  lay  1  foot  in  height  on  a  chimney;  16 
bricks  in  a  course  will  make  a  flue  4  ins.  wide  and  12  ins.  long,  and 
8  biicks  in  a  cours«  will  make  a  flue  8  ins.  wide  and  16  ins.  long, 

Cement  1  bush,  and  sand  2  bush,  will  cover  sq.  yds.  i  inch 
thick,  4%  sq.  yds.  ^  inch  thick,  and  6^  sq.  yds.  %  inch  thick;  i 
bush,  cement  and  i  of  sand  will  cover  2}^  sq.  yds.  i  in.  thick,  3 
square  yards  ^  iach  thick^  and  4^  square  yards  ^  iiich  thick. 


31 

Quantity  of  Bricks   Required  to  Con* 
struct  a  Building.  


Sui>erficial 
Feet  of 
Wall. 


Number  of  Bricks  to  Thickness  of 


inch 

8  inch. 

inch 

12 

6  inch 

20  inch 

24  lock 

7 

15 

22 

37 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

23 

45 

68 

90 

"3 

30 

60 

90 

120 

150 

x86 

.38 

75 

"3 

150 

188 

3a5 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

370 

S3 

105 

158 

2x0 

263 

31S 

60 

120 

180 

240 

300 

360 

68 

135 

203 

270 

338 

405 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

900 

225 

450 

675 

900 

1,125 

1,350 

300 

600 

900 

1,200 

1,500 

x,8oo 

375 

750 

1,125 

1,500 

1,875 

2,250 

450 

900 

1,350 

1,800 

2,250 

2,700 

525 

1,050 

1,575 

2,100 

2,625 

3,150 

600 

1,200 

1,800 

2,400 

3,000 

3,600 

67s 

1,350 

2,025 

2,700 

3,375 

4,050 

750 

1,500 

2,250 

3,000 

3,750 

4,500 

1,500 

3,000 

4,500 

6,000 

7,500 

9,000 

2,250 

4,500 

6,750 

9,000 

11,250 

13,500 

3,000 

6,000 

9,000 

12,000 

15,000 

18,000 

VALUE  OF  DIAMONDS. 

Diamonds  averaging  one-half  carat  each,  $60  per  carat 
Diamonds  averaging  three-quarters  carat  each,  $80  per  carat 
Diamonds  averaging  one  carat  each,  $100  per  carat. 
Diamonds  averaging  one  and  one-quarter  carats  each,  $110  pcf 
carat 

Diamonds  averaging  one  and  one-half  carats  each,  $120  per 
carat. 

Diamonds  averaging  one  and  three-quarters  carats  each,  $145 
per  carat. 

Diamonds  averaging  two  carats  each,  $175  per  carat 
In  other  words,  the  value  of  the  gem  increases  in  the  geometrical 
ratio  of  its  weight  Four  diamonds  weighing  together  two  carats 
are  worth  $120;  but  one  diamond  weighing  just  as  much  is  worth 
$350.  Stones  weighing  over  two  carats  are  about  the  same  price 
per  caxat  as  two-carat  stones*  they  should  be  dearer,  but  they  are 
not,  simpiy  because  the  demand  for  them  is  limited.  If  the  demand 
for  diamonds  were  as  imperative  as  the  demand  for  flour  or  beefg 
the  geometrical  ratio  would  again  come  into  play,  and  five-carat 
stones  would  be  yalued  in  the  thousands. 


32 


ft  !-!  X  X 


50  . 


«  X  X  X 


33 


d 

1 

^  1 

s  1, 

^                  .  O 

5 

i  1 

1/3  _U 

0  J} 

8  o 

Joists. 

J^ooo^c^OONc^c>^e^^^M«cncr>■^^•■^ 

(/) 

U 
» 
O 

h. 

O 

Z 

a, 

0 

Inches. 
12x14 
HX15 

8  Feet. 

^OOO^OHMONOwN'-'NMNWNe* 

6  Feet. 

-f.  XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 

The  Use  of  the  Steel  Square. 

<rhe  standard  steel  square  has  a  blade  24  inches  long  and  2  mches 
wide,  and  a  tongue  from  14  to  18  inches  long  and  ij^inches  wide. 
The  blade  is  exactly  at  right  angles  with  the  tongue,  and  the  angle 
formed  by  them  an  exact  right  angle,  or  square  corner.  A  proper 
square  should  have  the  ordinary  divisions  of  inches,  half  inches, 
quarters  and  eighths,  and  often  sixtetnths  and  thirty-seconds. 
Another  portion  of  the  square  is  divided  into  twelfths  of  an  inch; 
this  portion  is  simply  a  scale  of  12  feet  to  an  inch,  used  foranypur- 
pose,  as  measuring  scale  drawings,  etc  The  diagonal  scale  on  the 
tongue  near  the  blade,  often  found  on  squares,  is  thus  termed  from, 
its  diagonal  lines  However,  the  proper  term  is  centesimal  scale, 
for  the  reason  that  by  it  a  unit  may  be  divided  into  100  equal-parts, 
and  therefore  any  number  to  the  100th  part  of  a  unit  may  be 
expressed.  In  this  scale  A  B  is  one  inch;  then,  if  it  be  required  to 
take  off  73-100  inches,  set  one  foot  of  the  compasses  in  the  third 
parallel  under  i  at  E,  extend  the  other  foot  to  the  seventh  diagonal 
m  that  i)arallel  at  G,  and  the  distance  between  E  G  is  that  required* 
fiwr  E  F  is  one  inch  and  F  G  73  parts  of  an  inch. 

Upon  one  side  of  the  blade  of  the  square,  running  parallel  with 
the  length,  will  be  found  nine  lines,  divided  at  intervals  of  one  inch 
into  sections  or  spaces  by  cross  lines  This  is  the  plank,  board  and 
scantling  measure.  On  each  side  of  the  cross  lines  referred  to  are 
figures,  sometimes  on  one  side  of  the  cross  line  and  often  spread 
Over  the  line,  thus,  i  |  4 — 9  |  —  We'  will  suppose  we  have  a  board 
je  feet  long  and  6  inches  wide.  Looking  on  the  outer  edge  of  the 
blade  we  find  12;  between  the  fifth  and  sixth  lines,  under  12,  will 
he  found  12  again;  this  is  the  length  of  the  board.  Now  follow  the 
space  along  toward  the  tongue  till  we  come  to  the  cross  line  under 
O  (on  the  edge  of  the  blade),  this  being  the  width  of  the  board;  in 
this  space  will  be  found  the  figure  6  again,  which  is  the  answer  in 
board  measure,  viz.,  six  feet 

On  some  squares  will  be  found  on  one  side  of  the  blade  9  lines, 
and  crossing  these  lines  diagonally  to  the  right  are  rows  of  figures, 
SS  seven  is,  seven  2s,  seven  3s,  etc.  This  is  another  style  of  board 
measure  and  gives  the  feet  in  a  board  according  to  its  length  and 
width. 

In  thfe  Center  of  the  tongue  will  generally  be  found  two  parallel 
lines,  half  an  inch  apart,  with  figures  between  them;  this  is  termed 
ibe  Brace  Rule.  Near  the  extreme  end  of  the  tongue  will  be  found 
§4-24  and  to  the  right  of  these  33.95.  The  24-24  mdicate  the  two 
sides  of  a  right-angle-triangle,  while  the  length  of  the  brace  is  indi- 
cated by  33.95.  This  will  explain  the  use  of  any  of  the  figures  in 
tflbe  brace  rule.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  tongue  from  the  brace 
fule  will  generally  be  found  the  octagon  scale,  situated  between 
two  central  parallel  lines  This  gpace  is  divided  into  intervals  and 
Oumbered  thus;  10,  20,  30,  40.  50,  60.  Suppose  it  becomes  neces-- 
fary  to  describe  an  octagon  ten  inches  square ;  draw  a  square  tea 
Inenes  each  way  and  bisect  the  square  with  a  horizontal  and  per- 
pendicular center  line,  To  find  the  length  of  the  octagon  hne^ 
(4ace  one  point  of  the  compasses  on  aiiy  of  the  main  divisions  of  th« 
scale  and  the  other  leg  or  point  on  the  tenth  subdivision  Thlt 


35 

length  beine  measured  off  on  each  side  of  center  lines,  touchlsg 
tile  line  of  the  octagon,  will  give  the  points  from  which  to  draw  thQ 
octagonal  lines .  The  size  of  the  octagon  must  equal  the  number  of 
tpaces  taken  off  from  the  tongue  by  the  compasses. 

Weight  of  a  Cubic  Foot  of  Earth,  Stone, 
Metal,  &c. 


Article.  Lbs. 

Alcohol   49 

Ash  Wood   53 

Bay  Wood   51 

Brass,  gun  metal  543 

Brandy   58 

Beer  65 

Blood   66 

Brick,  common  102 

Cork  o   15 

Cedar   35 

Copper,  cast  547 

Copper,  plates  543 

8 lay  120 
oal,  I.ehigh   56 

Coal,  Lackawanna   50 

Cider   64 

Chestnut   38 

Ebony   83 

Earth,  loose   94 

Glass,  Window  165 

Gold  1,203^ 

Hickory,  pig  nut  -  49 

Hickory,  shell-bark   43 

Hay,  bale    9 

Hay,  pressed   25 

Honey   90 

Iron,  cast  450 

Iron,  plates  481 

Iron,  wrought  bars  486 

Ice  571^ 

L»gnum  Vitae  Wood  83 

Logwood  57 


Article.  Lbs, 

Lead,  cast  

Lead,  rolled  71X 

Milk  6^ 

Maple  47 

Mortar  no 

Mud  loa 

Marble,  Italian  , .  169 

Marble,  Vermont  165 

Mahogany  66 

Oak,  Canadian  ,  54 

Oak,  live,  seasoned  67 

Oak,  white,  dry  •  54 

Oil,  linseed   59 

Pine,  yellow..;  34; 

Pine,  white  «•  34 

Pine,  red  ^....^  37 

Pine,  well  seasoned.........  30 

Platina  Z)2X9 

Red  Hickory   52 

Silver  625^ 

Steel,  plates  

Steel,  soft  489 

Stone,  common,  about  158 

Sand,  wet,  about  128 

Spruce  31 

Tin  455 

Tar  63 

Vinegar   67 

Water,  salt  •  64 

Water,  rain  63  . 

Willow   36 

Zinc,  cast  428 


To  Cut  a  Hole  in  Hard  Steel.— An  authority  says: 
Sometimes  I  have  had  to  make  holes  in  steel  that  was 
too  hard  to  cut  or  file  easily.  Then  I  make  a  chemical 
mixture  that  will  cut  a  hole.  I  mix  one  ounce  of  sulphate 
Cf  copper,  a  quarter  of  an  ounce  of  alum,  half  a  tea- 
spoonf ul  of  powdered  salt,  a  gill  of  vinegar  and  twenty 
drops  of  nitric  acid.  This  will  cut  a  hole  in  any  steel,  or, 
If  washed  off  quickly.  It  will  give  a  beautiful  frosted 
appearance  to  the  metal. 


3^ 

Cost  of  Tin  Roofing  pen  Sauare  and  per 

Square  Fool. 

The  following  table  shows  the  cost  per  square  and  per  square 
fcot  of  tin  roofing,  laid  with  14x20  tin,  with  tin  at  any  price  from 
^4  to  $ic  per  box.  The  first  column  contains  the  price  per  box  of 
tin;  the  second  column  shows  the  cost  of  tin  per  square  (100  square 
Ibet)  of  surface,  and  the  third  column  shows  the  cost  of  tin  per 
square  foot  of  surface : 

FLAT  SEAM  ROOFING  -  COST  WITH  14x20  TIN. 


Cost  per 

Cost  per 

Jrnce  01 

square  of 

Price  of 

square  of 

Tin  per 

flat  roof 

Cost  per 

Tin  per 

flat  roof 

Cost  per 

}  box. 

14x20  Tin. 

sq.  foot. 

box. 

14x20  Tin. 

sq.  fooL 

14.25.... 

. . . .$2.31. . . . 

.  .  .  .  .0221 

$8.25  

..$4.29.... 

 0420 

450  

...  2.34.... 

...  .0234 

8.50  

..  4.42.... 

 0443 

4-75  

...  2.47  

 0247 

8.75  

, .  4.5s  

. ..c  045s 

500  

...  2.60.... 

. .  .0260 

9.00. . 

4.68.... 

 0468 

5.2s  

...  2.73,... 

 0273 

9.25..... 

.  4-8i.... 

  .0481 

550  

...  2.86.... 

  0286 

9-50  

4.94.... 

. .  .  .0494 

5-75  

...  2.99..., 

. .  . .  .0299 

9-75  

..  5.07.... 

....  0507 

6  00  

...  3.12  

.  .  .0312 

10.00.,.. . 

.,  5.20  

 0520 

6.25  

...  3.25.... 

...  .0325 

10  25  

-  5-33-- 

 0533 

6.50...., 

...  3.38.... 

. .  .0338 

10.50  

5.46  ... 

 0546 

6.75...., 

...  35^---- 

 0351 

10.75  

.  .  5-59- ••• 

....  .0559 

7.00  

...  3.64.... 

....  .0364 

XI. 00  

..  5.72  

. ..  .0572 

7*5  

...  3  77---- 

....  .0377 

11.25  

..  5.85.... 

....  .0585 

7.50  

...  3.90.... 

 0390 

11.50  

5.98.- •. 

 0598 

J-75  

...  4.03.-.. 

 0403 

II  75  

.  6,11.... 

, ...  .0611 

8.0O0... 

...  4.16.... 

. . .  .0416 

12.00  ... 

,  .  6.24  

. ...  .0624 

STANDING  SEAM 

ROOFING  — COST 

WITH  14x20  TIN. 

Cost  per 

Cost  per 

iWce  of 

Square  of 

square  of 

stand'g  seam 

Price  of 

stand'g  seam 

Tin  per 

roof  with 

Cost  per 

Tin  per 

roof  with 

Cost  per 

box. 

14x20  Tin. 

sq.  foot 

box. 

14x20  Tin. 

sq.  foot. 

14  25. ... 

.  ...$2.37... .. 

. . .  .0237 

$  7  25  , . 

•..$403  

^ .  .0403 

4.50-  ' 

2.51  

...  .0251 

7.5O'.. 

...0  4.17.,,.. 

...  0417 

4.75... 

. . . .  2.65  

...  .0265 

7  75- ■• 

  4  31  .... 

..  .0431 

5.00.... 

••••  2-79  

.0279 

8  00.  . 

...  4-45 

•0445 

S.a5  ... 

 2-93  

. . .  .0293 

  4.59  .. 

•  'O459 

5.50  

 3.06...  . 

. . .  .0306 

8.50.., 

  4  73 

.  0473 

5.75  -  .. 

3-20  

. . .  .0320 

8.75... 

....4  87.... 

..  0487 

6.00... 

••••  3-34  

...  .0334 

6.25... 

....  3-48.... 

...  .0348 

..  .0515 

i.50..,. 

....  3.62  

. . .  .0362 

9-50-.. 

i.7S..^^ 

....  3-76  

. . .  .0376 

9  75... 

....  5  43  ... 

0543 

..  .0390 

37 

Cost  of  Tin  Roofing  per  Square — con-, 
tinued. 


FLAT  SEAM  ROOFING— COST  WITH  20x28  TIN. 


Cost  per 

Jrnce  01 

Cost  per 

jrnce  01 

square  of 

sqiiare  of 

Tin  per 

flat  roof 

Cost  per 

Tin  per 

flat  roof 

Cost  peM 

box. 

20x28  1  m  > 

s(j.  foot. 

box. 

onvoR  Tin 
ZUA^O  X  ill. 

sq.  fooC^ 

$8.00. ... 

. . . .$2.01. . . 

. .  .0201 

$16.00. . . 

. .  .  .$4.01  

. . .  .040SK 

8.50  

2.13... 

...  .0213 

16.50. . . 

....  4.13.-. 

•>■' 

17.00. . . 

.  .  .  .    4.26. .  . 

. . .  .04^  ^ 

9.50.... 

....  2.38... 

 0238 

I7-50--- 

....  4-38... 

...  .043^. 

xo.oo. ... 

  2.51... 

. , .  .0251 

18. oc. . . 

  4.51... 

. . .  .0452: 

X0.50 — 

  2 . 63 . . . 

. . .  .0263 

18.50... 

....  4-63... 

. , .  ■  .0463; 

XI.OO.... 

. . . .  2 .76. . . 

 0276 

19.00. . . 

  4.76... 

...  ,047^. 

II  50 — 

....  2.8S... 

. . .  .0288 

19.50... 

.  .  .  .    4.88.  .  . 

. . .  .048^, 

Z2  00  ... 

. . . .  3.00. . . 

. . .  .0300 

20.00. . , 

  5.01... 

. . .  .050-:^ 

12.50  — 

....  3.13..- 

...  .0313 

20  50... 

....  5.13... 

.0513^; 

13.00 — 

....  3-25... 

...  ,0325 

21 .00. .  . 

 5.26... 

. . .  .osafto 

13  50  ... 

....  3.38... 

...  .0338 

21   50. .. 

....  5.38... 

 0S3S?; 

...  3-50... 

...  .9350 

22.00.  . 

....  5  5I..' 

...  .o55sr 

14.50..- 

.  3  63... 

...  .C363 

22  50 . . . 

....  5-63. .• 

...  .05% 

...  3.75-.. 

 0375 

23.00. .. 

....  5-76... 

...  .OST^ 

XS  50. • . . 

....  3.88.... 

 0388 

STANDING  SEAM  ROOFING-COST  WITH  20x28  Tim. 


Cost  per 
square  of 
Price  of  standi'g  seam 
Tin  per      roof  with     Cost  per 
20x28  Tin .   sq .  foot . 

...$2.15 
..  2.28 
..  2.41 
...  2-55 
...  2.68 


box. 
^.00.. . 
8  50... 

9.06.  .  e 
9.50 

zo.oo. .. 
10  50... 
11.00.  . 
11.50... 

M  00. . . 

12  50. .. 

13  00... 

X3  so   3  62 

M-oo   3  75 

»4-So   3  89 

15.00..'  ....  4.02 

»5-5o   4  IS 

16.00   4.29 


2-  95 
3  09 
3.21 

3-  35 
3  48 


.0215 
.0228 
.0241 
•0255 
.0268 
0282 
.0295 
.0309 
.0321 
•0335 
.0348 
.0362 
•0375 
.0389 
.0402 
.0415 
•0429 


Price  of 
Tin  per 

box. 
$16.50.. 

17.00  . 

17.50.. 

18.00. . 

18.50.. 

19.00  . 

:9  50.. 

20  00. . 

20.50. . 

21-00. . 

21 .50. . 
22 .00  . 
22  50  . 
23.00. . 
23.50.. 
24.00> . 


Cost  per 
square  of 
standi'g  seam 
roof  with 
20x28  Tin 
I4.42.. 
4  56.. 
4.69.. 

4  82. . 
4.96. . 
5.09.. 
523.. 
5-3^" 

5  49- • 
S.63.. 
5.76.. 
5-90.. 
60^.. 

6  17.. 
6  30  . 
6  43  • 


Cost  peat 
sq.  foofe. 


38 


GREAT  LIBRARIES  OF  THE  WORLD. 


No.  of 

Volumes. 

?:<"ationaI,  Paris  2,500,000 

BritishMus'm,  London.  1,600,000 
imperial,    St.  Peters- 
burg ,  1,000,000 

.'Munich  1,000.000 

Berlin   800,000 

3Library  of  Cong-iess, 

Washington*   680,000 

Public,  Boston*   560,000 

Darmstadt   550,000 

Xeipsic   650,000 

uStrasburg   525,000 

Roya!,  Copenhagen....  600,000 


N«.  of 

Volumes 

Imperial,  Vienna  450.000 

Bodleian,  Oxford   450.000 

Public,  St.  Petersburg, .  .440.000 

Stuttgart  480.000 

Gottingen  425.000 

National,  Blorence  425,000 

Madrid  410,000 

Buda-Pest  400,000 

University  of  Chicago  *.  380,000 
Harvard  University  *. .  .800.000 

Heidelberg  300.000 

Astor,  New  York  *  240,000 

Vatican,  Rome  225,000 


♦Exclusive  of  pamphlets.  The  Harvard  University  Library  has 
278,000,  and  the  Library  of  Congress  210,000  pamphlets. 


NOTABLE  BRIDGES  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Sublician  Bridge  at  Rome,  oldest  wooden  bridge;  7tli 
(Century.   Twice  rebuilt,  but  ruins  only  remain. 
^The  bridge  at  Burton  over  the  Trent;  once  tbe  longest 
bridge  in  England;  1.545  feet. 

The  old  London  Bridge  was  the  first  stone  bridge;  com- 
aaaenced  in  117G.  completed  in  1209. 

The  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  was  built  by  Roebling 
In  1852-55.  Cost  $400,000;  245  feet  above  water;  1,268 
feet  long:  estimated  1.200  tons. 

The  Brooklyn  Bridge  was  commenced  under  the  direc- 
tion of  J.  Roebling  in  1870,  and  completed  in  about  thir- 
?[«en  years;  3,475  feet  long,  135  high.    Cost  $15,000,000. 

The  Canii-Lever  Bridge,  1884,  over  the  Niagara,  steel. 
F^ength,  910  feet:  weight,  3,000  tons.    Cost  $222,000. 

Rush-street  Bridge,  Chicago.  1884.  The  largest  general 
traffic  draw-bridge  in  the  world.  Will  accommodate  four 
teams  abreast,  and  its  foot  passages  are  7  feet  wide  in  the 
«elear.   Cost  $132,000. 

Cincinnati,  over  the  Ohio  River  (suspension),  2,220 
feet  long. 

Highbridge,  Harlem  (stone),  1,460  feet  long. 

Victoria  Bridge  at  Montreal  over  the  St.  Lawrence 
Hiver  (tubular):  9.144  feet  long. 

Louisville,  over  the  Ohio  River  (truss).  5.218  feet  long. 

St.  fx»rjis.  (fver  the  Mississippi  River  (steel),  2,045  feet 
Song.    Cosi  (.ver  $6,000,000. 

')  iM  r  r  the  Danube  River  (stone),  4,770  feet 
loir 

'i  Moly  Trinity,  Florence,  built  in  1569 

<"'l'  t;  long. 


39 


IMPORTANT  EVENTS  OF  THE  LATE  CIVIL  WAfl. 

Casualties,  etc. 


X861. 

April  12th— The  first  shot  of  the  Rebellion  was  fired 
at  Fort  Sumter,  by  order  of  General  Beauregard  (Pierre 
Gustave  Toutant)  at  4:30  a.  m. 

April  1 5 th— President  Lincoln  issues  a  proclamation 
calling  for  75,000  volunteers  to  put  down  the  rebellion, 
and  orders  all  rebels  to  return  to  loyalty  in  twenty  days. 

May  3d— President  Lincoln  calls  for  42,000  three 
years'  volunteers,  22,000  troops  for  regular  army  service, 
to  serv^e  during  the  war,  and  18,000  men  for  the  navy. 

June  4th— Harper's  Perry  is  evacuated  by  the  Confed- 
erates. 

June  20th— General  McClellan  is  appointed  Commander 
of  the  army  in  western  Virginia. 

July  1st— United  States  asks  for  a  war  loan  of  $260,0©0- 
000. 

July  21st— Battle  of  Bull's  Run. 

July  22d— General  McClellan  takes  command  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac. 

November  1st— McClellan  becomes  CommandeT-in- 
Chief  of  the  armies  of  the  United  States. 

November  18th— The  Confederate  Congress  meets  at 
Richmond. 

November  30th— Jefferson  Davis  is  elected  President  of 
the  Confederate  States  for  a  term  of  six  years. 

1862. 

February  16th— General  Grant  captures  Fort  Donelson. 

February  22d— Jefferson  Davis  is  inaugurated  Presi- 
•dent  of  the  Confederate  States,  at  Richmond,  with  A.  H. 
Stephens  as  Vice-President. 

February  23d— N^shVUle,  Tenn.  is  captured  by  General 
Grant. 

April  6th— Battle  at  Pittsburg  landing;  General  Grant 
Is  driven  from  his  position. 

April  7th— General  Grant  regains  his  position.  The 
valiant  General  Johnstone  was  killed  in  this  battle. 

April  24th— New  Orleans  was  taken  by  a  double  forca 
The  naval  force  under  Commodore  Farragut,  aided  by  a 
land  force  under  General  Butler. 

May  1st— General  Butler  enters  New  Orleans  and  pro- 
claims martial  law. 

July  1st— President  Lincoln  calls  for  300,000  volun- 
teers. 

August  8th— The  Habeas  Corpus  Act  is  suspended. 


40 


1862. 

September  Ist— Battle  of  Chantilly  is  fought  in  a 
thunder-storm.   General  Kearney  is  killed. 

September  5th— General  Lee  crosses  the  Potomac  and 
maicbes  to  Frederic. 

September  22d— President  Lincoln  issues  his  famous 
Proclamation  of  Emaucipiiiion. 


Proclamation  takes  effect. 

-iLt  f^v. i.bt  i  ij.iion  Act  is  passed,  giving  the 
Pi  III  'i,000,0(>0  of  men  on  whom  he  may  call 

A,  :i  .  ,  -Aumircil  Farragut  makes  Lis  heroic  march 
past  tne  Uulf  battei'ies. 

April  (j' h— The  market  prices  of  Richmond  of  this  date, 
show  the  vaiue  of  comnion  cominodities:  Apples,  $50 
perbbl.;  butter,  $3  per  lb.;  round  of  bacon,  §1.40;  ham, 
$1.45:  brandy  and  whiskey,  $22  to  $30  per  gal.;  corn, 
$7.50  per  bu.;  candle.-^,  $3  per  lb.:  coffee,  S4.50  per  lb.; 
flonr.  ilf;j2  to  mi  per  Ihl.:  sugar,  H-'SO  per  Jb. 

May  2d— Battle  of  Chanceilorvilie. 

May  10th— '"Stonewair'  Jackson  dies. 

JuJy  1st— The  awful  bat^tie  of  Gettysburg,  the  most 
stubbornly  fought  of  the  war  begins.  This  was  the  turn- 
ing point  of  the  great  conflict 

July  4th— The  battle  of  Gettj^sburg  ends.  Vicksburg 
s>urrendf^rs. 

No\-ember  24th— Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain. 
1864. 

Marcli  9th— General  Grant  becomes  Lieutenant-General 
in  coniinajid  of 'all  the  armies. 

June  IHtb— ni-)<p  "Aiabnnia"  attacked  by  the  "Kear- 
sarge"  r  ■  '    <         ^rbonrg.  France. 

Sept^.-  c  of  Winchester.    Sheridan  cap- 

tures r>.  ■  all  the  guns. 

Noveii.i!:;>r  .-j-.txiim  Linr«.-^lii  is  re-elected  Presi- 

dent with  the  electoral  vote  of  tweriiy-two  states.  213 
votes  i?]  all.^ 

November— General  Sherman  commences  his  grand 
marcli  from  Atlanta  to  the  sea. 


Februarv  7th— ( 
Of  all  the  Confer] 

Marrh  ''r'^ '     ( '  ' 

April 
Appon  J 

April 
^ort  Si; 


assumes  supreme  control 

'"TUTS. 

I  Grant  at  the 
  ;nce  more  above 


APRIL,  1861. 


Bombardment  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter.   No  casualties  

Evacuation  of  Ft.  Sumter,  S.C. 

Riots  in  Baltimore,  Md  

MAY. 

N.  Y.  69th  Regment  arrived  in 

Washington  

Gen.  Butler  took  possession 

of  Relay  House  

Camp  Jackson,  Mo  

Riots  in  St.  Louis,  Mo  

Charleston  blockade  establs'd 
C.  S.  Cong,  authorised  issue  of 

$50,000,000  8%  20-year  bonds 
Pres't  Davis  reached  Richm'd 
Cavalry  skirmish  at  Fairfax 

C.  H.  Va  

JUNE. 

Fairfax  Court  Houss,  Va  

Phillippi,  West  Virginia  

Big  Bethel,  Va  

*Romney,  West  Virginia  

Confederates    evacuate  and 

burn  Harper's  Ferry,  Va  

Vienna,  Virginia  

*Boonville,  Mo  

Edward's  Ferry.  Md  

Camp  Cole,  Mo  

48  B.  &  O.  R.  R.  loccmotives, 

valued  at  $400,000,  destroyed 

by  the  Confederates  

Patterson  Creek,  Va  

Matthias'  Point,  Va  ,  

General  council  of  war  held  at 

Washington  

JULY. 

Falling  Waters,  Md  

♦Carthage,  or  Dry  Forks,  Mo. 

Newport  News  

President  Lincoln  called  for 
400,000  men  and  $400,000,000 
to  put  down  the  rebellion 

Middle  Creek  Fork,  W.  Va 

Great  Falls,  Va  

Laurel  Hill,  W.  Va  

Monroe  Station,  Mo  

♦Rich  Mt.,  Va,  (Camp  lost  and 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

P-M 

K. 

W. 

s 

L 

\ 

3 

4 

20 

9 

4 

27 

I 

4 

I 

2 

10 

10 

34 

I 

7 

I 

2 

I 

5 

6 

6 

2 

19 

15 

20 

I 

4 

15 

15 

52 

4 

20 

•  I 

I 

7 

2 

I 

4 

8 

IS 

31 

50 

13 

31 
6 

40 

125 

6 

45 

1 

6 

7 

2 

12 

2 

6 

3 

4 

20 

75 

42 


JULY,  1861. 


CASUALTIES. 


W. 

P-M  1 

K. 

W. 

i 

II 

35 

60 

X40 

100 

I 

10 

600 

13 

40 

20 

10 

50 

7 

I 

7 

1 

15 

9 

38 

I 

I 

4 

19 

38 

15 

53 

I 

14 

481 

lOII 

1460 

269 

1483 

3 

5 

10 

I 

12 

3 

I 

3 

420 

4 

37 

40 

44 

3 

6 

12 

3 

8 

14 

14 

3 

2 

3 

6 

I 

5 

721 

291 

205 

800 

SO 

2 

3 

7 

6 

40 

3 

I 

3 

40 

200 

2 

2 

5 
8 

51 

S 

2 

I 

8 

6 

30 

2 

4 

9 

3 

5 

150  prisoners  taken.)  

Barboursville,  or  Red  House, 

Va  

Beverly,  W.  Va  

Carrick's  Ford,  W.  Va  

Millsville,  or  Wentzville,  Mo. 

Fulton,  Mo  

Scarrytown,  W.  Va  

Martinsburg,  Mo  

Bunker  Hill,  Va  

Blackburn's  Ford,  Va  

Harrisonville    and  Parkers- 

ville.  Mo  

tBull  Run,  or  Manassas,  Va. . . 

Forsyth,  Mo  

Blue  Mills,  Mo  

Lane's  Prairie,  near  Rolla,  Mo. 
Ft.  Fillmore,  New  Mexico.... 
AUGUST. 

Dug  Springs,  Mo  

Messilla,  New  Mexico.. „  

Athens,  Mo  

Point  of  Rocks,  Md  

Hampton,  Va  

*LovettsviIle,  Va  

♦Wilson's  Creek,  Mo.  (Gen. 

Lyon  killed.)..  

Potosi,  Mo  

Martial  law  declared  at  St. 

Louis,  Mo.. ,  

Brunswick,  Mo  

Charleston,  or  Bird's  Pt.,  Mo. 

♦Hawk's  Nest,  W.  Va  

Cross  Lanes,  or  Somerville, 

W.  Va  

Ball's  Cross  Roads,  Va  

♦Ft.  Hatteras,  N.  C  

Lexington,  Mo  

Munson's  Hill,  Va  

SEPTEMBER. 

Bennett's  Mills,  Mo  

Boone  Court  House,  W.  Va. . . 

Dallas,  Mo  

Dry  Wood,  or  Ft.  Scott,  Mo.. 

Beher's  Mills,  Mo  

Paducah,    Ky.,    occupied  by 

Union  forces  


43 


SEPTEMBER,  1861 


CASUALTIES. 


K. 

W. 

P-M 

K. 

w. 

SB 

16 

102 

6 

8 

5 

9 

12 

80 

I 

4 

12 

30 

3 

15 

I 

8 

75 

42 

108 

1624 

25 

75 

2 

6 

7 

II 

39 

10 

60 

I 

I 

7 

220 

266 

500 

36 

264 

I 

5 

3 

50 

35 

4 

9 

20 

50 

g 

25 

8 

32 

100 

75 

II 

30 

20 

50 

2 

14 

29 

350 

I 

4 

8 

5 

3 

5 

62 

I 

6 

33 

5 

4 

63 

4Q 

4 

7 

J 

6 

60 

200 

2 

14 

^4 

223 

226 

445 

36 

264 

17 

2 

ID 

5 

3 

3 

5 

18 

37 

lOG 

2 

15 

20 

15 

Carnifex  Ferry  

Lewinsville,  Va  

Black  River,  near  Ironton,  Mo. 

Cheat  Mountain,  W.  Va  

Booneville,  Mo  

Confed.  privateer  Judah  de- 
stroyed near  Pensacola,  Fla. 
Pritchard's  Mills,  Va  

20.  tLexington,  Mo  

Morristown,  Mo  

Blue  Hills,  Mo  

Banks  of  New  Orleans  sus- 
pend specie  payment  

Barbourville,  W.  Va  

tBall's  Bluff,  Va.   (Col.  Baker 

killed.)  

Poppinsville,  or  Osceola,  Mo. 

Elliott's  Mills,  Mo  

*Romney,  or  Hanging  Rock, 

W.  Va  

Chapmansville,  W.  Va  

Lucas  Bend,  Ky  

Munson's  Hill   

OCTOBER. 

Grienbrier,  W.  Va  

Ft.  Craig,  New  Mexico  

Bulfalo  Hill,  Ky  

Hillsboro,  Ky  

Santa  Rosa,  Fla  

Cameron,  Mo  

Upton  Hill,  Ky  

Bayles  Crossroads,  La  ' 

Beckvvith  Farm,  Mo.  

West  Glaze,  .Mo  

Big  River  Br'ge,  nr.  Potosi,  Mo, 

Lime  Creek,  Mo  

Bolivar  Heights,  Mo  

Warsaw,  Mo  

21.  Fr'd'ckst'n and I'nton,  Mo. 

Big  Hurricane  Creek,  Mo  

Bell's  Bluft;  called  Edwards 

Ferry,  or  Har'sn's  Ln'dg,Va. 

Buffalo  Mills,  Mo  

West  Liberty,  Ky  

Hodgeville,  Ky  

Zagonyi's  ch'ge,  Spr'gfield.Mo. 
Romney,  or  Mill  Creek, W.  Va. 


44 


OCTOBER,  1861. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

P-M 

K. 

W. 

I 

4 

8 

17 

8 

5 

I 

14 

2 

6 

90 

261 

427 

I 

8 

3 

8 

23 

II 

39 

4 

26 

18 

45 

7 

20 

3 

10 

2 

16 

7 

9 

3 

I 

10 

3 

5 

I 

5 

5 

7 

5 

23 

I 

2 

13 

1 

1 

15 

2 
17 

6 

10 

16 

20 

I 

I 

17 

7 

10 

20 

107 

00 

9fl 

Saratoga,  Ky  

Plattsburg,  Mo  

Spring  Hill,  Mo  

Woodbury  and  Morgant'n,  Ky. 
NOVEMBER. 

Winfield  Scott,  Com.  U.  S. 
army,  retired,  and  Maj.-Gen. 
Geo.  B.  McClellan  app'nted.. 

Renick,  Randolph  Co.,  Mo.... 

Little  Santa  Fe,  Mo  

*Belmont,  Mo  

Galveston  Harbor,  Tex  

*Port  Royal,  S.  C  

*Piketown,  or  Fry  Mtn.,  Ky.  (70 
wagons,  stores,  and  eq'p'gs.) 

Guyandotte,  W.  Va  

Gauley  Bridge,  W.  Va  

Little  Blue,  Mo  

Occoguan  Creek,  Va  

Cypress  Bridge,  Ky  

Palmyra,  Mo  

Wirt  Court  House,  W.  Va  

Eng.  packet  Trent  boarded  by 
Capt.  Wilkes,  and  Mason 
and  Slidell  captured.  On  the 
24th  inst.  they  were  placed  in 
Ft.  Warren,  Boston  Harbor; 
released  Jan.  i,  1862,  on  a  de- 
mand of  the  British  govt. . . . 

Ft.  Pickens,  Pensacola,  Fla. . . 

Lancaster,  Mo  

Little  Blue,  Mo  

Drainesville,  Va  

Black  Walnut  Creek,  Mo  

DECEMBER. 

Salem,  Mo  

Vienna,  Va  

Anandale,  Va  

Dunksburg,  Mo.;  citizens  re- 
pulse raiders  

Congress  passed  bill  authoriz'g 
exchange  of  prisoners  

Shelling  of  Free  Stone  Point 
by  Union  gunboats  

Bertrand,  Mo  

Camp  Allegheny,  or  Buffalo 
Mt.,  W.  Va  


45 


DECEMBER,  1861. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

K. 

W. 

10 

22 

33 

50 

2 

8 
61 

1300 

7 

43 

5 

10 

2 

I 

8 

30 

5 

63 

25 

150 

I 

10 

I 

I 

7 

2 

2 

30 

ID 

30 

3 

I 

6 

14 

8 

16 

6 

6 

5 

6 

80 

5 

2 

25 

40 

38 

194 

100 

160 

I 

I 

4 

10 

3 

2 

40 

5 

II 

I 

I 

8 

7 

35 

200 

16 

39 

3 

2 

5 

13 

4 

4 

446 

1735 

150 

231 

1007' 

5 

9 

I 

3 

4 

5 

62 

140 

150 

2 

I 

2 

I 

I 

5 

5 

20 

900 

Rowlett' s  Station,  Ky  

*Milford,  Blackwater,  Mo  

Drainsville,  Va  

Hudson,  Mo  

Wadesburg,  Mo  

Sacramento,  Ky  

Mt.  Zion,  Mo....  

Banks  of  New  York,  Philadel- 
phia, Albany, and  Boston  sus- 
pend specie  payment.  

JANUARY,  1862. 

Port  Royal,  S.   

Huntorsville,  Va  

Near  Bath,  Va  

Calhoun,  Mo  

Blue  Gap,  near  Romney,  Va.. 

Jennie's  Creek,  Ky  

Charleston.  Mo  

Dry  Forks,  W.  Va  ,  

Silver  Creek,  Mo   

Columbus,  Mo  

Middle  Creek,  Ky  

20.  *Mill  Springs,  Ky.  (Gen. 
Zoiicoffer  killed)  

Knob  Noster,  Mo  

Occoguan  Bridge,  Mo  

FEBRUARY. 

Bowling  Green,  Ky  

*Fort  Henry,  Tenn.  

Linn  Creek,  Va  

*Roanoke  Island,  N.  C.  (Sur- 
render of  Ft.  Henry,  Tenn., 
to  Federal  army ....... 

Elizabeth  City,  N.  C  

Blooming  Gap,  Va  

Flat  Lick  Fords,  Ky  

15,  16.  *Ft.  Donnelson,  Tenn. 
(6  forts,  65  guns,  and  17,500 
small  arms  captured,  and 
13,829  Conf.  w.  and  m.) 

Pea  Ridge,  Mo  

Independence,  Mo  

Ft.  Craig,  New  Mexico.. 

Mason's  Neck,  Va  

Keytersville,  Mo  

MARCH. 

Pittsburg  Landing,  Teaa 


46 


MARCH,  1862. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

P-M 

K. 

W. 

1  P-M 

3 

2 

203 

9/2 

174 

IIOO 

2500 

i60» 

5 

4 

10 

2 

261 

108 

7 

17 

3 

5 

2 

2 

4 

5 

5 

10 

9 

3 

13 

5 

50 

100 

466 

64 

106 

4 

5 
0 

g 

100 

7 

I 

103 

440 

24 

fin 

342 

26i 

I 

22 

9 

17 

5 

15 

32 

75 

35 

36 

60 

9S 

3 

I- 

3 

4 

10 

2 

20 

1735 

7882 

3950 

1728 

8012 

958 

17 

6000 

25 

20« 

I 

2 

I 

4 

360 

2 

8 

5 

a 
0 

7 

I 

3 

3 

2 

6 

2 

20 

5 

3 

5 

10 

35 

5 

7 

New  Madrid,  Mo  

Occoguan,  Va   

7,  8.   *Pea  Ridge,  Ark  

Fox  Creek,  Mo  

Near  Nashville,  Tenn  

Mountain  Grove,  Mo  

Hampton  Roads,  Va  

Burke's  Station,  Va  

Jacksb'o,Big  Creek  Gap,Tenn. 

Paris,  Tenn  

Lexington,  Mo  

Near  Lebanon,  Mo  

New  Madrid,  Mo  

*Newberne,  N.  C  

Black  Jack  Forest,  Tenn  

Salem,  or  Spring  River,  Ark... 

Mosquito  Inlet,  Fla  

Independence,  Mo  

Carthage,  Mo  

♦Winchester,  Va.  (Gens.  Mc- 
intosh, McCulloch  and  Slack 
killed)  

Warrensburg,  Mo  

Humonsville,  Mo  

27,  28.    Near  Santa  Fe,  N.  M. 

Warrensburg,  Mo  

APRIL. 

Putnam's  Ferry,  Mo  

Great  Bethel,  Va  

Crump's  Landing,  Tenn  

*Shiloh,  or  Pittsb'g  Ld'g,  Tenn. 

*Island  No.  10,  Tenn.  (6  forts 
captured)  

Near  Corinth,  Miss  

Owens  River,  Cal  

*Ft.  Pulaski,  Ga  

Hunteville,  Ala  

Yorktown,  Va  

Little  Blue  River,  Mo  

Monterey,  Va  

Pollocksville,  N.  C  

Diamond  Grove,  Mo  

Walkersville,  Mo  

Monta  Vallo,  Mo  

Pechach's  Pass,  Ariz  

Savannah,  Tenn.......,,,,... 

Wilmington  Island,  Ga  


47 


DATB.  1 

APRIL,  1862. 

CASUALTIES. 

UNION. 

CONFBDb  _ 

K. 

W. 

s 

1 

K. 

W. 

I 

16 

T         '      *yfn  17 

35 

129 

/5 

J» 

17 

Holly  River  W  Va 

3 

18  s 

5 

16 

x8 

Edisto  Island  S  C 

3 

18- 

zo.  jTis.  J  cicKaon  cina  oi«  x^xiiiiip 

End  tli6  capturG  of  New  Or* 

193 

105 

197 

«9 

*Ta1hr»<-' «  Tt^e>rr\r    A  rVr 

19 

L/aniaen.  i\.   ....•*•<•.. 

12 

9» 

1 
D 

19' 

93 

25 

\Jl  d-cb  v-'Iv'IV)  VV  •  Y(ta«. 

3 

r*  1.  «yA'JIwOI1>  iN  •   •••>««•••• 

7 

18 

26 

26 

3 

3 

30 

26 

Conit  f  arra^ut  demanded  the 

smrender  of  New  Orleans*. 

S6 

3 

xo 

a? 
38 

Norton's  Mills  N.  C... 

3 

Paint  Rock  R.R.  Bridge,  Tenn. 

7 

s8 

Cumberland  Mountain,  Tenn. 

88 

3 

5 

89 

72 

MAY. 

New  Orleans  capt  d  by  Union 

X 

^IdrKc  S  jrxOilOW,  VVtJat  V£u»«»» 

3 

2 

12 

30 

4 

Licking  IVIo 

2 

4 

Cheese  Cake  Church  Va 

5 

D 

25 

5 

4 

ID 

68 

5 

450 

1400 

372 

1000 

7 

40 

104 

41 

7 

2 

7 

24 

8 

McDowell  or  Bull  Pasture,  Va. 

20 

225 

100 

200 

8 

I 

4 

30 

9 

5 

43 

16 

9 

Npw  Kpnf  C    M  Vp 

4 

3 

10 

14 

10 

■Dz-wi-t  "Dillz-iTir  T'ann 

3 

2 

z 

10 

10 

Gen.  Butler  captured  $800,000 

II 

I 

13 

2 

2 

a 

X5 

I 

3 

14 

15 

Fort  Darling,  James  River,  Va. 

12 

14 

7 

8 

15 

Clalk  Bluff,  Mo  

I 

3 

15 

Butler,  Bates  Co..  Mo  

3 

I 

48 


MAY,  1862. 


Princeton,  West  Va  

Corinth,  Miss  

Searcy  Landing,  Ark  

Clinton,  N.  C  

Phillips  Creek,  Miss  

Florida,  Mo  

Near  Newberne,  N.  C  

Louisburg,  Va   

Front  Royal,  Va  

Backton  Station,  Va  

Ft.  Craig,  New  Mexico.... 

New  Bridge,  Va  

Chickahominy,  Va  

tWinchester,Va.  (Fed.  retr'd.) 
Hanover  Court  House,  Va..,. 

Big  Indian  Creek,  Ark  

Osceola,  Mo  

Wardensviile,  Va  

Pocotaligo,  S.  C  

Booneville,  Miss  ,  

Front  Royal,  Va  

*Corinth,  Miss  

Neosho,  Mo  

Near  Washington,  N,  C,  

And 

JUNE. 

i  Seven  Pines  and  Fair  Oaks, 
Va  

Strasburg,  Va  

Legare's  Point,  S.  C  

Jasper,  Tenn  

Blackand,  Miss  

Tranter's  Creek,  N.  C  

Memphis,  Tenn.  (Memphis sur- 
renders)  

Harrisonburg,  Va  , 

t  Cross  Keys,  Va  

I  Port  Republic,  Va  

James  Island,  S.  C  

Monterey,  Ky  

VV,i'.ifJ.  li  s  Farm,  Ark  

O'd  Cr  i'iv']).  Va  .  

.1^^-'^'   

'IniT,   

In.        ,  ..  rd,  S.  C 

•>i.  Cli.nly..  Ark  

W.iuensburg,  Mo  


CASUALTIES. 


K. 

w. 

1 

P-M 

K. 

W. 

L 

30 

70 

2 

14 

10 

39 

12 

18 

17 

150 

5 

9 

3 

2 

3 

8 

14 

60 

40 

60 

KO 

32 

122 

750 

2 

6 

12 

3 

I 

10 

60 

a? 

2 

4 

38 

155 

711 

53 

344 

200 

3 

5 

25 

3 

2 

2 

3 

2 

g 

2009 

5 

8 

2 

3 

I 

3 

2 

800 

3627 

1222 

2800 

3807 

2 

5 

2 

7 

20 

20 

5 

14 

7 

II 

80 

80 

63 

17 

50 

125 

500 

42 

230 

67 

364 

574 

88 

335 

H 

3 

13 

17 

30 

2 

109 

12 

28 

3 

19 

I 
19 

6 

4 

8 

85 

472 

128 

51 

144 

105 

30 

155 

2 

3 

49 


JUNE,  1862. 


Smithville,  Ark  

Williamsburg  Road,  Va  

Battle  Creek,  Tenn  

Raceland,  La  

Raytown,  Mo  

Oak  Grove,  Va  

Germantown,  Tenn  , , , . 

Little  Red  River,  Ark  

*Chickahominy,  Va  

tGaines  Mills,  Va  

29.  U.  S.  fleet  under  Com.  Far- 
ragut;  no  casualties  rec'rd'd. 
tojuly  I.  *Malvern  Hill,  Va. 
President  Lincoln  calls  for 
600,000  men.  The  seven  days' 
retreat  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  under  Gen.  Geo.  B. 
McClellan;  total  casualties 
in  the  various  engagements 

were:  ist  corps  

2d  corps  

3d  corps  

4th  corps  

5th  corps  

6th  corps  

Engineer's  corps  

Total  

Total  casualties  in  Confed. 
divisions  were  14,011  w, . . . 
JULY. 

Booneville,  Miss  

Morning  Sun,  Texas  

Elvington  Heights,  Va  

Grand  Prairie,  Ark  

Bayou  Cache,  La  

Black  River,  Mo  

Hamilton,  N.  C  

Aberdeen,  Ark  

Thompkinsville,  Ky  

Williamsburg,  Va  

Pleasant  Hill,  Mo  

Lebanon,  Ky.  (Morgan's  raid). 

Near  Culpepper,  Va  

Murfreesboro,  Tenn  

Batesville,  Ark  

Apache  Pass,  Ariz  

Fayetteville,  Ark  


80 
7500 


CASUALTIES. 


K.  W. 


253 
187 
189 
69 
620 
245 

1582 


33 


150 
k  w 


k  w 


1240 
1076 
105 1 
507 
2460 
1313 
2 

7709 


&m 


&m 


1000 

7500 


5000 


1581 
848 
833 
201 
1 198 
1 179 

5958 


K.  V/. 
65 


495 


k  w 


k  w 


2820 


5 

50]  100 


75* 


15c 


50 


JULY,  1862. 


Decatur,  Tenn  

Cynthiana,  Ky.  Morgan's  raid. 
Postage  stamps  made  legal 
tender  

Memphis,  Mo  

Guerrilla  campaign  in  Mo.  to 
Sept.  20.  (Morgan's  guer- 
rillas scattered)  

Florida,  Mo  

Columbus,  Mo  , 

Trinity,  Ala  

Near  Florida,  Mo  

Courtland  Bridge,  Mo  , . . . 

Young's  Crossroads,  N.  C. . . , . 

Moore's  Mills,  Mo  

Brownsville,  Tenn  , 

Paris,  Ky  , 

Coggin's  Point,  Va  , 

AUGUST. 

Newark,  Mo  , 

Orange  Court  House,  Va  

Clear  Creek,  Mo  

Languelle  Ferry,  Ark  

President  Lincoln  ordered  300,- 
000  men  to  be  drafted  

Sparta,  Tenn  

*Baton  Rouge,  La.  (Gen. Will 
iams  killed)  , 

Malvern  Hill,  Va  

Kirksville,  Mo  

Thornburg,  Va  , 

Tazewell,  Tenn  

Trenton,  Tenn  

Stockton,  Mo  

*Cedar  Mountain,  Va.  (Conf, 
repulsed)  

Nueces  River,  Tex  

to  13.  Grand  River  skirmishes, 
Mo.  Total  

Independence,  Mo...  

Gallatin,  Tenn  

Clarendon,  Ark  

Merriweather's  Ferry,  Tenn 

Lone  Jack,  Mo  

ClarkBville,  Tenn  

Edgefield  Junction,  Tenn  

tGallatin.  Tenn.   (Gen.  John 


CASUALTIES. 


V 

w. 

w  • 

i 

4 

17 

34 

8 

29 

13 

35 

23 

77 

156 

347 

500 

1800 

560 

22 

3 

2 

2 

II 

12 

30 

I 

2 

I 

12 

100 

7 

4 

19 

21 

30 

160 

4 

6 

4 

6 

27 

39 

10 

15 

10 

6 

4 

4 

60 

73 

5 

14 

II 

17 

38 

to 

82 

255 

34 

84 

316 

76 

xoo 

2I 

60 

128 

aoo 

2 

12 

72 

0 

2- 

50 

40 

30 

20 

13 

3C 

450 

660 

290 

229 

1047 

31 

40 

8 

14 

IOC 

14 

18 

312 

x8 

30 

50 

200 

6 

TOO 

3 

6 

ao 

60 

100 

no 

200 

8 

18 

51 


AUGUST,  1862. 


CASUALTIES. 


K.  W. 


K.  W. 


son  captured)  

Big  Hill,  Madison  Co.,  Ky.... 

Waterloo  Bridge,  Va  

Pope's  campaign  in  Va.  to 
Sept.  I.    Army  of  Virginia. . 

Ft.  Donnelson,  Tenn  

*Bull  Run  and  Kettle  Run,  Va. 

*Groverton  and  Gainesville, 
Va.  Army  of  Potomac  losses 
in  all  corps  

Manchester,  Tenn  

tSecond  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  or 
Manassas,  Va  

Bolivar,  Tenn  

tRichmond,  Ky  

Medow  Station,  Tenn  

SEPTEMBER. 

Britton's  Lane,  Tenn   

tChantilly,  Va.  McDowell's 
corps,  Hooker  and  Kearney' s 
Div.  of  3d  corps,  and  Reno's 
corps.  (Gens.  Kearney  and 
Stearns,  Federals,  killed.... 

Washington,  N.  C  

Columbus,  Tenn  

Cold  Water,  Miss..  

Fayetteville,  W.  Va  

15.  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.  11583 
Union  prisoners  taken  . , 

*  South  Mountain,  Md.  (Gen. 
Reno  killed)  

tMumfordsville,  Ky  

Harper's  Ferry  surrenders  11,- 
500  Federals  

*Antietam,  or  Sharpsburg,  Md. 
Total  loss  in  all  corps  

20.    *  luka,  Miss  

Blackford's  Ford,  Va  

Emancipation  Proclamation  is- 
sued  

Newtonia,  Mo  

OCTOBER. 

Shepherdstown,  Va  

Corinth,  Miss  

Metamora,  Miss  

La  Vergne,  Tenn  

*PerryviIIe.  Ky  


7000 
31 
300 


7000 

800 
5 

200 
3 


1300 


4000 
18 
700 
13 


3000 
64 

4000 
43 

52 


36 

80 
120 

1800 


2010 
144 
92 


9416 
598 
131 


3566 


1043 


no 

25 

37 

1500 
30 
300 


179 


3500 
263 
33 


94 


k  w 

3000 
500 


100 
45 
80 


&w 
8000 

1000 


2344 


50 


1812 
9 

2943 


232^1423 
400 
80 

489:2500 


280 
5692 


1506. 


600c 
501 


224^ 


52 


OCTOBER,  1862. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

r 

K. 

W. 

a 

L 

4 

24 

350 

43 

258 

14 

102 

10 

3 

6 

9.0 

26 

17 

85 

300 

16 

18S 

6 

10 

5 

20 

4 

36 

75 

300 

4 

9 

200 

10 

54 

7 

43 

167 

798 

183 

300 

1200 

55 

1800 

21 

114 

5 

48 

90 

478 

71 

268 

1180 

9028 

2145 

579 

3870 

40 

120 

50 

75 

400 

7 

10 

124 

7 

2o 

1000 

3 

22 

50 

191 

982 

756 

207 

23 

139 

58 

50 

150 

1533 

7245 

2800 

1456 

0 

600 

50 

14 

144 

4 

200 

129 

831 

100 

400 

5OQO 

Harrodsbiirg,  Ky  

Lexington,  Ky  

Morgan,  the  raider,  dashed  into 
Lexington  and  captured  125 
prisoners  

Maysville,  Ark  

Pocotaligo,  S.  C  

NOVEMBER. 

Artillery  fight  at  Philmont,  Va. 

Reconnoisance  at  the  base  of 
Blue  Ridge  Mts.  Confeder- 
ates literally  driven  into  the 
river  and  drowned  by  scores. 

Harrisonville,  Mo  

Galveston,  Texas,  surrendered 

Nashville,  Tenn  

Garretsburg,  Ky  

Big  Beaver  Creek,  Mo  

Hudsonville,  Miss  ,  

Gen.  Sumner  demands  surren- 
der of  Fredericksburg,  Va... 

Beaver  Creek,  Mo  

Crane  Hill,  Boonesboro,  Ark.. 

Hartwood  Church,  Va  

DECEMBER. 

Winchester,  Va.,  captured  by 
Union  soldiers  

Cofifeeville,  Miss  

Fayetteville,  Ark  

Hartsville,  Tenn  

Dobbin's  Ferry,  Tenn  

Goldsboro  expedition,  N. 

t  Frederickburg,  Va.,  Army  of 
the  Potomac  

Kingston,  N.  C  

Lexington,  Tenn  

Holly  Springs,  Miss  

Davis  Mills,  Miss  

tChicasaw  Bayou,  Vicksburg. 

Red  Mound,  Tenn  

To 

JANUARY,  1863. 
*Murfreesboro,  or  Stone  River, 
Tenn.,  Army  of  Cumberland. 

Galveston,  Tex  

Springfield,  Mo  

*Ft.  Hindman,  Ark   


53 


FEBRUARY,  i86r 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

2 

1 

a< 

K. 

W. 

P-M 

16 

60 

50 

140 

400 

^130 

100 

9 
7 
10 

300 
65 
35 
48 

1306 

150 
J3 

450 

88 
300 

2 

20 

4 

10 

100 

19 

35 

85 

44 
6 

202 

^60 

400 
275 

2000 
4OCI 

12 
I 

58 

69 
6 

1466 

100 

130 

1512 

10 
60 
40 

95irf 

20 
341 

&  m 
5000 

40 

1150 

1581 

100 
909 
450 

8700 

500 
2000 

426 

1842 

>89 

2500 

i8eo 

29 

242 

600 

545 

3688 

303 

640$ 

25 

200 

154 
4 

223 
26 

115 

125 
20 

400 
80 

200 

500 

3000 

?50 

Ft.  Donnelson,  Tenn. .  ■   

MARCH. 
Spring  Hill  and  T/nionville, 

Tenn  

Port  Hudson,  La  

Kelly's  Ford,  Va  

Vaught's  Hill,  Tenn  

Dutton's  Hill, or  Somerset, Ky. 
APRIL. 

Bombardment  of  Ft.  Sumter, 

by  South  Atlantic  squadron. 
Franklin  and  Harpeth  River, 

Tenn  

Irish  Bend,  or  Indian  Ridge. 

La  

Siege  of  Suffolk,  Va  

Cap^  Girardeau,  Mo  

Streight's  raid  from  Tuscum- 

bia,  Ala.,  to  Rome,  Ga  

Fairmount,  W.  Va   

Spottsylvania  Court  House,  Va 
MAY 

Port  Gibson,  Miss  

La  Grange,  Ark  

*ChancellorsvilIe,  Va  

tFredericksburg,  Va  

Horse  Shoe  Bend,  Ky  

Raymond,  Miss  

*Jackscn,  Miss  

♦Champion  Hills,  Miss.  (20 
cannon  captured)  

♦Big  Black  River,  Miss.  (17 
cannon  captured)  

to  22.  tSiege  of  Vicksburg, 
by  Gen.  Grant  and  Porter's 
gunboat  fleet.  (31,277  Con. 
killed,  wounded  and  miss'ng 

to  July  9.  Siege  of  Port  Hud- 
son, La  

JUNE. 

Franklin,  Tenn  

♦Milliken's  Bend,La.  Colored 
regm'ts.  No  quarters  shown. 

Monticello  and  Rocky  Gap,  Ky 

Bevery  Ford  and  Brandy  Sta- 
tion, Va.   Cavalry  fight  

tWinchester,  Va   


54 


JUNE,  1863. 


CASUALTIES. 


K. 

W. 

P-M 

K. 

W. 

a 

I 

200 

I 

2 

24 

41 

89 

100 

8 

40 

53 

150 

94 

20 

100 

60 

46 

40 

300 

3 

18 

85 

462 

1634 

39 

112 

150 

12 

43 

75 

60 

'a* 

2834 

6643 

3500 

0 
0 

M 

22 

80 

790 

86 

385 

3000 

57 

117 

32 

173 

687 

776 

2000 

30 

30 

IOC 

9 

15 

3 

6 

550c 

100 

800 

100 

71 

504 

764 

1757 

501 

250 

450 

1000 

29 

36 

125 

1500 

51 

329 

1200 

800 

60 

25 

75 

17 

150 

400 

17 

61 

75 

12$ 

35 

102 

300 

16 

134 

2 

2 

27 

0 

25 

140 

24 

40 

16 

"3 

150 

13 

72 

3 

114 

Martinsburg,  Va  

Aldie,  Va.Kilpatrick  s  cavalry 

La  Fcrche  Crossing,  La  

Upperville,  Va  

Brashearn  City,  La  

to  30.  *Rosenkranz's  campaign 
from  Miirfreesboro  to  Tal- 
lahoma,  Tenn  

Donaldsonville,  La  

Hanover,  Penn  

JULY. 

♦Gettysburg,  Pa.,  Army  of  the 

Potomac.    Decisive  battle  of 

the  war  

26.  Morgan's  raid  into  Ken- 
tucky, Indiana  and  Ohio  

*Helena,  Ark  

Vicksburg  surrenders  

*  Bolton  and  Birdway  Ferry, 
Miss,  (rear  guard  of  John- 
ston's army)  

Smithburg,  Md  

Lebanon,  Ly  

*Port  Hudson  surrenders  

16.    tjackson,  Miss  

Sept.  6.  Siege  of  Fort  Wagner, 
Morris  Island,  S.  C  

Yazoo,  City,  Miss  

Donaldsonville,  La  

15.    Draft  riots  in  N.  Y.  City. . 

Falling  Waters,  Md  

*Bristow  Station,  Va  

Sheppardtown,  Va  

Honey  Springs,  In4ian  Ter  

Wytheville  W.  Va  

Manassas   Gap   and  Chester 

Gap,  Va  

AUGUST. 

Rappahannock,  Stationj  Va. . . 

Jacksonville,  La  

Sparta,  Tenn  

Lawrence,  Kas.,  burned  

Massacre  at  Lawrence,  Kas.. 

Rocky  Gap,  Va  

to  31.  Brownsville  Bayou,  Ark 
SEPTEMBER. 

Night  attack  on  Ft.  Sumter. . , 


55 


SEPTEMBER,  1863. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION.        I  CONFED. 


K. 

W. 

2 

K. 

W. 

1 

O4 

2000 

3 

40 

10 

40 

7 

644 

9262 

4945 

2389 

2003 

5 

22 

15 

50 

zoo 

14 

40 

400 

II 

30 

45 

50 

8 

46 

II 

42 

8 

24 

51 

329 

750 

ISO 

20-) 

12 

13 

379 

7 

37 

40 

II 

27 

53 

164 

2 

6 

10 

30 

76 

339 

300 

12C0 

26 

124 

570 

60 

320 

65 

7 

57 

100 

5 

12 

650 

10 

20 

31 

94 

§0 

250 

100 

370 

II 

98 

4 

6 

4 

8 

100 

ICM3 

60 

340 

570 

20 

80 

80 

400 

300 

757 

4529 

330 

361 

2181 

6141 

100 

400 

100 

400 

S90 

68 

351 

50 

200 

2tO 

700 

932 

150 

ia-4 


Cumberland  Gap,  Tenn  

Culpepper,  Va   

and  20.  Chickamauga,  Ga. 
Army  of  Cumberland;  13,412 
Confed.  wounded  

Blountsville,  Tenn  

Near  Morganzia,  La  

OCTOBER, 

Henderson's  Mills,  Tenn  

Ingham's  Mills  and  Wyatt's, 
Miss  

Culpepper  and  White  Sulphur 
Springs,  Va  

Auburn,  Va  

Bristol  Station,  Va  

Canton,  Brownsville,  and  Clin- 
ton, Miss  

President  Lincoln   calls  for 

,   300,000  more  men  

Charlestown,  W.  Va  

Cherokee  Station,  Ala  

Pine  Bluff,  Ark  

Cane  Creek,  Ala  

Wauhatchie,  Tenn  

NOVEMBER. 

Grand  Cateau,  La  

Colliersville  &  Moscow,  Tenn 

Rogersville,  Tenn  

Droop  Mountain,  Va  

Rappahannock  Station,  Va. . . 

Natchez,  Miss  

Huff's  Ferry,  Tenn  

Maysville,  Tenn  

Campbell's  Station,  Tenn  

to  Dec.  4.  Siege  of  Knoxville, 
Tenn.  Army  of  the  Ohio  

♦Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  Look- 
out Mt.,  and  Mis'y  Ridge, 
Army  of  the  Tennessee  

Operations  at  Mine  Run,  Va., 
Army  of  the  Potomac  

Cleveland,  Tenn  

♦Ringgold  and  Taylor's  Ridge, 

Ga  

DECEMBER. 

Bean's  Sta.  and  Morristown, 
Tenn  


56 


-< 
Q 

DECEMBER,  1863. 

CASUALTIES. 

•  UNION 

CONFED, 

K. 

W. 

K. 

W. 

f 

a, 

•*y 

Rarran  TT/rrlr     Tn/-1  Tor- 

50 

8 

28 

Charleston  Tenn 

2 

15 

39 

21 

30 

4 

JAiMU/iKY,  Io04« 

29 

41 

4 

10 

3 

Jonesville,  Va  ,  

12 

48 

300 

4 

12 

14 

150 

23 

II 

24 

31 

27 

100 

65 

29 

10 

70 

100 

1717  T5t?  TT  A  T?  V 

rJC/rSKU  AKY. 

16 

50 

250 

5 

30 

March  8.    Ya.zoo  River  exp'd'n 

35 

121 

35 

90 

3" 

March  5*      Expedition  from 

Vicksburg  to  Meridian,  Miss. 

50 

138 

503 

7,1% 

5 

Onallto\.\'n  XT 

3 

6 

50 

5 

10 

201 

100 

9 

1 

4 

65 

10- 

25'    Smith's  raid  from  Ger- 

mantown,  Tenn.,  ^ito  Miss. . 

43 

267 

50 

300 

14-5 

Waterproof,  La,  Cbl'd  troops. 

8 

14 

'  15 

Olustee  or  Silver  Lake,  Fla... 

193 

1 175 

400 

100 

400 

22 

13 

256 

25-7 

17 

272 

20 

120 

March  4.  Kilpatrick's  raid  from 

Stephensburg  to  Richmond,  Va. 

33<3 

308 

10 

9 

8 

I 

25 

17 

21 

^7 

Gen.  Grant  assumes  command 

of  all  the  armies  of  the  U.  S. 

21 

I 

8 

250 

25 

14 

46 

10 

40 

ZD 

to  30"  Longvievv  and  Mt.  Elba, 

Ark 

4 

18 

12 

35 

300 

31 

16 

3 

3 

7 

APRIL 

10 

33 

100 

3 

16 

74 

'85 

5 

19 

II 

15 

25 

11 

7 

Wilson's  Farm,  La  

14 

39 

15 

40 

100 

8-9 

Sabin  Cross  Roads  and  Pleas- 

J 

300 

1600 

2100 

600 

204 

XO-3 

100 

50 

57 


< 

Q 

APRIL,  1864. 

CASUA 

UNION. 

LTIES. 

CONFED. 

K. 

W. 

K. 

W. 

31 

J 

12 

Pleasant  Hill  Landing,  La. 

y 

200 

*5 

and  16.  Liberty  P.O.  and  occu- 

pation of  Camden,  Ark  .... 

^jj 

17 
*/ 

to  20    "fPlymouth  N  C 

20 

80 

1500 

l8 

Poison  Springs,  Ark 

113 

88 

68 

4^1 
•J 

and  24,  Moneti's  31ii£f,  La« 

350 

Mark's  Ivlills  Ark 

100 

250 

100 

1 10 

228 

40 

Jenkin's  Fsrry  Ark 

200 

955 

300 

300 

MAY. 

1-8 

Hudnot's  plantat'n,  near  Alex- 

andria, La 

87 

25 

Battle  of  the  Wilderness,  Va. 

Army  of  the  Potomac 

5597 

M 

2000 

6000 

3400 

Gen.  Sherman  begins  his  At- 

0^ 

lanta  campaign 

u> 

Roc'iy  Face  Ridge,  Ga.  Army 

of  tl^e  Cumberland 

200 

637 

600 

6-7 

Chester  Station  Va 

48 

250 

50 

200 

Todd's  Tavern  Va 

40 

150 

30 

150 

8- 

18.    Spottsylvania,  Fredericks- 

burg Road,  Army  of  the  Po- 

mac.  (2  Confederate  generals 

0 
C^ 

and  30  guns  captured). 

00 
vt 

2577 

1000 

10    Swift  Creek  Va 

90 

500 

10,    Cloyn's  Mountain,  Va. 

126 

095 

300 

n— 

y 

13.    Sheridan's  cavalry  raids 

in  Virginia 

''OO 

100 

X2— 6 

Drury's  Bluff  Va 

238; 

2IC 

2000 

1^-6 

*  Resaca  Ga 

600 

2147 

3"^ 

1500 

1000 

15 

Newmarket,  Va 

240 

8s 

16 

to  30.  Bermuda  Hundred,  Va. 

20c 

1 00c 

3000 

18 

Calhoun  Station  La 

60 

300 

2^-7 
••J  / 

North  Ann  River  Va 

223 

1400 

to  June  4.   '''Dallas,  Ga.  Army 

of  the  Cumberland 

2400 

40 

3000 

26-5 

Decatur  Ala 

60 

27-£ 

Hanoverton,  Va  

25 

119 

200 

475 

Ashland  Va 

26 

130 

JUNE. 

1-12 

■fCold  Harbor,  Va. :  10,570  Fed. 

wounded 

1995 

2450 

1200 

500 

5 

Piedmont  W  Va 

130 

650 

400 

1450 

1060 

5 

Lake  Chicot  Ark 

40 

70 

100 

9 

35 

150 

50 

200 

9-30 

Kenesaw  Mountain,  Army  of 

1370 

6500 

800 

HOC 

3500 

to 

Brice's  Cross  Roads,  Miss. . . . 

223 

394 

1623 

131 

475 

58 


JUNE,  1864. 


Cynthiana,  Ky   

and  12.    Trevillian  Sta.,  Va  . 

Malvern  Mill  

tPetersbuig,  Va.,  Army  of  the 

James  

and  18.    Lynchburg,  Va  

Alabama  sunk  off  Charbourg, 
France,  by  the  Kearsage... 
to  30.    In  front  of  Petersburg, 

Va  

Jerusalem    Plank    road,  Va. 

Army  of  the  Potomac  

to  30.    ^Wilson's  raid  on  th' 

Weldon  railroad,  Va  

Jones'  Bridge,  Va  

Clarendon,  St.  Charles  river, 

Ark  

Confederates  move  on  V/ash- 
ington  by  way  of  the  She- 
nandoah Valley,  Va  

JULY. 

to  31,    In  front  of  Petersburg, 
Va.,    Deep  Bottom,  Ne^ 
iBarkct  and  Malvern  Hiil. 

Smyrna,  Ga   

Expedition  from  Vicksburg  to 

Jackson,  Miss  

Smith's  expedition  from  La 
Grange,  Tenn.,  to  Tapola, 

Miss  

Chattahoochee  river,Ga.  Army 

of  the  Ohio  

Monocacy,  Md  

Ft.  Stephens,  Washington,  D.C 

Ashby's  Gap,  Va  

20.  Winchester,  Va  

*PeachtTee  Creek,  Ga.  

*At'.anta,Ga.  (McPherson  k'ld) 
Kernstown  and  Winchester. . 
31.  Stoneman's  raid  to  Macon 
31.    McCook's  raid  to  Love- 
joy  Station,  Ga  ,  

Atlanta,  Ga,    Second  sortie  at 

Ezra  Chapel  

AUGUST. 
In  front  of  Petersburg,  Va. . . 
5-23I  *Ft,  Gaines,  Mobile  Harbor, 


CASUALTIES. 


K.  W. 


150 

1398 
100 


7474 
500 


85 

80 
90 
54 
200 

37 
300 
500 
1200 
100 

100 

100 

87 


506 
2494 


160 


1814 
100 


800 


4060 
310 


567 

450 

579 
319 

175 
1310 
2141 


200 
1200 


1000 
990 


500 


1113 
2482 
600 


642 


W. 


600 


200 


1X0,  600 
400 


300 
2500 
4000 


370 


200 

0083 
2017 


1900 


59 


OCTOBER,  1864. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 


K.  W. 


K.  W.  I 


Ala.  (100  drowned  by  sink- 
ing of  the  Tecumseh.  150 
guns  captured)..,  

Morefield,  Va  

Explosion  at  City  Point,  Va. .. 

Strawberry  Plains,  Va  

Front  Royal,  Va  

19,  21.  *Six  Mile  House,  Wel- 
don  R.  R.    (Railroad  cap'd). 

Summitt  Pt.,  Berryville,  and 
Flowing  Springs,  Va  

Smithville  and  Kearneysville, 
Va  ,  

Ream's  Station,  Va  

Smithfield,  Va  

And 

SEPTEMBER. 

Jonesboro,  Ga  - 

Rosseau's  pursuit  of  Wheeler 
in  Tennessee  

Oct.  30.  In  front  of  Peters- 
burg, Va.  Army  of  the  Pot'c 

*Fali  of  Atlanta,  Ga  

Berryville,  Va  

Greenville,  Tenn  

Sycamore  Church,  Va  

22.  *Winchester  and  Fisher's 
Hills, Va.  2d  Div.  19th  corps 
under  Sheridan.  (Con. Gens. 
Rhodes  and  Gordon  killed). 

Athens,  Ala  

*Pilot  Knob,  or  Ironton,  Mo  . . 

Massacre  by  Price,  Mo  

30.  Newmarket  Heights,  or 
Laurel  Hill,  Va  

And  OCTOBER. 

Poplar  Springs  Church,  Va. . . 

Waynesboro,  Va  

Saltville,  Va..„  

Allatoona,  Ga.  

Darbytown  Road,  Va  

Strasburg,  Va  

Dalton,Ga.  Troops  under  Col. 
Johnson  

Glascow,*Mo  ,  

♦Cedar  Creek,  Va,  (Sheridan's 
ride). . .   


600 

20 
127 
10 

1 149 
10 

170 
30 
400 

693 

28 
122 

400 

141 
50 
54 
142 
105 
30 


130 
1755 
58 

^^55 


170 
1400 

3176 


100 
1709 


30 


400 

300 
1500 
200 


1000 

150 


4033 
56 

2 

2029 
788 

190 

352 
502 
144 

400 
3516 


1750 

104 
212 
206 
40 

400 


3259 

5 

1500 


18 
231 

IIOO 


50 
3000 


25 


800 


2X44 
4C» 


300 
2000 


800 


3GOO 


too 

CI 

4U 


6o 


OCTOBER,  1864. 


CASUALTIES. 


UNION. 

CONFEA. 

K, 

w. 

S 
1 

&« 

K. 

W. 

I 

156 
120 
8 

1047 
783 
25 

699 
400 
13 

206 
60 
17 

600 

3" 
27 

300 
80 

9» 

5 
60 

46 

84 

0" 

100 
100 

.10 

50 

60Q 

200 

109 

189 

1033 

1004 

1750 

3800 

709 

66 

64s 

16 

40 
100 

ITS 

40 

30 
39 
125 

329 

100 

3175 

300 

200 

100 

800 

20 
24 
400 

110 
1740 

8 

126 

500 
350 
446a 

8 
23 

38 

88 

3 

55 

1800 

4 

184 

9 
749 

20 
400 

30 

ao8S 

25 

66 

138 

232 

1062 

186 

1200 

20 

76 

200 
20 

70 

xoi 

fNatcher's  Run,  Va  , 

Fair.  Oaks,  Va  

Beverly,  W.  Va  

NOVEMBER. 

Atlanta,Ga   

Newton  and  Cedar  Spring,  Va 

Ball's  Gap,  Tenn  

Myerstown,  Va  

Griswoldville,  Ga  

Saundersonville,  Ga  

Sylvan  Grove,  Ga  

30.  *Spring  Hill  and  Franklin, 

Tenn  

Honey  Hill,  or  Grahamsville, 

S.  C  

DECEMBER. 

Stony  Creek  Station,  Va  

*In  front  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 
In  front  of  Petersburg.  Army 

of  the  Potomac  

Block^House  No.  7,  Tenn  

Murfreesboro,  Tenn  

Deveaux's  Neck,  S.  C  

Hatcher's  Run,  Va  

21.  Siege  of  Savannah,  Ga. . . . 
21.    Stoneman's  raid,  Bean's 

Sta.,  Tenn.,  to  Saltv'le,  Va. 

*Ft.  McAllister,  Ga  

Nashville,  Tenn  

Franklin,  Tenn.  Wilson's  cav. 

Wounded  and  sick  captured 

tFt.  Fisher,  N.  C  

Egypt  Station,  Miss  

JANUARY,  1865. 

Franklin,  Miss  

*Ft.  Fisher,  N.  C  

Explosion  of  magazine  at  Ft. 

Fisher,  N.  C.    (Fort  and  72 

guns  captured)  

To  Feb.  9.    Combahee  River, 

S.  Q  

*  FEBRUARY.* 
tDabney's    Mills,  Hatcher's 

Run,  Va  

Williston,     Blackville,  and 

Aiken,  S  C.  Kilpatrick'scav. 
James  Island,  S.  C  


61 


FEBRUARY,  1865. 


CASUALTIES. 


K.  W. 


K.  W.  I 


22.    Ft.  Anderson,  N.  C  

March  25.  Sheridan's  raid  in 

Virginia  •  

MARCH. 

Wilcox  Bridge,  N.  C  

Averysboro,  N.  C  

21.  *Bentonville,  N.  C,  Kil- 
patrick' s  cavalry  

April  24.  Wilson's  raid  from 
Chickasaw,  Ala.,  to  Macon. 

Ft.  Stedman,  in  front  of  Pe- 
tersburg, Va  

Assault  of  2d  and  6th  corps. . . 

April  9.  Siege  of  Mobile,  Ala., 
including  Spanish  fort  and 
Port  Blakely  

Quaker  Road,  Va  

Boydton  and  White  Oak  Roads 

Dinwiddle  Court  House,  Va. 
APRIL. 

*Five  Forks,  Va.  All  of  Lee's 
artillery  captured)  

Fall  of  Petersburg,  Va  

Fall  of  Richmond.  6,000  Con. 
prisoners  taken,  of  whom 
5,000  were  sick  and  wounded 

Amelia  Springs,  Va  

Sailor's  Creek,  Va  

Farmville,  Va  

Appomattox  Court  House.  Va. 


204 

421 
477 

1086 
345 

337 
86a 


1211 
300 

1034 
354 


706 
2565 


96 
1014 


600 


556 


5000 


70 


1500 
108 

267 


800 


400 


3000 


1000 

500 


400 


540 


375 
1667 

217 

1625 

6766 

1881 
834 


400 
1000 


295a 
100 
235 


550c 
3000 


6000 


APRIL — Continued. 
9---Lee  surrendered  to  the  Armies  of  the  Potomac  and  James 
(Maj.-Gen.  Grant),  with  26,000  prisoners. 

14 — Mobile  surrendered  to  a  combined  army  and  naval  at- 
'  tack. 

14 — The  flag  that  Gen.  Anderson  had  lowered  at  Ft.  Sumter 
was  returned  to  its  position. 

14 —  President  Lincoln  was  assassinated  at  Washingtor..  He 
was  shot  in  the  back  of  the  h-ead  at  Ford's  theatre  by  Wilkes 
Booth,  and  died  next  morning. 

15 —  Andrew  Johnsor,  Vice-President,  took  the  oath  of  ofl&ce 
as  President. 

17 — Surrender  of  Mosby  to  Maj.-Gen.  Hancock,  with  700 
prisoners. 

25— Wilkes  Booth  shot  in  a  bam  in  Virginia  and  died  in 
twenty-four  hours. 


62 

APRIL— Continued. 
26— Johnson  surrendered  to  the  Armies  of  the  Tennessecv^ 
Georgia,  and  Ohio  (Maj.-Gen.  Sherman),  with  29,924  prisoners, 
MAY,  1865. 

5 —  Galveston,  Tex.,  surrenders  to  the  Federals. 
10 — Capture  of  Jefferson  Davis  at  Irwinsville,  Ga. 

10 —  Surrender  of  Sam.  Jones'  command  at  Tallehassee, 
Fla.,  with  8,000  prisoners. 

11 —  Chalk  Bluff,  Ark.  Surrender  of  Jeff  Thompson's  com" 
mand  with  7,454  prisoners. 

13-Palmetto  Ranch,  Tex.,  118  Federals  killed. 

26— Surrender  of  Kirby  Smith  to  Maj.-Gen.  Canby's  com- 
mand with  20,000  prisoners. 

26 — The  Armies  of  the  East  and  West  were  disbanded  and 
feturned  home,  after  a  review  at  Washington. 

TUNE,  1865. 

6—  An  order  was  issued  for  the  release  of  all  prisoners  ol 
War  in  the  depots  of  the  North. 

JULY,  1865. 

7—  Mrs.  Surratt,  Harold,  Payne,  and  Azertoth  hanged 
Washington  for  conspiracy  in  the  murder  of  Lincoln. 

DECEMBER,  1865. 
18 — Secretary  Seward  officially  declared  slavery  abolished. 

Explanation  of  Marks  and  Abbreviations. 


*  Federals  victorious, 
.k— Killed. 

m— Missing.   


t  Confederates  victorious, 
w— Wounded. 

p-M — Prisoners  and  missing. 


PRESENT  FORCE  OF  STATE  MILITIA. 

According  to  a  report  on  the  organized  militia  of  the 
United  States,  which  has  just  been  prepared  by  the  War 
Department,  the  United  States,  in  case  of  need,  can  put 
11,448,300  men  in  the  field,  not  including  Naval  Militia. 

The  total  force  of  the  militia  number  107,845  of  which 
96,899  compose  the  infantry  arm,  4,576  the  cavalry, 
5,459  the  ariillery,  and  911  generals  and  staff  officers. 
The  total  appropriation  allowed  the  militia  by  the  gov- 
ernment amounted  to  $400,000,  while  the  States  during 
the  same  period  spent  $3,282,407  on  these  organizations. 

The  permanent  quota  of  troops  as  authorized  by  the 
several  States  as  standing  organizations : 

Alabama,  7,788;  Arizona,  898;  Arkansas,  1,932;  Call- 
tornia,  6,471;  Colorado,  1,142;  Connecticut,  4,108;  Del- 
aware, 750;  District  of  Columbia,  3,320;  Florida,  1,458; 
Georgia,  12,344;  Guam, 42;  Hawaii, 2,000;  Idaho,l,200; 
Illinois,  10,626;  Indiana,  4,601;  Iowa,  i3,694;  Kansas, 
2,131;  Kentucky,  3,500;  liOuislana,  1,513;  Maine,  2,051; 
Maryland,  2,700;  Massachusetts,  6,592;  Michigan,  3,429; 


63 


Minnesota,  3,729;  Mississippi,  1,800;  Missouri,  3.000? 
Montana,  1,124;  Nebraska,  2,113:  Nevada,  155;  New 
Hampshire,  1.699;  New  Jersey,  5,127:  New  Mexico, 
1,128;  New  York,  18,000:  North  Carolina,  5.000;  Nortla 
Dakota,  933;  Ohio,  9.436;  Oklahoma,  2,164;  Oregon, 
1,585;  Pennsylvania,  11,103;  Porto  Rico,  1,000;  Rhode 
Island,  1,030;  Samoa,  68:  So.  Carolina,  5,000;  So.  Dako- 
ta, 1,000;  Teiniessee.  3,000:  Texas,  3,244;  Utah.  1,000; 
Vermont,  711:  Virginia,  5, i  ;6;  Washington,  1,877;  West 
Virginia,  8,359;  Wisconsin,  3,122;  Wyoming,  1,078. 

These  make  up  a  total  of  199,694  officers  and  men,  bufe 
on  a  peace  footing  does  not  reach  over  107,845. 
'''  If  necessary.  111.  could  place  852.625  men  in  the  field? 
Pa.,  771,874;  Ohio,  650,000:  N.  Y.,  560.000:  Ind.,  481,- 
192;  Ky.,  361,138;  Mo.,  390,000:  Mass.,  339.391;  Wis., 
306,343;  Tex., 300,000:  Va.,  295,444:  N.  J.,  284,887:  Ga.* 
264,071;  fMich,,  260,000;  la.,  245,899;  N.  C,  240,000; 
Miss,,  228,700;  Md.,  205,816;  Ark.  205,000;  other  States 
beluw  200,000  each;  total,  11,448,300  officers  and  men. 

THE  PHONOGRAPH. 

The  Phonograph  is  a  machine  for  recording  and  theo 
ransmitting  sounds,  speech,  mucic,  ef.c.  It  is  tlie  inveniiorv 
;t  Thos.  A.  Edison,  the  most  noted  electrician  of  this  age, 
i  he  phonograpn  was  accidentally  discovered.  Mr.  Edison 
"as  at  work  on  an  apparatus  for  recording  a  telegraphic  mes- 
sage, by  having  an  armature  (with  a  needle  fastened  in  one 
end)  of  the  sounder  make  indentations  on  a  piece  of  tin  foil 
wrapped  around  a  cylinder.  The  message  would  thus  be 
punctured  or  indented  on  this  tin  foil,  then,  by  substituting 
■mother  needle— blunt — for  the  sharp  one  and  turning  the 
•  ylinder,  the  arm.ature  would  be  vibrated  as  the  needle  entered 
'itoand  passed  out  Ol  the  indentations.  While  experiment- 
ag,  he  turned  the  cylinder  verp  rapidly,  and  instead  of  a  suc- 
cession of  "clicks,"  I  musical  sound  was  produced.  He 
.eized  the  idea,  and  the  Edison  Phonograph  was  the  result. 
The  perfected  phonograph  of  to-day  consists  of  a  cylinder  of  • 
wax,  or  other  plastic  material,  which  is  revolved  either  by 
hand,  foot  power  or  an  electric  motor.  This  cylinder,  called 
the phonogra^jt,  is  used  for  recording  the  sound.  This  is  done 
by  a  diaphragm — such  as  is  used  in  a  telephone — into  the  cen- 
ter of  which  is  fastened  a  sharp  needle,  which  rests  upon  and 
just  touches  the  phonogram.  When  the  words  are  spoken 
the  diaphragm  vibrates,  moving  this  needle  up  and  down, 
and  a  series  of  indentations  are  made  in  a  spiral  line  on  the 
phonogram,  which  is  turning  around  about  eighty-five  times  a 
minute.    To  make  the  phonograph  or  repeat  the  words, 

another  diaphragm,  similar  to  the  first  or  recorder,  but  havijig 
a  blunt  instead  of  a  sharp  needle,  is  placed  at  the  starting 
point  and  the  phonogram  made  to  revolve,  of  course,  as  the 
needle  ^^asses  over  the  indentations  it  vibrates  the  diaphragn^ 
»nd  the  words  are  reproduced — as  in  a  telephone. 


64 


THE  TELEPHONE.  ^ 

In  1831,  Wheatstone  showed  that  when  the  soundiag 
tooards  of  two  musical  instruments  were  connected  together  bf 
a  rod  of  pine  wood,  a  tune  played  on  one  will  be  faithfully 
reproduced  by  the  other.  Somewhat  later  a  toy,  called  the 
Lovers'  String,  was  made,  and  is  the  simplest  form  of  a 
mechanical  telephone.  The  toy  consisted  of,  two  tin  cups, 
the  bottoms  made  of  parchment  or  cat  gut  tightly  stretched 
like  a  drum  head,  and  connected,  one  with  the  other,  by  a 
etrmg  or  cord.  When  the  string  was  drawn  taut,  sounds,  such 
as  those  of  ordinary  speech,  produced  in  front  of  one  of  the 
cups  were  transmitted  along  the  string  to  the  other  cup  and 
reproduced  there.  This  was  the  first  telephone.  At  various 
times  between  1831  and  1876,  electricians  and  scientists  had 
experimented  with  electro-magnets  as  a  means  of  transmitting 
sounds  a  long  distance.  Charles  Bourseul  in  1854  published 
an  article  on  the  electrical  transmission  of  speech,  and  recom- 
mended the  use  of  a  flexible  plate  at  the  source  of  sounds 
which  would  vibrate  in  response  to  the  atm.ospheric  pulsa- 
tions and  thus  open  and  shut  an  electrical  circuit,  and  would 
thus  operate,  by  an  electro-magnet,  upon  a  similar  plate  at  a 
distance  connected  by  wire  with  tne  first,  causing  it  to  give 
out  as  many  pulsations  as  there  were  breaks  in  the  circuit. 
In  1876,  Alexander  Graham  Bell  first  exhibited  the  speaking 
telephone  at  the  Philadelphia  Centennial  Exposition.  It  is 
this  telephone,  greatly  improved,  however,  which  is  now  in 
common  use.  This  telephone  consists  of  a  compound  perma- 
nent magnet  fitted  into  the  center  of  a  hard  rubber  tube  and 
carrying,  at  one  end,  a  short  electro-magnet.  In  front  of  this 
electro-magnet  is  fixed  a  thin,  soft  iron  disk,  about  one  and 
three-fourths  inches  in  diameter.  This  disk  lies  at  tne  end  of 
the  rubber  tube,  where  the  tube  is  formed  into  a  mouth  piece. 
The  action  of  telephoning  with  this  telephone  is  very  simple. 
The  sound,  as  ordinary  speech,  is  made  in  the  mouth  piece. 
The  atmosphere  conveys  the  sound— vibrations  against  the 
thin,  iron  disk  (commonly  called  the  diaphragm.)  The  disk 
vibrates  in  sympathy,  and  ceming  against  the  electro-magnet, 
breaks  and  opens  the  electric  circuit  with  every  vibration. 
By  means  of  the  connecting  wire,  the  electro-magnet  in  the 
distant  telephone  causes  the  diaphragm  to  vibrate  corre- 
sponding to  the  breaks  in  the  current.  This  of  course  vibrates 
the  atmosphere  and  the  pulsations  ar^  conveyed  to  the  ear. 
Ttte  telephone  thus  described  is  now  used  as  a  receiver.  The 
transmitter  invented  and  im\)roved  by  Edison  and  Blake,  is" 
combined  with  the  Bell  telephone  and  makes  the  telfiphone  of 
general  use.  Telephonic  communication  nave  been  held 
between  Chicago  and  New  York,  but  not  with  overwhelmia^ 


65 

Highest  and  Greatest  Mountains  in  tne 
World. 

Feet 

Name.  Country    High.  Mile* 

Mt  Everest  (Himalayas)  Thibet  ....  29,002  5% 

Sorato,  the  highest  in  America  Bolivia  21,284  4 

lUimani   .Bolivia..   21,145  4 

Chimborazo  Ecuador  21,422  4% 

Hindoo-Koosh   .Afghanistan. .  .20,600  3^ 

Demavend,  highest  of  Elburz  Mts  Persia  20,000  3^ 

Cotopaxi,  highest  volcano  in  the  world .  Ecuador  . . ••  •  •19,496  35? 

Antisana  Ecuador  ..••••S9,iso  3l§ 

St.  Elias,  highest  in  Noith  America  Alaska   27^850  3)§ 

Popocatapetl,  volcano  Mexico  17, 540  3^ 

Mt.  Roa,  highest  in  Oceanica  Hawaii  ...  16,000  3 

Mt.  Brown,  highest  peak  of  R'ky  Mts    Brit.  America  15,900  3 

Mont  Blanc,  highest  in  Europe,  Alps.  .Savoy  15.732  3 

Mt.  Rosa,  next  highest  peak  of  Alps. .  Savoy  . .  .15,150  2^ 

Limit  of  perpetual  show  at  the  ...  .Equator  15,207  2^ 

Pichinca   ....Ecuador  ,15,924  3 

Mt.  Whitney  California  14,887  2|^ 

Mt.  Fairweather    Alaska  14,500  2}^ 

Mt.  Shasta    California  14,442  2^ 

Mt.  Fanier  ,   .Wash.  Territ'y  14,444  2% 

Long's  Peak,  Rocky  Mountains   Colorado  14,271  2% 

Mt.  A.arat  .Aimenia.  ...14,320  2^ 

Pike's  Peak..  Colorado    14,216  2^ 

Mt.  Ophir     Sumatra  13,800  2^ 

Fremont's  Peak,  Rocky  Mountains...  Wyoming...  .13,570  2^ 

Mt.  St.  Helens  Wash  Territ'y  13,400  2}4 

Peak  of  TenerifFe  Canaries   12,182  2j4 

Miltzin,  highest  of  Atlas  Mountains  Morocco  11,500  2 

Mt.  Hood  Oregon  ......11,225  2 

Mt.  Lebanon   .  Syria  10,533  2 

Mt.  Perda,  highest  of  Pyrenees  France   10,950  2 

Mt.  ^tna,  volcano   Sicily.  10,835  2 

Monte  Corno,  highe-st  of  Appenines.  ..Naples  9,523  1^ 

Sneehattan,  highest  Dovrefield  Mts. . .  Norway  8,115 

Pindus,  highest  in  Greece   7,677  ij4 

Mount  Sinai  Arabia  6,541  1^ 

Black  Mountain,  highest  in  N.  Carolina. . .  6,760  1^ 

Mt.  Washington,  highest  White  Mts. .  .N    Hampshire  6,285  i}£ 

Mt.  Marcy,  highest  in  New  York  5,402  i 

Mt  Hecla,  volcano..  Iceland   5,104  i 

Ben  Nevis,  highest  in  Great  Britain.  .  .Scotland   4,406  % 

Mansfield,  highest  of  Green  Mountains  .Vermont. .....  4,280  % 

Peaks  of  Otter  Virginia    4,260  5? 

Mt  Vesuvius  V  Naples  4,253  ,  ^ 

Round  Top,  highest  of  Catskill  Mts  New  York  3,804  ^ 

.NE  HORSE  POWER  is  the  strength  necessary  to  lift  33,009 
pounds  ono  foot  per  minute.  ^ 


06 


HOW  FA3T  THE  USE  OF  THE  TELEPHONE  IS  GROWING. 

The  1890  census  gives  the  following  startling  figures 
concerning  this  new  branch  of  electrical  contrivances. 
We  only  insert  round  figures. 

Capital  invested  in  the  Telephone  business:  1880,  14 
millions;  1890,  72  millions.  Gross  earnings:  1880,  3 
millions;  1890,  16!^  millions.  Net  earnings:  1880,  % 
millions;  1890,  5J4  millions.  Number  of  exchanges: 
1880,  437;  1890,  1,241.  The  number  of  instruments  was 
from  108,638  to  467,356-;  the  miles  of  wire  from. 34,305 
to  240,412;  the  number  of  employes  from  3,338  to  8,645, 
and  the  number  of  subscribers  from  48,414  to  227,357. 
The  census-takers,  in  1890,  report  453,200,000  conversa- 
tions to  have  taken  place  over  the  telephone  wires . 

In  1900  the  number  of  instruments  used  had  grow  to 
1,580.101,  the  number  of  exchauses  to  1.239,  with  1,187 
branch  offices,  and  the  conversations  held  over  the  wires 
had  reached  the  stupendous  figure  of  5.173,803  daily,  or 
1,666,000,000  for  the  year. 

Temperature  in  United  States.— Average  of  Three  Years. 


Prescott,  Arizona  51.9 

Jacksonville,  Florida  70.4 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana.  .70.2 

Galveston,  Texas   70.5 

Mobile,  Alabama  67.4 

Jackson,  Mississippi  66 

Little  Hock,  Arkansas  62.3 

Charleston,  S.  Carolina. .  .66.9 
Ft.  Gibson,  Indian  Ter. .  .59.4 

Charlotte,  N.  Carolina  60.6 

Atlanta,  Georgia  CI. 7 

Memphis,  Tennessee  61.7 

Norfolk,  Virginia  60.1 

Louisville,  Kentucky  57.4 

San  Francisco,  California. 55 

Washington,  D.  0  55 

St,  LouiH!,  Missouri  55 

Baltimore,  Maryland  56 

Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania. 54 

Wilmington,  Delaware  53 

Trenton,  New  Jersey  53 

Cincinnati,  Ohio  56 

Portland,  Oregon  51.4 

Boise  City,  Idaho   .49.4 


Salt  L;ik.>  Cit  v  1^1  ah  50.3 

Mor'.r  Virginia. 53.1 

Indi:  liana  53.3 

Leavt  ]       . .     .  iTisas  53.3 

Santa  re,  N.  Mexico  Ter., 46.8 
Spokane  Falls,  W.  Ter  . .  .46.2 
Kew  Loudon,  Connecticut. 49.9 

C  h  i  c  a  g  o ,  1 1 1  i  n  o  i  s  48.8 

Winnemucca,  ISevada  48 

Des  Moines,  Iowa  4S.5 

O ! n aba,  N ebraska  49. 5 

Denver,  Colorado  49,'^ 

Bo-ton,  Massachusetts  48.4 

Albany,  New  York  50.4 

Providence,  Rhode  Island. 48 

Detroit,  Michigan  49.7 

Ft.  Randall,  Dakota  47 

Sitka,  Alaska  43.9 

Concord,  INew  Hampshire. 46 

Augusta,  Maine  45 

Madison,  Wisconsin  45 

Helena,  Montana  Ter  42  6 

Burlington,  Vermont  45 

St.  Paul,  Minnesota  ".43.9 


If  a  railway  were  built  to  the  sun,  and  trains  upon  it  were 
run  at  the  rate  of  thirty  miles  an  hour,  day  and  night  without 
a  Btop,  it  would  require  350  years  to  make  the  journey  from 
the  eartii  to  the  sun. 


0 


C7 


Average  Rainfall  in 

PLACE.  Inches.  ' 

Ft  Garland.  Colorado  6 

Ft  Bridger,  Utah  Ter  6 

Ft  Bliss,  Texas  9 

Ft  Colville,  Wash.  Ter  g 

San  Diego,  California  9 

Ft  Craig,  New  Mexico  Ter..n 

Ft  Defiance,  Arizona  14 

Ft  Randall,  Dakota  Ter  16  : 

Ft  Marcy,  New  Mexico  Ter.jsS 
Ft  Massachusetts,  Colorafla.i/ 

Sacramento,  California  21 

Dallas,  Oregon.  21 

San  Francisco,  Caliii«jrrnia.#..2t 

Mackinac,  Michigan  23 

Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  Ter.,.. 23 
Ft  Snelling,  Mianesota...  ...ss 

Ft  Kearney.  .,4  25 

Penn  Van,  New  York  28 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin  30 

Detroit,  Michigan  •  •  •  30 

Ft  Leavenworth,  Kansas.... 31 

Ft  Brown,  Texas  ••••33 

Buffalo,  New  York  33 

Burlington,  Vermont  34 

Peoria,  Illinois  35 

Key  West,  Florida  36 

Ft,  Gibson,  Indian  Ter  36 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Va.  .37 

Washington,  D.  C  37 

Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania. . .  .37 

Cleveland,  Ohio  37 

Ft  Vancouver  38 

Hanover,  New  Hampshire ...  40 


the  Unitec^  States. 

PLACE.  Inches. 

Ft.  Smith,  Ar>,ftiisas  40 

Providence,  I-feode  Island..  41 

New  Bedfof     Mass   41 

Baltimor'^;  Maryland .......  41 


Muscati.ie,  Iowa 

St.  liouis,  Missouri  

Mij-ietta,  Ohio  

jR.ichmond»  Indiana...,, 
Gaston,  N.  Carolina..., 
New  York  City,  N.  Y.., 
Charleston,  S.  Carolina 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  44 
New^  Haven,  Connecticut ...  44 

Cincinnati,  Ohio  44 

Brunswick,  Maine   44 

Boston,  Massachusetts.,*  .  44 
Newark,  New  Jersey., v....  44 

Memphis,  Tennessee.......  45 

Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia. .  47 
Springdale,  Kentucky. .  48 
Savannah,  Georgia. ...  48 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana....  51 

Natchez,  Mississippi  53 

Huntsville,  Alabama   54 

Washington,  Arkansas. . , . . .  54 

Ft.  Myers,  Florida  56 

Ft  Tonson.  Indian  Ter  57 

Meadow  Valley,  California. .  57 
Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana....  60 

Mt.  Vernon,  Alabama  66 

Ft.  Haskins,  Oregon  66 

Sitka,  Alaska   ..83 

Neah  Bay,  Wash.  Ter, .....  123 


Wire 
Sauge. 
No.o.. 


Yards  of  Wire  pen  Bundle. 

Wires  all  weigh  63  lbs.  to  the  bundle 


Yards  in 
Bundle. 

  7^ 

  91 

  305 

  121 

  143 

,   170 

,  203 

 239 

,  286 

 342 

I .... .  420 


Wire 
Gauge. 

No.  7  1. 


13... 

14. 

15... 

16... 

17.  -. 

18... 


Yards  lA 
Bundle. 


.  529 
.  700 

•  S93 
.1142 
.1468 
.1954 

•  2540 
.3150 
.408s 
.490 


68 

Amount  of  Barbed  Wire  Required  for 
Fences. 

Estimated  number  of  pounds  of  barbed  wire  required  to  feaos 
space  or  distances  mentioned,  with  one,  two  or  three  lines  of 
frire,  based  upon  each  pound  of  wire  measuring  one  rod  (i6j4 
feet). 

I  Line.         2  Lines.         3  LiiSies. 

I  square  acre  ,   50%  lbs.     lox^  lbs.       152  lbs. 

X  side  of  a  square  acre   12%  lbs,       -2$/^  lbs.        38  fbs. 

1  square  half-acre .. »   36    lbs.       72     lbs.       108  lbs, 

I  square  mile  1280    lbs.    2560    lbs.     3840  lbs, 

X  side  of  a  square  mile...  ....  320    lbs.     640    lbs.       960  lb»^ 

I  rod  in  length   i     lb.  2    lbs.  3  lbs* 

xoo  rods  in  fength   100    lbs.     200     lbs    ^    300  lbs* 

xoo  feet  in  length  6  1-16  lbs.       12^  lbs.    18  3-16  lb»' 

Number  of  Shrubs  or  Plants  for  an 
Acre  of  Ground. 


Vist.  aj>art.       No.  0/  Plants. 

3  inches  by  3  inches  696,960 

4  inches  by  4  inches  392,040 

6  inches  by  6  inches  .....  174,240 

9  inches  by  9  inches  775440 

X  foot  by  I  foot  43,560 

x%,  feet  by  1 5^  feet   19,360 

a  feet  by  i  foot  21,780 

8  feet  by  2  feet   10,890 

%%,  feet  by  2%  feet   6,960 

3  feet  by  i  foot   14,520 

3  feet  by  2  feet   7,260 

3  feet  by  3  feet   4,840 

3%  feet  by  3^  feet   3,555 

4  feet  by  i  foot ...    10,890 

4  feet  by  2  feet   5,445 

4  feet  by  3  feet   3,630 

4  feet  by  4  feet. ........ .  2,722 

45^  feet  by  4 feet  . . . . .  2,151 

5  feet  by  i  foot 8, 712 

5  feet  by  2  feet   4,356 

5  feet  by  3  feet   2,904 

5  feet  by  4  feet   2,178 

5  feet  by  5  feet   1,742 

554  feet  by  s]4  feet   1,417 


Dist.  apart.      No.  of  Plants, 

6  feet  by  6  feet  1,210 

6%  feet  by  6%  feet  ijOSl 

7  feet  by  7  feet  ,   88x 

8  feet  by  8  feet   680 

9  feet  by  9  feet   537 

10  feet  by  10  feet.   435 

11  feet  by  II  feet  ,  360 

12  feet  by  12  feet   30a 

13  feet  by  13  feet. «   257 

14  feet  by  14  feet   22a 

15  feet  by  15  feet   193 

16  feet  by  16  feet.   170 

16^^  feet  by  16^  feet   160 

17  feet  by  17  feet   150 

18  feet  by  18  feet.   134 

19  feet  by  16  feet   120 

20  feet  by  20  feet   108 

25  feet  by  25  feet   69 

30  feet  by  30  feet   48 

33  feet  by  33  feet   40 

40  feet  by  40  feet   27 

50  feet  by  50  feet   17 

60  feet  by  60  feet   la 

66  feet  by  66  feet   lO 


COST  OF  EMANCIPATION.— If  the  total  cost  of  the  CivU 
War  be  divided  among  the  slaves  set  free,  emancipation  cost  about 
$700  per  slavc^ 


69 


How  Deep  in  the  Ground  to  Plant  Corn. 

The  following  is  the  result  of  an  experiment  with  IndiaKi. 
Com.   That  which  was  planted  at  the  depth  of 


%  inch,  sprout  appeared  in  i   8  days 

1  inch,  sprout  appeared  in   8V2  days 

IV2  inch,  sprout  appeared  in   9^4  days 

2  inches,  sprout  appeared  in  10  days 

2^4  inches,  sprout  appeared  in   days 

3  inches,  sprout  appeared  in  12  days 

S^i  inches,  sprout  appeared  in  13  days 

4  inches,  sprout  appeared  in    ISYz  days 


The  more  shallow  the  seed  was  covered  with  earth,  themor^ 
rapidly  the  sprout  made  its  appearance,  and  the  stronger  after- 
ward was  the  stalk.    The  deeper  the  seed  lay,  the  longer  it 
remained  before  it  came  to  the  surface.   Four  inches  was  too 
deep  for  the  maize,  and  also  too  deep  for  smaller  kernels. 
How  to  Measure  Corn  in  Crib,  Hay  in  a  Mow,  etc. 
This  rule  will  apply  to  a  crib  of  any  kind.   Two  c^ubic  feet 
f  sound,  dry  corn  in  the  ear  will  make  a  bushel  shelled.  To 
- the  quantity  of  shelled  corn  in  a  crib  of  com  in  the  ear, 
measure  the  length,  breadth  and  height  of  the  crib,  inside  of 
the  rail ;  multiply  the  length  by  the  breadth  and  the  product 
by  the  height;  then  divide  the  product  by  two,  and  you  have 
t  he  number  of  bushels  in  the  crib. 
To  find  the  number  of  bushels  of  apples,  potatoes,  etc.,  in  a 
n,  multiply  the  length,  breadth  and  thickness  together,  and 
tins  product  by  8,  and  point  off  one  figure  in  the  product  for 
decimals. 

To  find  the  amount  of  hay  in  a  mow,  allow  512  cubic  feet 
for  a  ton,  and  it  will  come  out  very  near  correct. 

How  Grain  Will  Shrink. 

Farmers  rarely  gain  by  keeping  their  grain  after  it  is  flt  for 
market,  when  the  shrinkage  is  taken  into  account.  Wheat, 
from  the  time  it  is  threshed,  will  shrink  two  quarts  to  the 
bushel  or  stx  per  cent  in  six  months,  in  the  most  favorable 
circumstances.  Hence,  it  follows  that  ninety-four  cents  a 
bushel  for  v.  heat  when  first  threshed  in  August,  is  as  good, 
taking  into  account  the  shrinkage  alone,  as  one  dollar  in  the 
following  February. 

Corn  shrinks  much  more  from  the  time  it  is  first  husked. 
One  hundred  bushels  of  ears,  as  they  come  from  the  field  in 
November,  will  be  rec^uced  to  not  far  from  eighty.  So  that 
forty  cents  a  bushel  for  corn  in  the  ear,  as  it  comes  from  the 
field,  is  as  good  as  fifty  in  March,  shrinkage  only  being  taken 
into  the  account. 

In  the  case  of  potatoes— taking  those  that  rot  and  are  other- ' 
wise  lost— together  with  the  shrinkage,  there  is  but  little 
doubt  that  between  October  and  June,  the  loss  to  the  owne?" 
who  holds  them  is  not  less  than  thirty-three  per  cent. 

This  estimate  is  taken  on  the  basis  of  interest  at  7  per  cen^ 
and  takes  no  account  of  loss  by  vermin,  ^ 


70 


What  a  Qeti  to  a  Farm  in  many  States 
Includes. 

Everyone  know^  it  conveys  all  the  fences  standing  on  the  farm, 
hut  all  might  not  think  it  also  included  the  fencing-stuff,  posts, 
tails,  etc.,  which  had  once  been  used  in  the  fence,  but  had  beea 
taken  down  and  piled  up  for  future  use  again  in  the  same  place. 
But  new  fencing  material,  just  bought,  and  never  attached  to  the 
soil,  would  not  pass.  So  piles  of  hop  poles  stored  away,  if  once 
used  on  the  land  and  intended  to  be  again  so  used,  have  been  con- 
sidered a  part  of  it,  but  loose  boards  or  scaffold  poles  merely  laid 
across  the  beams  of  the  barn,  and  never  fastened  to  it,  would  not 
l)e,  and  the  seller  of  the  farm  might  take  them  away.  Standing 
trees,  of  course,  also  pass  as  part  of  the  land;  so  do  trees  blown 
down  or  cut  down,  and  still  left  in  the  woods  where  they  fell,  but 
not  if  cut,  and  corded  up  for  sale;  the  wood  has  then  become 
personal  property. 

If  there  be  any  manure  in  the  barnyard,  or  in  the  compost  heap 
on  the  field,  ready  for  immediate  use,  the  buyer  ordinarily,  in  the 
absence  of  any  contrary  agreement,  takes  that  also  as  belonging  to 
the  farm,  though  it  might  not  be  so,  if  the  owner  had  previously 
sold  it  to  some  other  party,  and  had  collected  it  together  in  a  heap 
hy  itself,  for  such  an  act  might  be  a  technical  s^everance  from  the 
oil,  and  so  convert  real  into  personal  estate;  and  even  a  lessee  of 
a  farm  could  not  take  away  the  manure  made  on  the  place  while'he 
was  in  occupation.  Growing  crops  also  pass  by  the  deed  of  a 
farm,  unless  they  are  expressly  reserved;  and  when  it  is  not 
intended  to  convey  those,  it  should  be  so  stated  in  the  deed  itself; 
a  mere  oral  agreement  to  that  effect  would  not  be,  in  most  States, 
valid  in  law.  Another  mode  is  to  stipulate  that  possession  is  not 
to  be  given  until  some  future  day,  in  which  case  the  crops  or  man- 
iires  may  be  removed  before  that  time. 

As  to  the  buildings  on  the  farm,  though  generally  mentioned  in 
the  deed,  it  is  not  absolutely  necessary  they  should  be.  A  deed  of 
land  ordinarily  carries  all  the  buildings  on  it,  belonging  to  the 
grantor,  whether  mentioned  or  not;  and  this  rule  includes  the 
lumber  and  timber  of  any  old  building  which  has  been  taken  down 
©r  blown  down,  and  packed  away  for  future  use  on  farm. 


United  States  Land  Measure  and  Home- 
stead Law. 

A  township  is  36  sections,  each  a  mile  square.  A  section  is  640 
•creek  A  quarter  section,  half  a  mile  square,  is  160  acres.  An 
^i^hll)  section,  half  a  mile  long,  north  and  south,  and  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  ivide,  is  80  acres.  A  sixteenth  section,  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
square^  i&  40  acres. 


71 


The  sections  are  all  numbered  i  to  36,  commencing  at  northca* 
borner,  thus : 


6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

) 

NW  NE] 
SW  SE 

7 

8 

9 

10 

XI 

12 

z8 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

The  sections  are  all  divided  in  quarters,  which  are  named  bj 
die  cardinal  points,  as  in  section  1.  The  quarters  are  divided  i» 
die  same  way.  The  description  of  a  forty-acre  lot, would  read; 
The  south  half  of  the  west  naif  of  the  south-west  quarter  of  section 
I  in  township  24,  north  of  range  7  west,  or  as  the  case  might  be . 
and  sometimes  will  fall  short,  and  sometimes  overrun  the  numbei 
of  acres  it  is  supposed  to  contain. 

Homestead  Privilege. — The  laws  give  to  every  citizen,  and  t<^ 
those  who  have  declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens,  the 
right  to  a  homestead  on  surveyed  lands,  to  the  extent  of  one- 
quarter  section,  or  160  acres,  or  a  half-quarter  section,  or  80  acres; 
toe  former  in  cases  in  the  c2ass  of  lower  priced  lands  held  by  law  a.t 
^1.25  per  acre,  the  latter  of  high  priced  lands  held  at  $2.50  per 
acre,  when  disposed  of  to  cash  buyers.  The  pre-emption  privilege 
is  restricted  to  heads  of  families,  widows,  or  single  persons  ovef 
the  age  of  twenty-one. 

Every  soldier  and  officer  in  the  army,  and  every  seaman,  marine 
•nd  officer  of  the  navy,  during  the  recent  rebellion,  may  enter  t6o 
•cres  from  either  class,  and  length  of  time  served  in  the  army  of 
navy  deducted  from  the  time  required  to  perfect  title. 

BOOKS  PUBLISHED.— There  are  published  daily,  througrhout  the 
Civilized  world,  about  200  new  books;  total  in  1898,  70,554. 


72 


1? 

I? 

^5 

- 

S  i 

•P3»S            1  r.- 

vS  vS  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

^  :^ 

: 

•sdjddy 
P^HQ 

B 

B 

B 

-P 


73 

CANALS  -  THEIR  LENGTH  AND  COST. 
The  following  table  comprises  the  canals  of  tl»e  United 
States  and  Canada  of  which  the  cost  has  exceeded 
$l,0(X),ooo  each  : 


Name. 


State. 


Length 
in  miles, 


Cost 


Erie   

Champlain  

Chenango  

Central  Division,  public  

Western       "  "   

Susquehanna  Division,  public 
N.  Branch  "  " 

N.  Branch  Extension  " 
Delaware  Division  " 
Schuylkill       "  private.. 
Lehigh  «  «  .. 

Union  "  "     . . 

Del.  and  Hudson  

"  "  enlarged  

Del.  and  Raritan  feeder  

Morris  and  Essex  

Chesapeake  and  Delaware  

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  

Ohio  and  Erie  

Miami  

Sandy  and  Beaver  

James  River  and  Kanawha  

Wabash  and  Erie  

Illinois  and  Michigan  

Welland  

St.  Lawrence  

Cornwall  

Beauharnois  

Lachine  


New  York. 
Penna 


N.  Y.  &  Pa. 

New  Jersey. 

Del.  &  Md, 
Maryland 
Ohio  . . 


Virginia 
Indiana 

Illinois  . 
Canada. 


363 
63 
97 
173 
104 

39 
73 
90 
66 
108 
85 
82 
108 
108 
43 

lOl 

191 
307 
178 
76 
U7 
379 

QO 

102 
36 
10 
la 
II 


$7,143,784 
1,257,604 
2,419,95^ 
5,307, 25J 
3,096, 52i 

1,039,256 
1,096,178 

3,528,302 
1,275,715 

2,500,176 

4,455,099 


2,500,000 
6,500,000 
2,844,103 
3,100,000 

2,  750,000 
10,000,000 
4,695,824 
3,750,000 
1,500,000 
5,020,050 


3,057,120 
8,654,337 
7,000,000 
1,000,000 
2,00^^^000 
1,500,000 
2,000,000 


FARn  ANIMALS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES,  (1900.) 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  reported  the  following  farm  anl- 
jnals  in  the  United  States  on  January  1, 1900  :  Hoi'ses,  13.537.534, 
value,  $603,969,442;  mules,  2^086.127,  value,  $111,717,092; 
Tiiiloh  cows,  16.292,360,  value,  $514,812,106;  oxen  and  other,cat- 
tlp.  27,610.054,  value,  $689,486,260;  sheep,  41,883.065,  value, 

'  22.605,916    Total  value  farm  animals,  $2,  212,756,578. 


THE  BIGGEST  THINGS. 


Interesting  Facts  Useful  When  You  Get  Into  ta 
Argument. 

The  largest  theater  in  the  world  is  the  new  Opera- 
house  in  Paris.  It  covers  nearly  three  acres  of  groundf 
its  cubic  mass  is  4,287,000  feet;  it  cost  about  100,000,000 
francs.  The  largest  suspension  bridge  is  the  one  between 
New  York  City  and  Brooklyn ;  the  length  of  the  main 
Span  is  1,595  ^^^^  ^  inches;  the  entire  length  of  the 
bridge  155,980  feet.  The  loftiest  active  volcano  is  Popo- 
catapetl  —  "  smoking  mountain  " —  thirty-five  miles  south- 
west of  Puebla,  Mexico ;  it  is  17,748  feet  above  the 
sea  level,  and  has  a  crater  three  miles  in  circumference, 
and  1,000  feet  deep.  The  longest  span  01  wire  in  the 
world  is  used  for  a  telegraph  in  India  over  the  River 
Kistnah.  It  is  more  than  6,000  feet  in  length,  *and  is 
1,200  feet  high.  The  largest  ship  in  the  world  is  the 
Great  Eastern.  She  is  680  feet  long,  83  feet  broad,  and 
60  feet  deep,  being  28,627  tons  burden,  18,915  gross,  and 
*3»334  net  register. 

The  greatest  fortress,  from  a  strategical  point  of  view, 
the  famous  stronghold  of  Gibraltar.  It  occupies  a 
rocky  peninsula  jutting  out  into  the  sea,  about  three 
miles  long  and  three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide.  One  cen- 
tral rock  rises  to  a  hight  of  1,435  f^^t  above  the  sea  level 
Its  northern  face  is  almost  perpendicular,  while  its  east 
side  is  full  of  tremendous  precipices.  On  the  soutll  it 
terminates  in  what  is  called  Europa  Point.  The  west 
side  is  less  steep  than  the  east,  and  between  its  base  and 
the  sea  is  the  narrow,  almost  level  span  on  which  thd 
town  of  Gibraltar  is  built.  The  fortress  is  considered 
impregnable  to  military  assault.  The  regular  garrisoQ 
in  time  of  peace  numbers  about  7,000- 
74 


75 


The  bluest  cavern  is  the  Mammoth  Cave,  in  Edmoa^ 
son  County,  Kentucky.  It  is  near  Green  Rive  ?,  about 
six  miles  from  Cave  City,  and  twenty-eight  from  Bowling 
Green.  The  cave  consists  of  a  succession  of  irregulai 
chambers,  some  of  which  are  large,  situated  on  different 
levels.  Some  of  these  are  traversed  by  the  navigable 
branches  of  the  subterranean  Echo  River.  Blind  fish 
are  found  in  its  waters. 

The  longest  tunnel  in  the  world  is  that  of  the  Sti 
Gothard,  on  the  line  of  railroad  between  Lucerne  and 
Milan.  The  summit  of  the  tunnel  is  900  feet  below  th<i 
surface  at  Andermatt,  and  6,600  feet  beneath  the  peal 
of  Kastlehorn,  of  the  St.  Gothard  group.  The  tunne 
h26}i  feet  wide,  and  is  18  feet  10  inches  from  the  flooi 
to  the  crown  of  the  arched  roof.  It  is  9^  milei 
long. 

The  biggest  trees  in  the  world  are  the  mammoth  trecu 
of  California.  One  of  a  grove  in  Tulare  County,  accord* 
ing  to  measurements  made  by  members  of  the  State 
Geological  Survey,  was  shown  to^be  276  feet  in  heigkt^ 
108  feet  in  circumference  at  base,  and  76  feet  at  a  point 
12  feet  above  ground.  Some  of  the  trees  are  376  feet 
high,  and  34  feet  in  diameter.  Some  of  the  largest  that 
have  been  felled  indicate  an  age  of  from  2,000  to  '2^50© 
years. 

The  largest  library  is  the  Bibliotheque  National,  m 
Paris,  founded  by  Louis  XIV.  It  contains  1,400,000 
volumes,  300,000  pamphlets.  175,000  manuscripts,  300,* 
000  maps  and  charts,  and  150,000  coins  and  medal& 
The  collection  of  engravings  exceeds  1,300,000,  con-^ 
tained  in  some  10,000  volumes.  The  portraits  number 
about  100,000. 

The  largest  desert  is  that  of  Sahara,  a  vast  region  of 
Northern  Africa,  extending  from  the  Atlantis  Ocean  OJk 
the  west  to  the  valley  of  the  Nile  on  the  east.  The 
length  from  east  to  west  is  about  3,000  miles,  its  average 
breadth  about  900  miles,  its  area  about  2,ooo,.ooo  square 
miles.  Rain  fills  in  torrents  in  the  Sahara  at  intervals 
of  five,  ten  and  twenty  years.  In  summer  the  heat 
during  the  day  is  excessive,  but  the  nights  are  often  cold» 


A  Calendar  for  Ascertaining  Any  Day  of  the  Week  for 
Any  Given  Time  from  1800  to  1927. 


YEARS 

1880 

TO  1927. 

— 

,   1  . 

0  1  a* 

1800e 
1801a 

1828q 
1829a 

1856q 
1857a 

1884q 
1885a 

1900g 
1901d 

a 

4 

7 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

6 

2 

4 

7 

2 

1802b 
1803c 

1830b 
1831c 

1858b 
1859c 

1886b 
1887c 

1902e 
1903a 

b 

5 

1 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

7 

3 

5 

3 

1804h 
1805d 

1832h 
1833d 

1860h 
1861  d 

1888h 
1889d 

1904k 
1905f 

c 

6 

2 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

1806e 
1807a 

■1834e 
1835a 

1862e 
1863a 

1890e 
1891a 

1906a 
1907d 

d 

2 

5 

5 

1 

3 

6 

1 

4 

7 

2 

5 

1808k 
1809f 

183'3k 
1837f 

1864k 
18G5f 

1892k 
1893f 

19081 
1909b 

e 

3 

6 

6 

9 

4 

7 

5 

1 

3 

6|l 

1810g 
1811d 

1838g 
1839d 

1866g 
1867d 

1894g 
1895d 

1910c 
191  If 

f 

7 

3 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

5 

7 

3 

^ 

D 

18121 
1812b 

18401 
1841b 

18681 
1869b 

18961 
1897b 

i912m 
1913e 

g 

1 

4 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

1814c 
1815f 

1842c 
1843f 

1870c 
1871f 

1898c 
1899f 

1914a 
1915b 

h 

7 

3 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

1816m 
1817e 

1844m 
1845e 

1872m 
1873e 

1916n 
1917g 

k 

5 

1 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

1818a 
1819b 

1846a 
1847b 

1874a 
1875b 

1918d 
1919e 

1 

3 

6 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

6 

2 

4 

7 

1820n 
1821g 

1848n 
1849g 

1876n 
1877g 

1920p 
1921c 

m 

1 

4 

5 

1 

3 

6 

1 

4 

7 

2 

5 

7 

1822d 
1823e 

1850d 
1851e 

1878d 
1879e 

1922f 
1923g 

n 

6 

2 

3 

6 

1 

4 

6 

2 

5 

7 

3 

5 

1824p 
1825c 

1852p 
1953c 

1880p 
1881c 

1924q 
1925a 

P 

4 

7 

1 

4 

6 

2 

4 

7 

3 

5 

1 

3 

1826f 
1827g 

1854f 
1855g 

1882f 
1883g 

1926b 
1927c 

q 

2 

5 

2 

4 

2 

5 

1 

3 

• 

6 

1 

•note— The  letters  in  list  or  "Years  from  1800  to  1927,"  refer  to  tlie  table  headed  with  the 
iMoNTHS,  the  ficrures  in  which  refer  to  the  same  figures  at  the  head  of  the  table  of  Days.  Ex- 
ample: ToknowonwhatdayJnly  4, 1901,  will  fall,  look  for  1901  in  table  of  Years.  The 
Jotter  «d*  is  attached.  Looh  for  that  letter  in  tabic  of  Months;  in- a  parallel  line  under  July 
Is  the  figure  1,  referring  to  figure  1  in  table  of  Days  below,  in  wnich  July  4  falls  on  Thursday. 


11 


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^^^;>>'i|  ^^^i.i^^'ll  ^^^^>^'i|  ^^H^g^'^l  '-^^5^ 

13  I  o  ^  ^  o  ^^i-c^  I  o  ^  ^  o  H  o  || 


N   (N   N   fO  «n 


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ro      in         00  < 


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3. '5  B 


(/iiS   •aj?\>>^t/3j5   •rt?s>.^!/!i5    •rt?\>^^'/5iS    'rt?s!^^<«i5  * 


T3  5  T3  : 
11  •< 


THE  LIBERTY  BELL. 

The  I'hiiadelphia  News  gives  some  interesting  par. 
ticulars  of  the  history  of  the  Independence  Bell : 

The  order  for  the  bell  was  given  in  1751.  The  State 
House  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Philadelphia,  work  on  which 
had  been  suspended  for  a  number  of  years,  was  then 
approaching  completion,  ^he  lower  floors  were  already 
occupied  by  the  Supreme  Court  in  the  chamber,  while  in 
the  other  assembled  the  Freemen  of  the  Province  of 
Pennsylvania,  then  consisting  of  one  body.  A  committee 
was  appointed  by  the  Freemen,  with  Peter  Norris  as 
chairman,  and  empowered  to  have  a  new  bell  cast  for  the 
building.  The  commission  for  the  bell  was  in  the  same 
year  awarded  to  Robert  Charles,  of  London,  the  specifi- 
cation being  that  the  bell  should  weigh  about  .2,cxx> 
pounds  and  cost  ;^ioo  sterhng.  It  was  to  be  made  by 
the  best  workmen,  to  be  examined  carefully  before  being 
shipped,  and  to  contain,  in  well-shj^ped  letters  around  it, 
the  inscription :  "  By  order  of  the  Province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, for  the  State  House  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia, 
1752.' '  ^An  order  was  given  to  place  underneath  this  the 
fatal  and  prophetic  words  from  Leviticus  xxv.  10:  "  Pro- 
claim liberty  throughout  the  land  and  to  all  the  inhab- 
itants thereof. "  , 

The  reason  for  the  selection  of  this  text  has  been  a 
subject  of  much  conjecture,  but  the  true  reason  is  appar- 
ent when  the  full  text  is  read.  It  is  as  follows:  "  And 
ye  shall  hallow  the  fiftieth  year  and  proclaim  liberty 
throughout  the  land  and  to  all  the  inhabitants  thereof. " 
In  selecting  the  text  the  good  Quakers  had  in  memory 
the  arrival  of  William  Penn  and  their  forefathers  more 
than  half  a  century  before. 

In  August,  1752,  the  bell  arrived,  but  though  in 
apparoit  good  order,  it  was  cracked  by  a  stroke  of  the 
clapper  while  being  tested.  It  could  not  be  sent  back^ 
78 


79 

as  the  captain  of  the  vessel  who  had  brought  it  over  could 
not  take  it  on  board.  Two  skillful  men  undertook  to  recast 
the  bell,  which,  on  being  opened,  revealed  a  bell  which 
pleased  very  much.  But  it  was  also  found  to  be  defective. 
The  original  bell  was  considered  too  high,  and  a  quantity 
of  copper  was  added  to  the  composition,  but  too  much 
copper  was  added.  There  were  a  great  many  witticisms 
on  account  of  the  second  failure,  and  tl:  ^ ,  igenious  work- 
men undertook  to  recast  the  bell,  wl  l.,  they  success- 
fully did,  and  it  was  placed  in  conditio  a  in  June,  1753. 

On  Monday,  the  8th  of  July  (not  the  4th),  at  noon, 
true  to  its  motto,  it  rang  out  the  memorable  message  of 
"  Liberty  throughout  the  land  and  to  all  the  inhabitants 
thereof." 

For  fifty  years  the  bell  continued  to  l)e  r-nng  on  every 
festival  and  anniversary  until  it  eventiial.'y  cracked. 

An  ineffectual  attempt  was  made  to  cause  it  to  con- 
tinue serviceable  by  enlarging  the  cause  of  its  dissonance 
and  chipping  the  edges.  It  was  removed  from  its  posi- 
tion in  the  tower  to  a  lower  story,  and  only  used  on 
occasions  of  public  sorrow,  such  as  the  death  of  ex- Presi- 
dents and  statesmen.  Subsequently  it  was  placed  on  the 
original  timbers  in  the  vestibule  of  the  State  House,  and 
in  1873  it  was  suspended  in  a  prominent  position  imme- 
diately beneath  where  a  larger  bell  presented  to  the  city 
in  1866  now  proclaims  the  passing  hours. 


CHOLERA. 

Cholera. — Known  in  its  native  country,  India,  under 
the  names  Morshi,  Mordeshi  and  Visuchika;  first  ap- 
peared in  Europe  in  1831;  was  first  introduced  into  Can- 
ada and  the  United  States  in  1832,  spread  as  an  epidemic^ 
md  lasted  in  some  localities  until  1835. 

Second  European  epidemic  began  in  1847;  reached 
New  York  and  New  Orleans  in  December,  1848;  Canada 
in  April,  1849;  continuing  epidemically  in  the  United 
States  until  1852;  almost  died  out  in  Europe  at  the  close 
of  1850,  but  broke  out  afresh  in  1852,  and  was  again 
imported  into  this  country  in  1853,''  not  entirely  dis- 
appearing until  1855. 


8o 

Third  epidemic  in  Europe' began  in  1865;  cases  at 
Ward's  Island,  New  York,  in  November,  but  the  conta- 
gion not  fairly  introduced  into  the  United  States  until  the 
spring  of  1866;  died  out  here  in  1867,  and  in  most  Euro- 
pean countries  in  1869-70;  a  fresh  outbreak  there  in  187I 
reached  this  country  again  in  February,  1873,  when  it 
spread  from  New  Orleans  and  involved  nineteen  States 
in  eight  months. 

Fourth  epidemic  followed  a  violent  outbreak  in  Egypt 
in  1883  (the  "  Damietta  outbreak  ");  cases  at  Marseilles 
in  October,  but  existence  concealed;  declared  epidemic 
at  Toulon  in  June,  1884;  spread  throughout  Southern 
France,  thence  into  Italy;  existence  suspected  in  Spain, 
but  denied  during  the  winter  of  1884-85,  but  during  the 
spring  and  summer  of  1885  invaded  nearly  all  parts  of 
the  kingdom,,  causing  over  one  hundred  thousand  deaths; 
attacked  Italy  again  during  the  autumn,  and  at  the  close 
of  1885  was  reported  in  Venice,  Trieste  and  in  the  prov- 
ence  of  Brittany.  Cases  were  reported  in  various  other 
parts  of  Europe,  but  no  spread  resulted,  except'  in  the 
countries  named.  So  far  as  known,  only  one  infected 
vessel  arrived  in  this  country;  deaths  occurred  during  the 
voyage,  but  the  vessel  was  properly  cared  for  on  her  ar« 
rival  in  New  York  Bay,  latter  part  of  September,  1885. 

The  first  European  epidemic  lasted  seven  years — from 
1831  to  1837,  inclusive — dying  out  during  cold  weather, 
and  reappearing  in  spring  in  previously  infected  localities, 
and  thence  spreading  to  localities  which  had  previously 
escaped ;  in  many  instances  more  severely  scourging  local- 
ities in  the  second  or  subsequent  years  than  during  the 
first  visitation.  The  second  epidemic  lasted  seventeen 
years — 1847  to  1863 — with  a  remarkable  intermission  in 
1851-52,  and  numerous  fluctuations  of  intensity,  the 
severest  in  1849-50  and  in  1853-55.  '^^^  lasted 
ten  years— 1865  to.  1874 — ^^^^^  ^  remission  in  1869-70. 
and  a  fresh  outbreak  in  187 1 .  In  all  of  the^n  the  diseaijc 
was  brought  to  the  United  States  within  two  years  after 
it  had  become  epidemic  in  countries  in  close  commercial 
relation  with  this  country,  and  in  each  epidemic  there 
were  several  direct  importations  of  the  contagion. 

Deduction. — That  xuhenever,  and.  as  long  as  Asiatk 


8i 

cholera  exists  on  the  European  continent^  this  country 
is  in  danger  of  a  cholera  epidemic. 

Three  things  are  necessary  for  a  cholera  epidemic: 
First,  the  cholera  poison;  second,  filthy  local  condi- 
tions of  air,  soil  and  water;  third,  individual  predisposi- 
tion. If,  by  quarantine,  the  poison  can  be  kept  out  of 
the  country,  the  other  two  factors  might  be  disregardecL 
But  since  the  most  rigidly  enforced  quarantines  have  here- 
tofore failed  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  the  poison,  it 
is  essential  that  such  measures  of  local  and  individual 
sanitation  be  enforced  as  will  secure  cleanliness  of  person, 
of  habitation  and  of  surroundings  —  of  air,  water  and 
soil.  Certain  of  these  conditions  the  individual  can  only 
indirectly  control,  but  for  his  own  immediate  environ- 
ment, his  dwelling  and  premises  and  his  personal  hygiene, 
he  is  himself  responsible.  And  these  conditions  have 
much  to  do  with  determining  the  individual  predisposi* 
tion. 

Cholera  is  most  surely  guarded  against  by  keeping  the 
body  clean  and  well  nourished,  and  the  mind  equable  and 

■  contented;  underfeeding,  anxiety,  overwork,  exposure  to 
extremes  of  temperature,  intemperance  in  eating  or  drink- 
ing— all  tend  to  reduce  the  resistance  of  the  system  to 

?    the  influence  of  any  morbid  poison,  and  more  especially 

[  '  that  of  cholera. 

Y       If  cholera  should,  unfortunately,  make  its  appearance, 
the  following  most  important  precaution  should  be  ob- 
•  served: 

No  diarrhea,  or  even  lax  condition  of  the  bowels, 
should  be  disregarded  while  there  is  a  single  case  of  chol- 
era in  the  country.  An  attack  of  cholera  is  usually  pre- 
ceded by  a  loose,  painless  diarrhea,  although  less  fre- 
quently one  may  pass  from  apparently  perfect  health 
after  a  single  dejection  into  the  state  of  cholera  collapse. 
But,  as  a  rule,  there  is  the  premonitory  stage  above  indi- 
cated, and  which  may  last  from  one  to  five  days.  Such 
Attacks,  if  promptly  and  properly  treated,  may  almost 
invariably  be  cured,  but  if  neglected,  may  develop  into 
malignant  cholera. 

Treatment. — First,  absolute  rest ;  second,  a  teaspoon- 
till  of  the  following  mixture  every  two  hours  until  the 
diarrhea  is  checked; 


82 


CHOLERA  MIXTURE. 

Aromatic  sulphuric  acid  One  cviuct . 

Paregoric  Three  ounces. 

Dose. —  One  teaspoonful  in  four  tablespoonfuls  of 
water. 

This  is  the  simplest  and  most  generally  useful  combina.- 
don,  and  should  be  kept  ready  for  use  in  the  house,  office, 
store  and  workshop  during  a  cholera  season. 

A  good  doctor  should  be  called,  but  the  above  treat- 
ment is  to  be  followed  until  the  doctor  arrives.  Mean- 
time take  no  food  or  stimulants  of  any  kind,  but  allay 
thirst  with  ice. 

Preventive. —  in  addition  to  ordinary  prudence  in 
diet  and  drink,  especial  care  should  be  taken  as  to  the 
quality  of  drinking-water  used.  If  not  known  to  be  abso- 
lutely pure,  add  a  teaspoonful  of  aromatic  sulphuric  acid 
(elixir  of  vitriol)  to  one  quart  of  water.  Epidemics  of 
cholera  have  been  arrested,  when  every  other  means  failed, 
by  using  water  thus  acidulated.  It  may  be  flavored  with 
lemons  and  sweetened. 

There  is  good  reason  for  believing  that  the  cholera 
poison  is  absolutely  destroyed  by  mineral  acids.  It  would 
be  well,  therefore,  to  confine  the  drink  exclusively  to  this 
mineral-acid  lemonade  so  long  as  there  is  any  danger 
of  cholera.  No  o-ther  single  precaution  is  of  so  much 
importance  as  this. 

POISONS— ANTIDOTES  AND  TREATMENT. 

Immediately  on  discovering  that  poison  has  been  swal- 
lowed, send  for  a  physician  with  all  possible  haste.  Until 
his  arrival,  the  treatment  should  either  be  with  a  view  to 
removing  the  poison  by  an  emetic  or  neutralizing  its  effects 
by  an  antidote. 

Emetics.  —  Ground  mustard,  a  tablespoonful  in  a 
tumbler  of  warm  water,  is  an  emetic  usually  quickly  pro- 
cured. Give  the  patient  one-fourth  of  it  at  once,  and 
follow  with  a  cup  of  warm  water.  Repeat  the  dose 
every  minute  or  two  until  vomiting  takes  place.  Give 
tepid  water  freely.  Mustard  has  a  special  value  in  most 
cases  where  an  emetic  is  needed^,  as  it  is  also  stimulating 
In  its  effects. 


83 


Common  salt  is  also  used  as  an  emetic,  a  teacup  of 
water  with  as  much  salt  as  the  water  will  dissolve  h&Mkg 
given  every  few  moments  until  vomiting  occurs. 

Tickling  the  throat  with  a  feather,  or  with  the  finger, 
is  a  valuable  aid  to  the  action  of  an  emetic. 

After  vomiting  takes  place,  the  white  of  eggs  in  warm 
water,  warm  milk,  gum-arabic  water,  or  flour  and 


to  soothe  the  irritated  mucous  membrane. 

The  following  table  gives  the  common  poisons  and 
suggestions  as  to  the  treatment  for  each,  and,  together 
with  the  above,  may  be  of  assistance  until  the  arrival  of 
a  physician: 

ACIDS— MINERAL.— Chalk,  magnesia  (plaster  off 
wall),  solution  of  cooking  soda,  or  saleratus;  then 
barley-water,  linseed-tea,  or  olive-oil, 

ACONITE. — Emetics,  stimulants  external  and  intemaL 

ANTIMONY. — Strong  tea  in  large  quantities. 

AQUA  FORTIS.— Same  as  Aczds,  Mineral. 

ARSENIC. *-Give  milk  in  large  quantities,  or  the  white 
of  eggs,  or  flour  and  water.  Follow  with  stimu- 
lants. 

ATROPIA. — Same  as  Belladonna. 

ARGENTl  NIT. — Large  teaspoonful  of  salt  in  cup  af 

water;  repeat  in  ten  minutes;  then  give  castor-oU 

and  linseed-tea  or  barley-water. 
BAD  FISH  OR  OTHER  FOOD.— Emetics;  then  a 

large  dose  of  castor-oil  with  some  warm  spice. 

Mustard-plaster  to  pit  of  stomach  if  necessary. 
BED-BUG  POISON— Same  as  Corrosive  Sublimate, 
BLUE  VITRIOL. ^Same  as  CupriSulph.  and  Copper, 
CANNABIS  INDICA.— Hot  brandy  and  water,  lemon- 
juice,  vegetable  acids,  vinegar;  allow  patient  to 

sleep;  blister  to  nape  of  neck. 
CANTHARIDES.— Emetics,  followed  by  barley-water, 

flaxseed-tea,  or  other  soothing  drinks. 
CARBOLIC  ACID.— Castor  or  olive-oiL 
CAUSTIC  POTASH.-:Sameas/'(?/?^j-^ 
CAUSTIC  SODA.— Same  as  Potash. 
CHLORINE  WATER.— Albumen  (white  of  e^, 

milk,  flour. 


water,  may  be  given  to  further 


84 

CHLOROFORM.  —Fresh  air ;  incline  the  body  so 
as  to  get  the  head  as  low  as  possible,  pull  the 
tongue  forward;  dash  cold  water  on  the  chest 
at  intervals;  excite  respiration  by  other  means. 

CHLORIDE  OF  TIN.— Milk  in  large  quantities 
with  magnesia,  chalk  or  whiting  in  it;  raw  eggs 
beaten  up  with  water  or  milk. 

CHLORAL  HYDRATE.— Same  as  Chloroform. 

CHLORIDE  OF  ZINC— Milk  with  white  of  eggs 
in  it.    Large  doses. 

COBALT. — Same  as  Arsenic, 

COLCHICUM.— Emetics;  then  barley  water,  lin* 
seed  tea,  etc.  If  stupor  [coma)  be  present,  give 
brandy,  coffee,  ammonia. 

CONIUM. — Emetics,  followed  by  stimulants,  ex- 
ternally and  internally. 

COPPER. — Milk  and  whites  of  eggs;  large  quan- 
tities; then  strong  tea.    Don't  give  vinegar. 

COPPERAS.— Emetics:    Mucilaginous  drinks. 

CORROSIVE  SUBLIMATE.— White  of  eggs  in 
a  little  water.  Repeat  dose  at  intervals  of  two 
or  three  minutes  until  patient  vomits.  Use 
milk  or  flour  and  water  if  you  can't  get  eggs. 

CROTON  OIL.— Emetics;  then  flaxseed  tea, 
gum-arabic  water,  slippery  elm,  etc. 

CUPRI  SULPH.— Whites  of  eggs.  Same  as  Copper 

CYANIDE  OF  POTASSIUM.— Same  as  Prusdc 
Acid. 

DIGITALIS.— Emetics.  Keep  the  patient  lying 
down.  Stimulants  externally  and  internally. 

FOWLER'S  SOLUTION.— Same  as  Arsenic. 

HASCHISCH. — Same  as  Cannabis  Indica, 

HEMLOCK. — Same  as  Conium, 

HENBANE. — Same  as  Hyoscyamus, 

HYDROCYANIC  ACID.— Fresh  air  and  artificial 
respiration,  with  dashes  of  cold  water. 

HYOSCYAMUS.— Emetics;  lemon  juice  stimu- 
lants, external  and  internal. 

INDELIBLE  INK.— Same  as  Argenti  Nit. 

INDIAN  HEMP.— Same  as  Cannabis  Indica. 

IODINE. — Emetics;  starch  or  flour  in  water;  bar- 
ley water  or  other  demulcent  drinks. 


IVY  POISONING.— Apply  soft-soap  freely  to  affected 

parts ;  or  bathe  the  poisoned  skin  frequently  with 

weak  tincture  of  belladonna. 
tAUDANUM.— Same  as  Opium, 
LEAD. — Two  ounces  of  Epsom  salts  m  a  pmt  of  water; 

wineglassful  every  ten  minutes  until  it  operates  freely. 

Afterward  milk. 
LEAD  SALTS.— Same  as  Lead, 
LEAD  WATER.— Same  as  Lead. 
LOBELIA. — Stimulants  externally  and  internally. 
LUNAR  CAUSTIC— Same  as  Argenti  NiL 
hYl^.— Potash. 

MERCURY. — Same  as  Corrosive  Sublimate. 

MINERAL  ACID.— Same  as  Acids.,  Mineral 

MORPHIA.— Same  as  Opium. 

MURIATIC  ACID.— Same  as  ^r/V/j-,  Mineral. 

NITRATE  OF  SILVER.— Same  as  Argenti  NiL 

NITER— Same  as  Saltpeter. 

NITRIC  ACID.— Same  as  Acids,  Mineral. 

NUX  VOMICA. — Emetics,  artificial  respiration,  linseed 

tea  or  barley-water;  to  an  adult  30  drops  of  laudanum 

to  relieve  the  spasms. 
OIL  OF  BITTER  ALMONDS.— Same  as  Prussic 

Acid. 

OIL  OF  VITRIOL.— Same  as  Acids,  Mineral, 

OPIUM. — Emetics  (10  grains  of  sulphate  of  copper  if 
possible);  ::fter  vomiting,  which  must  be  induced 
quickly,  give  plenty  of  strong  coffee  with  brandy, 
put  mustard  plasters  around  calves  of  legs;  keep 
patient  aroused  by  walking  around,  dashing  cold 
water  in  face,  heating  soles  of  feet,  or  whipping  body 
with  <.owels  wrung  out  in  cold  water.  If  the  patient  is 
allowed  ta  go  to  sleep  before  the  effect  of  the  opium 
has  passed  off,  death  will  result. 

OXALIC  ACID.— Same  as  Acids,  Mineral. 

PAREGORIC— Same  as  Opium. 

PARIS  GREEN.— Same  as  Arsenic. 

PHOSPHORUS. — Emetics,  large  quantities  of  tepid 
water,  with  magnesia,  chalk,  whiting,  or  even  flour 
stirred  in  it. 

POTASH. — Vineear  and  water,  oranp:es,  lemons,  sour 


86 

beer,  cider,  or  sour  fruit;  then  give  oil— lin* 

seed  or  olive. 
fRtJSSIC  ACID.— Sal-volatile  and  water;  apply 

smelling  salts  to  nostrils;  dash  cold  water  in 

f:^ce;  stimulants. 
RATSBANE.— Same  as  Arsenic. 
RED  PRECIPITATE.— Same  as  Co^-rosive  Sub/imau 
RED  LEAD.— Same  as  Lead. 

ROUGH  ON  RATS."— Same  2.^  Arsenic, 
SALI  PETRE.^ — Flour  and  water  in  large  doses;; 

lifiseed  or  sweet  oil. 
SALTS  OF  TIN.— Milk  in  large  quantities. 
SILVER,  NITRATE  OF.— Same  2.s  Argenti Nit. 
SPANISH  FLY. — Same  as  Cantharides. 
SPIRITS  OF  SALTS.— Same  as  Acids,  Mineral, 
STRAMONIUM.— Same  as  Belladona, 
STRYCHNINE.— Same  as  Nux  Vomica, 
SUGAR  OF  LEAD.— Same  as  Lead  Salts, 
SULPHURIC  ACID.— Same  as  Acids,  Mineral. 
SULPHATE  OF  ZINC— Same  as  Zinc  Salts. 
TARTAR  EMITIC— Same  as  Antimony. 
TARTARiZED  ANTIMONY.— Same  as  Antimony 
TOBACCO. — Emetics;  stimulants  external  and 

internal. 
VERDIGRIS.-— Same  as  Copper. 
VERMILLIiON. — Same  as  Corrosive  Sublimate, 
VOLATILE  ALKALI.— Same  as  Potash, 
WHITE  PRECIPITATE.— Same  as  Arse^iic, 
WHITE  VITROL.— Samo  as  Zinc  Salts, 
aiNC  SALTS.— Give  milk  with  white  of  eggs  free- 
ly; afterward  warm  barley  water  or  li  jseed  oil. 


Live  Stock  on  Ranges  in  the  United  Sta'  es. 

It  is  found  that  in  Jnne,  1890,  there  wjre  upon  the 
ranges  517,128  horsetof  5,433  mules,  14  109  asses  or 
burros,  6,828,182  cattle,  6,676,902  sheep,  and  17,276 
swine,  with  sales  of  horses,  in  a889,  amounting  to 
fl, 418,205;  of  cattle,  $17,913,712;  of  sheep,  $2,669,663, 
and  of  swine,  $27,132.  The  total  number  of  men  re- 
ported upon  ranges  in  care  of  this  stock  is  15,390.  The 
vidustry  is  found  to  be  more  generally  prosperous  at  this 
lime  than  for  several  years  previous. 


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89 

DIGESTION. 

Average  time  required  for  the  digestion  of  variodfi 
articles  of  food : 

Hours,  Min* 

Apples,  sweet  (boiled)  2  30 

Barley  (boiled)  2 

Beans,  Lima  (boiled)  2  30 

Beef  (roasted)  -  ...  3 

Beef  (fried).  .  4 

Beef,  salt  (boiled)  2  45 

Bread  3  30 

Butter  3  30 

Cheese  3  30 

Chicken  (fricasseed)  2  40 

Custard  (baked)  3  45 

Duck  (roasted)  4 

Eggs  (raw)  2 

Eggs  (soft-boiled)  3 

Eggs  (hard-boiled)  3  30 

Eggs  (fried)  3  30 

Fish,  various  kinds  (raw,  boiled,  fried)  2  44 

Fowl  (roast).  4 

Hashed  meat  and  vegetables  (warm)  2  30 

Lamb  (boiled)   2  30 

Milk  (raw)  2  15 

Milk  (boiled)    2 

Mutton  (boiled)  3 

Mutton  (roast)  3  15 

Oysters  (roast)  3  15 

Oysters  (stewed)  3  30 

Pigs*  feet,  soused  (boiled)  1 

Potatoes  (baked) .  -..2  30 

Ptrk,  salt  (stewed).  ,  o ..      s  3 

Pork  (roast)  , .     ,^  ,3  15 

Rice  (boiled)   l 

Sago  (boiled)  l  45 

Soup,  barley  1  30 

Soup,  chicken,  etc.  (average)   3  15 

Tripe,  soused  (boiled)   1 

Turkey  (roast)   2  30 

Veal  ^(boiled)  4 

Veal  (fried)  ^  30 


90 

AMERICAN  AND  IMPORTED  PUBLICATIONS  (IN  ENGLISH) 
FOR  THE  YEAR  1899. 

The  following  table  does  not  include  Government  works 
or  cheap  libraries  of  a  lower  order: 


Fiction  932 

Law  489 

Juvenile  Books  448 

Literary,  History  and  Miscel.340 

Theology  and  Religion  420 

Education  and  Language  429 

Poetry  and  the  Drama. .....  333 

History. .......   268 

Medical  Science  and  Hygiene.  123 
Social  and  Political  Science.. 238 
Description  and  Travel  218 


Biography  and  Memoirs .. .  310 

Fine  Arts  and  Illus.  Books.  214 

Physical  and  Math.  Science  204 

Useful  Arts   73 

Sports  and  Amusements. ..  48 

Domestic  and  Rural   58 

Humor  and  Satire   27 

Mental  and  Moral  Philo- 
sophy ,   153 

Total   5,321 


British  publications,  the  same  year,  7,567  works. 

Many  of  the  American  productions  are  reprints  of  English  works. 


Dates  of  First  Occurrences. 

Postoffices  were  first  established  in  1464. 
Printed  musical  notes  were  first  used  in  1473. 
The  first  watches  were  madi^  at  Nuremberg  in  1477. 
America  was  discovered  in  1492. 

The  first  printing  press  was  set  up  at  Copenhagen  in  1493. 
Durer  gave  the  world  a  prophecy  of  future  wood-engravliig 
m  1527.  ,  ^ 

Jergens  set  the  spinninr;  wheel  in  motion  in  1530. 
Modern  needles  first  came  into  use  in  1545. 

The  first  knives  were  used  in  England,  and  the  first  wheeled 
carriages  in  France,  in  1559. 

Religious  liberty  was  granted  to  the  Huguenots  in  France  id 
1562,  and  was  followed  by  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  in  157a, 

Cervantes  w»-ote  Don  Quixote  in  1573. 

The  first  newspaper  was  published  in  England  in  1588. 

Telescopes  were  invented  in  1590. 

The  first  printing-press  in  the  United  States  was  introduced  In 
1629. 

The  first  air-pump  was  made  in  1650.  - 
The  first  newspaper  advertisement  appeared  in  1652. 
The  first  copper  cent  was  coined  in  New  Haven  in  1687.  «s- 
The  first  steam-engine  on  this  continent  came  from  England  In 
1753- 

The  first  balloon  ascent  was  made  m  1783. 

The  first  society  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian  Knowledge  was 
organized  in  1698. 

The  first  attempt  to  manufacture  pins  In  this  country  was  made 
soon  after  the  war  of  18 12. 

The  first  prayer-book  of  Edward  VI.  came  into  use  by  authoritf 
of  Parliament  on  Whit-Sunday,  1549. 


91 


Glass  windows  first  introduced  into  Englana  in  the  digjM 
century. 

The  first  steamboat  plied  the  Hudson  in  1807. 
The  first  sawmakers'  anvil  was  brought  to  America  in  18x9^ 
The  first  use  of  a  locomotive  in  this  country  was  in  i8aO. 
Kerosene  was  first  used  for  lighting  purposes  in  1826. 
The  first  horse  railroad  was  built  in  1826-7. 
The  first  lucifer  match  was  made  in  1829. 
The  first  iron  steamship  was  built  in  1830. 
The  first  steel  pen  was  made  in  1830. 
Omnibuses  were  introduced  in  New  York  in  183O. 
Ships  were  first  "  copper-bottomed  "  in  1837, 
Envelopes  were  first  used  in  1839. 
Anaesthesia  was  discovered  in  1844. 
Coaches  were  first  used  in  .England  in  1569. 
The  first  steel-plate  was  discovered  in  1830. 
The  Franciscans  arrived  in  England  in  1224. 
The  entire  Hebrew  Bible  was  printed  in  1488. 
Gold  was  first  discovered  in  California  in  1848. 
The  first  telescope  was  used  in  England  in  1608. 
Christianity  was  introduced  into  Japan  in  1549.^ 
First  almanac  printed  by  George  Von  Furbach  in  1460. 
Percussion  arms  were  used  in  the  United  States  Army  in  x^pw 
The  first  glass  factory  in  the  United  States  was  built  in  1780. 
The  first  complete  sewing-machine  was  patented  by  Elias  Honv^ 
Jr.,  in  1846. 

The  first  temperance  society  in  this  country  was  organized  ia 
Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  in  March,  1808, 

The  first  coach  in  Scotland  was  brought  thither  in  1501,  whet 
Queen  Mary  came  from  France.  It  belonged  to  Alexander  Lor^ 
Sea  ton. 

The  first  daily  newspaper  appeared  in  1702.  The  first  newspap^ 
printed  in  the  United  States  was  published  in  Boston  on  Septei»» 
ber  25,  1790. 

The  first  telegraphic  instrument  was  successfully  operated  Iqf 
S.  F.  B.  Morse,  the  inventor,  in  1835,  though  its  utility  was  imH 
d»emonstrated  to  the  world  until  1842. 

u  The  first  Union  flag  was  unfurled  on  the  ist  of  January,  17^^ 
over  the  camp  at  Cambridge.  It  had  thirteen  stripes  of  white  a^ 
red,  and  retained  the  English  cross  in  one  corner. 

When  Captain  Cook  first  visited  Tahiti,  the  natives  were  uawg 
nails  of  wood,  bone,  shell  and  stone.  When  they  saw  iron  naJla^ 
they  fancied  them  to  be  shoots  of  some  very  hard  wood,  andU 
desirous  of  securing  such  a  valuable  commodity,  they  plaatec 
them  in  their  gardens. 

In  1750  the  "shoe-black"  came  into  vogue.  The  poet  Gay,  te 
bis  day,  refers  to  the  business,  describing  a  mother  as  instniCOIIg 
Jber  son  in  his  calling: 

"  Go  thrive :  at  some  frequented  corner  stand; 
This  brush  I  give  thee,  grasp  it  in  thy  hand; 
Temper  the  foot  within  this  vase  of  oil, 
And  let  the  little  tripod  aid  thy  toil." 


THE  PARIS  EXPOSITION  OF  1900. 

The  Paris  Universal  Interuational  jExposition  of '1900 
was  formally  declared  open  by  President  Loubet  April 
14,  and  closed  its  doors  November  12.  During  its  exist- 
ence 50,000,000  paying  visitors  passed  through  its  gates. 
The  largest  attendance  in  one  day  was  600,000.  (The 
number  of  paying  visitors  at  the  Chicago  Fair  of  1893 
was  27,529,000;  the  largest  number  of  visitors  in  one 
day  over  700,000.)  The  French  exhibitors  at  Paris  were 
naturally  the  most  numerous  and  received  the  largest 
number  of  prizes,  but  the  following  is  a  statement  of  the 
awards  to  the  exhibitors  of  the  four  foreign  nations  hav- 
ing the  largest  representation: 


NATION. 

Grand 
Prix. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Bronze. 

Honor- 
able 
Mention. 

Total 
Awards. 

Total 
No.  Ex- 
hibitors, 

U.  States.. 

215 

547 

593 

501 

348 

2.204 

6.916 

Oermany. . 

236 

510 

575 

321 

184 

1,826 

2.689 

England  . . 

183 

40G 

517 

410 

208 

1,727 

2,959 

Russia  

209 

346 

411 

321 

206 

1,49,3 

2,285 

In  the  electrical  department,  Group  5,  the  United  States 
led  the  world,  receiving  94  awards,  of  which  6  were 
grand  prizes.  Germany  came  next  in  this  section,  but 
received  only  49  prizes. 

In  transportation  the  United  States  led,  receiving  130 
awards,  "With  Germany  next,  123  prizes,  and  Great  Brit- 
ain third,  having  119  prizes.  There  were  many  surprises 
when  the  final  awards  were  made  and  none  more  so  than 
in  the  Department  of  Foodstuffs,  Group  10,  in  which 
Italy  surpassed  all  other  nations,  with  306  awards.  The 
United  States  came  fifth  with  177  awards. 

In  Group  11,  Mining  and  Metallurgy,  the  United  States 
surpassed  all  nations.  This  American  display  wa^  a 
magnificent  one,  commanding  the  admiration  of  every 
visitor,  and  the  awards  were  133,  of  which  34  were 
grand  prizes. 

73  American  citizens— among  them  two  ladies,  Mes- 
clames  Potter  Palmer  and  Daniel  Manning— received  the 
decoration  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  in  recognition  of 
their  efforts  in  behalf  of  the  exposition. 


CURE  FOR  INSOMNIA. 

Nothing  is  more  cruel  than  persistent  want  of  sleep. 
It  is  often  cured  by  five  grains  of  sulphonal  in  hot  milk 
at  bed  time;  repeat  in  two  hours. 


9-^ 

SAYINGS  OF  RENOWNED  PERSONS. 


Seize  life  where  you  will,  it  is  inter esting— Goethe. 

Books  are  the  immortal  sons  deifying  their  sires— P^a^<>. 

Recognized  probity  is  the  surest  of  all  oaths.— ifme, 
Keeker. 

Our  humanity  were  a  poor  thing  but  for  the  divinity 
that  stirs  within  us.— Bacon. 

There  is  nothing  of  which  men  are  so  fond  and  withal 
so  careless  as  lifa.—Bruyere. 

Christianity  commands  us  to  pass  by  injuries;  policy, 
to  let  them  pass  by  us. — Franklin. 

An  angry  man  is  (again)  angry  with  himself  when  he 
has  returned  to  resison—FubUus  ^yrus. 

You  may  depend  upon  it  that  he  is  a  good  man  whose 
intimatejriends  are  all  good.— La  vat  er. 

The  art  of  putting  well  into  play  mediocre  qualities 
often  begets  more  reputation  than  true  merit  achieves. — 
RouchefducauLd. 

If  you  wish  to  appear  agreeable  in  society  you  musft 
consent  to  be  taught  many  things  which  you  know 
already.— Za?;a^6r. 

Affectation  naturally  counterfeits  those  excellences 
which  are  placed  at  the  greatest  distance  from  possibility 
of  ^ild^inmQiit.— Johnson. 

Good  nature  is  the  very  air  of  a  good  mind,  the  sign  of 
a  large  and  generous  soul,  and  the  peculiar  soil  in  which 
virtue  ^vos^qvs.— Goodman. 

No  man  receives  the  true  culture  of  ama.n.  in  whom- the 
sensibility  to  the  beautiful  is  not  cherished;  and  I  know 
Of  no  condition  in  life  from  which  it  should  be  excluded. 
—Channing. 

Habit  is  our  primal,  fimdamental  law:  habit  and  imita- 
tion—there is  nothing  more  perennial  in  us  than  these 
two.  They  are  the  source  of  all  working  and  all  appren- 
ticeship, of  all  practices  and  all  learning,  in  the  world.— 
CarLyle.  ^ 

There  are  chords  in  the  human  heart— strange,  varying 
strings— which  are  only  struck  by  accident:  which  will 
remain  mute  and  senseless  to  appeals  most  passionate 
and  earnest,  and  respond  at  last  to  the  slightest  casual 
Umc\i.— Dickens  '■■ 


94 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  AREA  OCCUPIED  BY,  AND  EARLY 
SETTLEMENT  OF,  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  territory  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  occupied  by  the  United  States,  on  the 
parallel  of  42 is  2,768  miles;  and  its  greatest  breadth, 
from  Point  Isabel,  Tex.,  to  the  northern  boundary  of 
North  Dakota,  is  1,650  miles.  The  Mexican  boundary 
line  is  1,500  miles  in  length.  The  boundary  line  separat- 
ing the  United  States  from  the  British  possessions  is 
about  3,400  miles  long. 

The  first  attempt  at  civilized  settlement,  in  the  United 
States,  was  made  on  the  Island  of  Roanoke,  off  the  coast 
of  North  Carolina,  where  a  colony  from  England  was 
placed,  under  the  command  of  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  in 
1585.  Having  trouble  with  the  Indians,  several  of  the 
settlers  were  killed,  and  the  remainder  returned  to  Eng- 
land. In  1587  John  White  landed  a  party  of  108  persons, 
and  returned  to  England  after  founding  the  city  of 
Raleigh  named  after  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Here  Virginia 
Dare,  the  first  white  child,  native  of  the  United  States, 
was  born.  In  1590,  John  White  returned  with  a  fleet,  but 
all  traces  of  the  colonists,  left  three  years  before,  had 
vanished.   Their  fate  has  never  been  ascertained. 

In  1540,  French  fur-traders  founded  a  settlement  on 
Manhattan  Island,  where  the  city  of  New  York  now 
stands,  but  the  next  year  they  abandoned  the  country. 
A  party  of  Huguenots,  driven  from  Prance,  sought  refuge 
in  South  Carolina,  where  they  built  Port  Royal,  in  1562; 
but  subsequent  famine  compelled  them  to  abandon  the 
colony.  In  1565,  the  Spaniards,  on  the  east  coast  of 
Florida,  founded  St.  Augusti-ne,  the  oldest  existing  town 
in  the  United  States.  The  first  permanent  English  settle- 
ment was  made  at  Jamestown,  Virginia,  in  1607:  the 
colony  consisting  of  105  emigrants,  more  than  one-half 
of  whom  died  within  six  months,  from  privation  or  at  the 
hands  of  the  Indians.  Newly  arrived  immigrants  from 
England,  however,  swelled  the  number  of  colonists  to 
200,  in  the  year  1610. 

Hendrick  Christjenson,  a  Hollander,  in  1612,  made  a 
small  redoubt  enclosing  four  log  huts,  as  a  place  in  which 
to  live  and  receive  furs,  on  Manhattan  Island,  on  the  site 
where  is  now  located  No.  29  Broadway,  New  York  City.  A 
Dutch  settlement,  in  1614,  was  founded  at  Albany,  N.  Y. 
In  1620,  the  Puritans,  a  company  of  British  refugees, 
numbering  102  persons,  landed  at  Plymouth,  Mass.,  at  a 
point  known  as  Plymouth  Rock.  In  1623  the  Virginia 
colonists,  then  numbering  2.500,  feeling  themselves 
st^ror.g  enousrlT.  nt tricked  the  Indians;  4:his  resulted  in  a 
des;ilir)V  ^ iiich  continued  for  24  years. 


RAILROAD  MILEAGE  OF  THE  WORLD. 


At  the  Beginning  of  the  Year  1899. 


COUNTRIES.  MILES. 

United  states  180,245 

I'.ritish  North  America..  16,867 

\i\vioundland   592 

»  xico   8,498 

ntral  America   646 

Total,  North  America,  212,848 


uted  States  of  Colum- 

hiii   346 

V  aba                             .  1,133 

Venezuela...   633 

San  Domingo   177 

Brazil     8,718 

Argrentina    9,8'22 

Paraguay   157 

UrugMiay   1,118 

Chile   2,662 

INiu   1,035 

!!()livia   621 

K.-uador   186 

itish  Guiana   22 

.  11  aica^arbadoes, Trin- 
idad, Martinique,  Por- 
to Rico,  Salvador   618 

Total.    South  America 

and  W.  Indies   27,188 

British  India   21,973 

Ceylon   .■  297 

Asia  Minor  and  Syria —  1,558 
Russia  (Transcaspian 

District)   1,568 

Siberia   2,573 

Persia                            ,  34 

Dutch  India   1,293 

Japan   2,948 

Portuguese  India   51 

Malay  Archipelago   188 

'  hina   401 

am   167 

ochin    China,  Pondi- 

cherry,  Malacca  and 

Tonquin   238 

Total  Asia  


COUNTRIES  MILES. 

All  of  Germany   30,777 

Austro-Hungaj  y  (includ- 
ing Bosnia,  etc.)   21.805 

Great  Brit'n  and  Ireland,  21 .529 

France   25.898 

Russia  (incl.  Finland) . . .  26  .414 

Italy   9.759 

Belgium   3,781 

Netherlands  (including 

Luxembourg)   1  965 

Switzerland   2,303 

Spain   8,303 

Portugal   1,467 

Denmark   1,618 

Norway   1,230 

Sweden...,   ...  6,35& 

Servia   354 

Roumania....   1,895 

Greece   591 

European  Turkey,  Bul- 
garia and  Roumania  , .  1,595 
Malta,  Jersey,  Man   68 

Total,  Europe   167,510 

Egypt   2.085 

Algiers  and  Tunis   2.704 

(Upe  Colony   2.384 

Natal   459 

South  African  Republic,  774 

Orange  Free  State   832 

Mauritius,  Reunion,  Con- 
go, Senegal  and  other 

states   2,011 

Total,  Africa   11.214 

Australasia   14,490 

Recapitulation ; 

Europe  167,510 

North  America  212,848 

South  Americans   26,187 

Asia   33,289 

Africa   11,214 

Australasia   14.490 

Total  


96 


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99 


SHRINKAGE  OF  CASTINGS. 

Tin— One-fourth  inch  in  a  foot. 
Pipes— One-eighth  inch  in  a  foot, 
zinc— Five  sixteenths  inch  in  a  foot. 
Lead— Five  sixteenths  inch  in  a  foot. 
Copper— Three-sixteenths  inch  in  a  foot. 
Thin  Brass— One-eighth  inch  in  nine  inches 
Thick  Brass— One-eighth  inch  in  ten  inches. 
Bismuth— Five-thirty-seconds  inch  in  a  foot. 
Locomotive  Cylinders— One  sixteenth  inch  in  a  foot. 
Beams,  Girders,  etc, —One-eighth  inch  in  fifteen  incfies. 
Engine-beams,  Connecting-rods,  etc.— One-eighth  inch  In 
sixteen  inches. 


Center  of  Population  in  the  United  States. 

WES' 

DATE.     POSITION  OF  CENTER  OF  POPULATION, 


1790.  .23  miles  E.  of  Baltimore,  Md    

1800..  18  miles  V^.  of  Baltimore,  Md   41  miles. 

1810.. 40  miles  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Washington,  D.  C.  36  miles. 

18 20..  16  miles  N.  of  Woodstock,  Va....  50  miles. 

1830.  .19  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Moorefleld,  W.  Va  39  miles. 

1840.  .16  miles  S.  of  Clarksburg-,  W.  Va  55  miles. 

1850.  .23  miles. S.  E.  of  Parkersburg,  W.  Va  55  miles, 

1860.  20  miles  S.  of  Chillicothe,  O.  .81  miles. 

1870.. 48  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati,  0  42  miles. 

1880..  8  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Cincinnati,  O  .58  miles. 

1890.  .20  miles  E.  of  Columbus,  Ind   .43  miles. 

1900..  7  miles  S.  E.  of  Columbus,  Ind  13  miles. 

Western  movement  in  110  years  513  miles. 


ALCOHOL!   WHO  DRINKS  IT? 

It  has  been  the  endeavor  of  the  ceD-^JUS-takers,  in  1890, 
to  obtain,  as  far  as  possible,  such  facts  as  relate  to  the 
1166  of  alcohol  as  a  beverage.  It  appears  that  alcohol,  as 
such  (in  some  cases  diluted  with  water,  but  without  any 
coloring  or  extraneous  flavoring),  is  used  by  a  certain 
foreign  element  of  our  population.  It  is  drunk  to  a  great 
extent  by  Poles,  Norwegians,  Swedes,  Finns,  Hungarians 
and  Russians.  The  quantity  thus  consumed  is  larger 
than  is  generally  supposed.  Inquiry  of  some  of  the  large 
houses  in  the  Northwest,  familiar  with  this  particular 
trade,  elicits  the  information  that  fully  one-half  of  the 
alcohol  sold  in  that  section  is  drunk,  it  being  the  favorite 
leverage  of  these  foreign  races.  It  is  estimated,  by  com- 
tent  authority,  that  about  fifteen  barrels  of  alcohol  are 
ily  consumed  for  that  purpose  in  New  York  city  aione. 
A  considerable  amount  is  consumed  by  the  same  element 
Id  the  coal  regions  of  Pennsylvania,  and  undoubtedly  ia 
•ther  localities. 


100 


TELEGRAPH  STATISTICS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Alg-eria   3,645 

Austria-Hungary   32,684 

Bavaria   5,215 

Belgium   3,713 

Bolivia   182 

Brazil   4,888 

Bulgaria   1,325 

Canada   23,330 

Cape  of  Good  Hope   4,031 

Chili   6,840 

China   3,089 

Columbia   2,357 

Costa  Rica   450 

Cuba   2.835 

Denmark   2,283 

Dutch  East  Indies   3,682 

Egypt   3,222 

France   46,932 

Germany   47,637 

Great  Britain  &  Ireland.  27,604 

Greece   3,720 

Guatemala   2,880 

Hawaii   175 

Honduras     1.800 

India,  British   21,740 

Italy   17,258 

Japan   4,733 

Luxemburg   196 

Mexico   19.000 

Total  Miles  


COUNTRIES. 


Montenegro   280 

Netherlands   2,660 

New  South  Wales   10,000 

New  Zealand   4,074 

Nicaragua     800. 

Norway     5.629 

Orange  Free  State   276 

Paraguay   45 

Persia  ,   3.647 

Peru   550 

Portugal   2.920 

Queensland   6,614 

Roumania,   3.000 

Russia   65,726 

San  Salvador   750 

Servia   1 .405 

South  Australia   5,278 

Spain   10.733 

Sweden     5.347 

Switzerland   4.270 

Tasmania   1.273 

Transvaal   110 

Tunis   2.500 

Turkey  ,   14.617 

United  States  215 ,764 

Uruguay   1.405 

Victoria   3.600 

Western  Australia   2.359 


673,168 


One  Dollar  loaned  for  100  years  at  the  following  rates 
of  interest  compounded  will  amount  to  the  figures  set 
opposite  the  per  cent  at  the  end  of  that  time; 


3  per  cent  $  19.25 

6  *'  "    540.00 

8  "  "   2.203.00 

10  "    13,809.00 

12  "  "   85,075.00 

18  "  "    15,145,007.00 

24  "  "    2,551,799,404.00 


The  moral  is— lend  instead  of  horroiv. 


The  Metropolitan  Police  District,  of  London,  England, 

extends  over  a  radius  of  15  miles  from  Charing  Cross, 
exclusive  of  the  City  of  London— 688.31  square  miles 
—with  a  ratable  value  of  ^^25. 089, 558.  The  number  of 
new  houses  built  since  1849  is  525,107,  with  3,532  in 
course  of  erection,  the  new  mileage  being  1,888;  total 
length  patroled,  8,360  miles. 


101 


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Total 
Revenue. 

Tt<xcqrHt>c;oxcDio 
^  t>  CD  o  q  !M  qq^qx^ 

03 1>  00  C<j'  dd  tH  rH  03  d 
»HXTHO^ia5t>03THlO'^ 

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05'OX!3iTH03'^OrHCD 
CO  CO  CO  03  CO  CO  CO  rj<  »0  to 

1       Miscellaneous  Sources.  | 

Other 
Miscellaneous 
Items. 

23,374,457 
20,251,872 
18,253,898 
17,118.018 
16,706,438 
19,186,061 
23.614,422 
83,505,319 
37,024,793 
35,911,171 

Premiums  on 
Loans  &  Sales 
of  Gold  Coin. 

Sales 
of  Public 
Lands. 

lOXOt>I>C0r-(05  CO 
X  t>!35C0Tt(O3XO^  X 

iqxqqcqiqtqrH  oq 

d  rH  03  X  CO  to  tJ^x"  •  d 
0^X>Xt-OOCDri<  -X 

q^03rHqfHC!X 03  'oq 

-!^C6  CO  iH  tH  tH      »H  03 

Internal 
Revenue. 

145,686/249 
153,971,072 
160,296,130 
147.111.232 
143,421.672 
146.762.865 
146,688,774 
169  943  040 
272,486 1648 
295.327,927 

Customs. 

to  -ei^  t>  r-i  t-^  O)  O      to  r-H 
O  X)  -H  X  r-i  to  03  05  CO 

03  qq  iq  qt>  T-i  to  C3  X 

of  0^ to'  x'  x"  rH  "^iT  d  iH  rl< 
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rH  03  X"^  to 
05  05  05  05  05 
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05  05  05  05  O 
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Total 
Ordinary 
Expendi- 
tures. '"Ji 

10  C  -t    X  X  c:  I  ~  X  'Oi 
CO  >o  x  -y.  rf    X  0)  35 
q  CO  cr.  X  0  J    r-  X  X  L- 
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p.  iC      ""l"^.   ^.  ^'^^ 
»d  to"  CO  i>  003"  to  CO  to'  t> 

CD'*X:DiOiOCD"=:t*OX 
XXCOXXXX-^CD"* 

Interest 
on  Public 
Debt. 

iO-Xi03CD0  05  0X»OX 

Xr--050X03rHtOTjH?: 

rH  r-H  CO  Tjj!  q  q  rH  qq  X 

t>  00  TiTrH  x"to'  rH  to  to  d 
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10^X^03X^05  X_^t>  to  OOrH 

t>  x"!-^  t>  d  toV  t>  dd 

X03  0303XCOXXXrJ< 

Pensions.  | 

124,415,951 
134,583,053 
159,357,558 
141,177,235 
141,395,229 
139,434,001 
1  4-1  O^'-i  1  fid- 
147,450,940 
139,387,353 
140,877,316 

Indians. 

8,527,469 
11,150,478 
13.345,347 
10,293,482 

9,939,754 
12,165,528 
13,016,802 
10,986,523 
12,784,676 
10.175.107 

Navy  De- 
partment. 

26,113,896 
29,174,139 
30,136,084 
31,701,294 
28,797,796 
27.147,732 
34,561,546 
58,848,763 
64,814,440 
55,953,078 

Department. 
War 

tocoxoc:5rHt>o3'*x 

XtOt^XtOOJCDOtOCD 

q t>  q  t>  05  03  x_^  r-j  t> 
d  to  r-5~  t^'r#' d  0 1--'  ^ 

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t>xqtoxx05C5Xi> 

X' d  d  T)5  rH  d  X  rH  x'  rt? 
"^■^':tltOlOtOTj<C503X 

03  rH 

Other  Civil 

and 
Mise'llan'ou^ 
Items 

t-X05rHOtOt>XrHO 

CD  X05  l>X  X --D  C  CD05 
rHqt>rHl>0103C0OrH 

x'    oTto' d  d    d  x' 
^  XX  i--r-(  0    X  h- 
q  X  i>  ^  oi  03  T#  tq  00 1> 
0"  d  CO  03  x' r-' 0  cii  d  to 

rH05OO05  X  05  05rHO 

Premiums  on 
Loans  and 
Purchase  of 
Bonds,  etc. 

10,401,221, 

Years 
Ending 
June 
30. 

rH  03  CO      10  X>  t>X  05  0 
C;C5  05  C505O5O5  05  05  0 

xnxxxxxxxo5 

WftlGHT  OF  Various  Materials  in  Lbs.  (Avoirdupois)  Ftt 
CvBic  Foot.— Pure  Gold  1,203.6,  Standard  Gold  1,102.9,  Hammoned 
Gold  x»2io.ii.  Pure  Silver  654.6,  Hammered  Silver  656.9,  Standard 
Silver  658.4,  Cast  Brass  524,8,  Brass  Wire  534,  Bismuth  (Cast) 
613.9,  Antimony  418.9,  Bronze  513.4,  Cobalt  (Cast)  488.2,  Coppcf 
JCast)  459-3,  Copper  (Sheet)  557.2,  Copper  (Wire)  554.9,  Wrought 
Iron  486.75,  Iron  Plates  481.5,  Cast  Iron  450.4,  Gun  Metal  543.75, 
Cast  Lead  709- 5»  Rolled  do.  711.75,  Red  Lead  558.75,  Tin  455.7, 
Platinum  (Pure)  1,218,  Hammered  do.  1,271,  Mercury  60  dcg.. 
Fluid  848,  Mercury  (Solid)  977,  Nickel  (Cast)  487.9,  Steel  (Plates) 

go.75.  Steel  (Soft)  489.6,  Type  Metal  653.1,  Zinc  (Cast)  43^ 
ranite  165.75,  Millstone  155.3,  Marble  (Mean,  of  nineteen  kinds) 
180,  Grindstones  133.9,  Firebrick  137.5,  Tile  114.44,  Brick  (Mean) 
102,  Clay  102,  Limestone  (Mean,  of  seven  sorts)  184.1,  Loose  Earth 
or  Sand  95,  Coarse  Sand  112.5,  Ordinary  Soil  124,  Mud  102,  Clay 
and  Stones  160,  Slate  167  to  181.25,  Plaster  Paris  73.5,  Plumbago 
131.35,  Anthracite  Coal  from  89. 75  to  102.5,  Canndl  Coal  from  77.33 
to  82.33,  Charcoal  from  Hard  Wood  18.5,  ditto  from  Soft  Wood  iQ, 
Port  Wine  62.31,  Fresh  Water  62.5,  Sea  Water  64.3,  Dead  Sea 
Water  77.5,  Vinegar  67.5,  Alum  107.10,  Asbestos  (Starry)  192.1,  Ice 
at32degs.  57.5,  Sulphur  127.1,  Peat  375  to  83.1,  Marl  (Mean) 
109.33,  Hydraulic  Lime  171.60,  Quartz  166.25,  Rock  Crystal  170.^4^ 
Salt  (Common)  133.12,  Lard  59.20,  Whale  Oil  57.70,  Ohve 
Oil  57.19-   <^  >> 

Weight  of  a  Cubic  Inch  of  Various  Metals  in  Pounds.— 
Hammered  Gold  .701  lbs.,  Cast  do  (pure)  .698,  20  Carats  Fine  do. 
.567,  Hammered  Silver  .382,  Pure  do.  .378,  Cast  Steel  .287,  Cast 
Iron  .263,  Sheet  Iron  .279,  Rolled  Platinum  .797,  Wire  do  .76a. 
Hammered  do  .735,  Sheet  Copper  .323,  Sheet  Brass  .304,  Lead 
.410,  Cast  Tin  .264,  Cast  Zinc  .f  45. 

Sundry  Commercial  Weights. — A  ton  of  wood  is  2  stones  ol 
14  lbs.  each.  A  pack  of  wooV  is  240  lbs.  A  sack  of  wool  is  aa 
stones  of  14  lbs.,  or  308  lbs.  In  Scotland,  it  is  24  of  16  lbs.  A 
keel  of  8  Newcastle  chaldrons  is  15^^  London  chaldrons.  56  or 
60  lbs.  is  a  truss  of  hay,  40  lbs.  a  truss  of  straw;  36  trusses  a  load. 
A  bushel  of  rock  salt  is  65  lbs.,  of  crushed  salt  56  lbs.,  of  foreign 
salt,  84  lbs.  A  tierce  of  beef,  in  Ireland,  is  304  lbs.,  and  of  pork 
320  lbs.  A  fodder  of  le^d  is  19^^  cwt,  in  London  and  21  cwt  in 
the  l^Torth.  A  man's  load  is  5  bushels,  a  market  load  40  (or  5  quar- 
ters) A  lasi  ^  TO  quarters  of  corn,  or  2  cartloads,  12  sacks  of 
wool,  24  barrels  01  gunpv^^  j-  barrels  of  ashes,  herring,  soap^ 
&c..  and  18  barrels  of  salt.    A  hunu:rv-i  '>f  of  salt  126  barrels. 

Sundry  Measures  of  Length.  — The  Ii«ur's  breadth  is  the 
smallest,  of  which  48  are  an  inch.  Four  barley-corns  laid  breadth- 
ways are  ^  of  an  inch,  called  a  digit,  and  3  barley-corns  length- 
ways are  an  inch.  4n  inch  is  divided  into  12  lines  and  by 
mechanics  into  8ths.  A  nail  used  in  cloth  measure  is  a}^  ins.  or 
the  16th  of  a  yard.  A  palm  is  3  ins,  and  a  span  9  ins.  An  English 
Statute  mile  is  1,760  yds.  or  5,280  ft.,  an  Irish  mile  2,240  yds. »  a 
Scotch  mile  1,984  yds.,  80  Scotch  miles  being  eqiiivalent  to  9f 
Snglish,  and  11  Irish  to  14  English. 


Mappiage  and  Divopce  Laws  of  all  the 
States  and  Territories. 


Marriage,  Licenses. — Required  in  all  the  States  and 
Territories  except  Dakota,  Montana,  New  Mexico,  New 
ersey,  and  New  York.  In  Maryland  legal  marriage  can 
e  had  only  by  an  ordained  minister. 

Marriage,  Prohibition  of .—M.^xx\2.^q  between  whites 
and  persons  of  negro  descent  are  prohibited  and  punish- 
able in  California,  Colorado,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Florida, 
Kentucky,  Maryland,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nebraska, 
North  Carolina,  Oregon,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
Texas,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia. 

Marriages  between  whites  and  Indians  are  prohibited 
in  Arizona  and  North  Carolina. 

Marriages  between  whites  and  Chinese  are  prohibited 
in  Arizona. 

The  marriage  of  first  cousins  is  forbidden  in  Arkansas, 
Dakota,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Montana,  Nevada,  New  Mex- 
ico, Ohio,  Washington  and  Wyoming,  and  in  some  of 
them  is  declared  incestuous  and  void. 

Marriage,  Ageto  Contract. — In  New  Jersey  and  Ohio 
males  under  twenty-one  years  and  femaies  under  eighteen 
years  of  age  must  obtain  the  consent  of  parents  or 
guardians.  In  Massachusetts  a  marriage  between  a  male 
over  fourteen  and  a  female  over  twelve  is  legal,  even 
without  the  consent  of  parents. 

Marriage,  Presu7nption  of. — In  Missouri  it  has  been 
held  that  where  parties  cohabit  and  represent  themselves 
as  husband  and  wife,  a  marriage  is  presumed,  and  when 
parties  capable  of  contracting  agree,  in  express  terms, 
with  each  other,  to  be  husband  and  wife,  and  cohabit  as 
such,  the  marriage  is  valid,  without  any  further  ceremony 
being  performed.  In  California  marriage  is  declared  a 
105 


io6 

civil  contract;  consent,  followed  by  a  mutual  assumptklB 
of  marital  rights  and  obligations,  is  sufficient.  ' 

Divorce  i  ^Previous  Residence  Required, — Dakot% 
ninety  days ;  Arizona,  Idaho,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  ano  \ 
"Wyoming,  six  months;  Colorado^  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas^  j 
Kentucky,  Maine,  Mississippi,  Minnesota,  Montana,  1 
New  Hampshire,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  ' 
Island^  Vermont  (both  parties,  as  husband  and  wife). 
West  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin,  one  year;  Florida,  Indi-  J 
ana,  Maryland,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee,  two  ' 
years;  Connecticut,  Massachv.setts,  and  New  Jersey  (for  • 
desertion),  three  years. 

Divorce^  Causes  for. — The  violation  of  the  marriage  ' 
vow  is  cause  for  absolute  divorce  in  all  the  States^  ex»  j 
cepting  South  Carolina,  which  has  no  divorce  law.  r- 

Willful  desertion,  one  year,  in  Arizona,  Arkansas  ' 
Colorado,  Dakota,  Florida,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Kentucky*  ( 
Montana,  Nevada,  Rhode  Island,  Utah,  Wisconsin  and  i 
Wyoming.  \ 

Willful  desertion,  two  yearSj.  in  Alabama,  Illinois^  < 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Mississippi,  Nebraska,  Pennsyl-  \ 
vania,  Tennessee.  5 

Willful  desertion,  three  years,  in  Connecticut,  Dela-  ^ 
ware,  Georgia,  Maine,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Minne^ 
Sota,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Ver- 
mont, and  West  Virginia. 

Willful  desertion,  five  years,  in  Virginia. 

Habitual  druuRenness,  in  all  the  States,  except  Louisip 
ana,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Carolina, 
Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia^ 
and  West  Virginia. 

"  Imprisonment  for  felony  "  or  "  conviction  of  felony,'* 
in  all  the  States,  except  Florida,  Louisiana,  Maine, 
Maryland,  Nevada,  New  Jersey,  New  Y<^k,  North 
Carolina,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  arid  Wiscon^ 
sin. 

"  Cruel  and  abusive  treatment,"  "  intolerable  cruelty,* 
"  extreme  cruelty, "  or  "  inhuman  treatment,"  in  all  the 
States,  except  Florida,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  Maryland, 
Michigan,  New  York,  Norih  Carolina,  Pennsylvania, 
South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  West  Virginia. 

Failure  to  provide,  one  year,  in  California,  Nevadi^ 


I07 


and  Wyoming;  two  years  i?n  Indiana  and  Idaho;  three 
years  in  Massachusetts;  no  time  specified  in  Maine,  Ne^ 
Draska,  Rhode  Island,  and  Vermont.  "  Gross  neglect  of 
duty,"  in  Kansas;  willful  neglect  for  three  years,  m  Dela^ 
ware. 

Fraud  and  fraudulent  contract,  in  Connecticut ,  Geor- 
gia,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania. 

Absence  without  being  heard  of,  in  New  Hamp» 
shire;  absence  two  years,  in  Tennessee;  seven  years,  m 
Connecticut  and  Vermont;  absence,  without  reasonable 
cause,  one  year,  in  Missouri:  separation  five  years,  in 
Kentucky;  voluntary  separation,  five  years,  in  Wiscon 
sin. 

Ungovernable  temper,  in  Kentucky;  "  habitual  indul* 
gence  in  violent  and  ungovernable  temper,  in  Floridaj 
"  such  indignities  as  make  life  intolerable,"  in  Missouri 
and  Wyoming;  "  indignities  as  render  life  burdensome," 
in  Oregon  and  Pennsylvania. 

Other  causes  in  different  States  are  as  follows;  "  Husband 
notoriously  immoral  before  marriage,  unknown  to  wife," 
in  West  Virginia;  "  fugit.ive  from  justice,"  in  Virginiai 
"  gross  misbehavior  or  wickedness,"  in  Rhode  Island^ 
"attempt  on  life,"  in  Illinois;  "refusal  of  wife  to  move 
into  the  State,"  in  Tennessee;  "mental  incapacity  at 
time  of  marriage,"  in  Georgia;  "three  years  with  any 
religious  society  that  believes  the  marriage  relation  un* 
lawful,"  in  Massachusetts;  "joining  any  religious  sect 
that  believes  marriage  unlawful,  and  refusing  to  cohabit 
six  months,"  in  New  Hampshire;  "parties  cannot  live 
in  peace  and  union,"  in  Utah;  "  settled  aversion,  which 
tends  to  permanently  destroy  all  peace  and  ivippiness," 
in  Kentucky. 

In  Georgia  an  absolute  divorce  is  granted  only  after 
the  concurrent  verdict  of  two  juries,  at  different  terms  of 
the  court.  In  New  York  absolute  divorce  is  graatedl 
for  but  one  cause,  adultery.  In  South  Carolina  there  is 
no  divorce  law. 

All  of  the  causes  above  enumerated  are  for  absolute  c^^ 
full  divorce,  c  V 

Divorce,  Re?narriage. — There  are  no  restrictions  upoD 
remarriage,  by  divorced  persons,  in  Connecticut,  Kenu 
*tucky,   Illinois,   and   Minnesota.     Either   party  m  y 


io8 

remarry,  V^jt  defendant  must  wait  two  years,  and  obtain 
permission  from  the  court,  in  Massac huseUs.  The  decree 
of  the  court  may  restrain  the  guilty  party  from  remarry- 
ing in  Virginia.  Parties  cannot  remarry  until  after  two 
years,  except  by  permission  of  the  court,  in  Maine.  In 
the  State  of  New  York  the  plaintiff  may  remarry,  but  the 
defendant  cannot  do  so  during  the  plaintiff's  lifetime, 
unless  the  decree  be  modified  or  proof  that  five  years 
have  elapsed,  and  that  complainant  has  married  again, 
and  defendant's  conduct  has  been  uniformly  good.  Any 
violation  of  this  is  punished  as  bigamy,  even  though  the 
other  party  has  been  married. 

The  courts  of  every  State,  and  particularly  of  New 
York,  are  very  jealous  of  their  jurisdiction,  and  generally 
refuse  to  recognize  as  valid  a  divorce  against  one  of  the 
citizens  of  the  State  by  the  court  of  another  State,  unless 
both  parties  to  the  suit  were  subject  at  the  time  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  court  granting  the  divorce. 

Kansas  courts  grant  divorces  for  the  reason  that  the 
applicant's  husband  or  wife  has  obtained  a  divc^rce  in 
another  State,  and  the  applicant  has  been  forbidden  to 
remarry.  If  a  wife  in  New  York  olitains  a  divorce  from 
her  husband,  and  he  is  forbidden  to  remarry,  he  may  go 
to  Kansas  and  obtain  a  divorce  on  that  ground.  If  his 
wife  contests  the  case,  or  can  be  served  with  the  papers 
in  Kansas,  so  that  she  is  brought  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Kansas  court,  the  courts  of  New  York  must  recog- 
nize the  divorce  as  valid,  and  cannot  punish  the  iiusband 
for  remarrying  in  New  York. 

)New  York  permits  polygamy  and  polyandry  in  certain 
cases.  Desertion  for  five  years,  without  knowledge  that 
the  deserter  is  living,  permits  the  one  deserted  to  marry 
again;  and  the  second  marriage  is  valid,  though  the  de- 
serter returns.  The  second  marriage  may  be  declared 
void,  but  only  from  the  date  of  the  decree,  by  a  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction,  upon  proper  petition;  but  if  no 
such  petition  is  made,  and  all  parties  are  satisfied,  one 
husband  may  live  in  lawful  wedlock  with  two  or  more 
wives,  or  one  wife  with  two  ok-  more  husbands.  The  chil- 
dren will  inherit,  and  both  wives  will  be  entitled  to  dower. 


MASON  AND  DIXON'S  ME. 

A  name  given  to  the  southern  boundary  .ine  of  Pennsylvaniu,, 
which  formerly  separated  it  from  the  slave  States  of  Maryland 
and  Virgina.  It  was  run — vvitli  the  exception  of  about  twenty-two 
miles— by  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  two  English  sur- 
veyors, between  Nov.  15,  1703,  and  Dec.  2t),  1767.  During  the 
excited  debate  in  Congress,  in  1820,  on  the  question  of  excluding 
slavery  from  Missouri,  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke  made  great  use 
of  this  phrase,  which  was  caught  up  and  re-echoed  by  every  news- 
paper in  the  land,  and  thus  gained  a  celebrity  which  it  still  retains. 

Air-Line  Distances  from  Washington  to  Various  Parts  of  the  World 


Miles. 

Alexandria,  Egypt   5,275 

Amsterdam,  Holland   8,555 

Athens,  Greece   5.005 

Aukland,  New  Zealand. . . .  H,290 

Algiers,  Algeria   ^,^25 

Berlin,  Prussia   3.847 

Berne,  Switzerland   3.730 

Brussels,  Belgium   3,515 

Batavia,  Java  11,118 

Bombay,  Hindostan.   8,548 

Buenos  Ayres,  A.  R   5,013 

Bremen,  Prussia   8,500 

Constantinople,  Turkey. . .  4,880 

Copenhagen,  Denmark   3,895 

Calcutta,  Hindostan   9.348 

Canton,  China   9,000 

Cairo,  Egypt    5.848 

Cape  Town,  Cape  Colony..  0.684 

Cape  of  Good  Hope   7.380 

Caraccus,  Venezuela   1,058 

Charlotte  Town,  P.  E.  I...  820 

Dublin,  Ireland   3.076 

Delhi,  Hindostan   8.36)^ 

Edinburgh,  Scotland   3,275 

Frederickton,  N.  B   670 

Gibraltar,  Spain   3,150 

Glasgow,  Scotland   8,215 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia   780 

Hamburg,  Germany   3,570 

Havana,  Cuba   1.139 

Honolulu,  S.  1   4,513 

Jerusalem,  Palestine   5,495 

Jamestown,  St.  Helena.. .  7,150 

Lima,  Peru   3,515 

Lisbon,  Portugal   3,190 

Liverpool,  England   3.228 

London,  England   3.315 

City  of  Mexico,  Mexico...  1.867 

Montevideo,  Uruguay   6. 003 

Montreal,  Canada....   471 

Madrid,  Spain   3.485 

Moscow,  Russia   4,446 


Miles, 

Manilla,  Phillipine  Islands  9,360 

Mecca,  Arabia   6,598 

Muscat,  Arabia   7.600 

Monrovia.  Liberia   8,645 

Morocco,  Morocco   3,805 

Mourzouk,  Fezzan. ...... .  5,525 

Mozambique,  Mozambique  7,348 

Ottawa,  Canada   462 

Panama,  New  Granada. ..  1,825 

Parana,  A.  R   4,733 

Port  au  Prince,  Hay ti   1,429 

Paris,  France   3,485 

Pekin,  China   8,783 

Quebec,  Canada   601 

Quito,  Ecuador   2,531 

Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil   4,280 

Rome,  Italy   4,365 

St.  Petfusburg.  Russia....  4,296 
Stockh<lm.  Sweden......  4,055 

vShangliii,  China   8,600 

Singapore.  Malay  11,300 

St.  John's,  Newfoundland.  1,340 

San  Don)ingo,  San  D   4,300 

San  Juan,  Nicaragua   1,740 

San  Salvador,  C.  A   1,650 

Santiago,  Chile   4,970 

Spanish  Town,  Jamaica...  1,446 

Sidney,  C.  B.  I   975 

Sydney,  Australia   8,968 

St.  Paul  de  Loanda   5,578 

Tinibuctoo.  Soudan   3,395 

Tripoli,  Tripoli   4,425 

Tunis,  Tunis   4,240 

Toronto ,  Canada   348 

Venice,  Italy   3,835 

Vienna,  Austria   4,115 

Valparaiso,  Chile   4,934 

Vera  Cruz,  Mexico   1,680 

Warsaw,  Poland   4,010 

Yeddo. Japan   7,530 

Zanzibar,  Zanzibar   7,078 


110 

THE  WORLD'S  FAIRS. 


WHERE  HELD. 


London  , 

Paris.  

London  

Paris. .   , 

Vienna  , 

Philadelphia  

Pari.s   , 

Sydney  , 

Melbourne  , 

Fishciies  Exhi 
bitten,  London 
Health  Exhibi- 
tion, London. . 
Inventions  Exhi- 
bition, London 
Colonial  and  In- 
dian, London. . 

Glasgow  

Paris  

Chicago  


A  rea 
Cov- 
ered. * 


1851 
1855 
1802 
1867 
1873 
1876 
1878 
1879 
1880 

1883 

1884 

1885 

1886 
1888 
1889 
1893 


Acres. 
21 
24  K 
23^ 
37 
40 
60 
60 
26 


13 


7^ 

3 


63; 


Exhib- 
itors, 


13,937 
20,839 
28,653 
50,226 
50.000 
30,864 
40,366 
9,345 


3,000 


55,000 


Visitors,  t 


6,039 
5,162 
6,211 
8,805 
6,740, 
10.164 
16,032 
1.117 
1,330 


195 
330 
,103 
,969 
500 
,489 
725 
536 
,279 


2,703,051 

4,153,390 

3,760,581 

5,550,745 
5,748,379 
28.149.353 
27.539,521 


141 
200 
171 
217 
186 
159 
194 
210 
210 

147 

151 

163 

164 
16] 
185 
184 


Receipts,  t 


$l,780,00a 
644,100 
1,614,260 
2,103,675 
1,032.385 
3,813,724 
2,531.650 
200,000 


585,000 

892,545 

750,000 

1,025.000 
566,33(> 
8,300,00(1 
14,000,00(' 


*  Buildings  and  covered  structures. 

t  The  largest  number  of  visitors  in  anyone  day  v«ras  400,000  i; 
Paris,  and  716,881  in  Chicago.        ^-p^^  Paris  Exposition,  1900,1 
t  Receipts  for  admission.  |_  see  page  92.  J 


MOST  NORTHERN  POINT  REACHED  BY  ARCTIC  EXPLORERS. 


YEAR.                EXPLORERS.                              NO.  LATITUDE. 

1607— Hudson                                   80d.  23m.  00s. 

1773— Phipps  (Lord  Musgrove)           80d.  48m.  00s. 

1806— Scoresby                                 81d.  12m.  42s. 

1827— Parry                                     82d.  45m.  30s. 

187  4 -Meyer  (on  land)                       82d.  09m.  00s. 

1875—  Markham  (]|yare's  Expedition).  83d.  20m.  26s. 

1876—  Payer                                      83d.  Qffm.  00s. 

1884— Lockwood  (Greely's  Party)...  83d.  24m.  00s. 

1890— Nansen  86d.  14m.  00s. 

1900  -Cagni  (Duke  of  Abruizzi)  86d.  33m.  00s. 


The  distance  from  the  farthest  point  of  polar  discovery 
to  the  pole  itself  is  239  miles.  But  this  polar  radius, 
though  only  239  miles  in  extent  is  covered  by  ice  gorges 
and  precipices  of  incredible  difficulty,  and  frost  is  so 
severe  that  no  instrument  of  human  invention  can  meas- 
ure its  intensity,  and  it  blisters  the  skin  like  extreme  heat. 

The  greatest  progress  that  has  ever  been  made  across 
these  wildernessesSof  storm,  of  fury  and  desolation,  was 
at  the  rate  of  six  miles  a  day. 


Ill 


•ppv 

PooM 
•inno  ^ 

JO  uuqi  J 


; 


.  M        CO  <M  00  ^ 


•  0  vo  fOOO  o 


•00  '^^00  Cn  lO  irjvO  00  o  »o 


N  C4   •-•   i-i  I 


m  lo  •'I-  Tj-  IT)  •<*-  mvo  m 


A  LIST  OF  365  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  EVENTS 
FRQIVI  1492. 


JANUARY. 

1  New  Year's  Day. 

2  Quakers  free  slaves,  1788. 

3  Battle  of  Princeton,  1777. 

4  National  Fast,  1861. 

5  Richmond  burned,  1781. 

6  Santa  Anna  president,  1853. 

7  Millard  Fillmore  born,  1800.  , 

8  Mississippi  seceded,  1861. 

9  New  York  founded,  1614. 

10  Battle  Middle  Creek,  Ky.,  1862. 

11  Arkansas  Post  surrendered,  1863. 

12  Vicksburg  fortified,  1861. 

13  Gen.  Taylor  ordered  to  Mexico,  1846. 

14  Peace  declared,  1783. 
16  Edward  Everett  died,  1865. 

16  Napier  appointed  envoy  to  United  States,  1857. 

17  Benjamin  Franklin  born,  1706. 

18  Georgia  seceded,  1861. 

19  Battle  Mill  Spring.  Ky.,  1862. 

20  Independence  United  States  recognized,  1783. 

21  Fremont  born,  1813. 

22  Battle  Frenchtown,  1813. 

23  Battle  Encarnacion,  Mex.,  1847. 

24  President  Johnson's  imp.  trial,  1868  • 

25  Louisiana  seceded,  1861. 

26  Michigan  admitted,  1837. 

27  Audubon  died,  1851. 

28  William  H.  Prescott  died,  1859. 

29  Kansas  admitted,  1861. 

30  N.  P.  Banks  born,  1816. 
81  Str.  Metropolis  lost,  1878. 

112 


"3 


FEBRUARY. 

1  Texas  seceded,  1861. 

2  Peace  with  Mexico,  1848. 

3  Horace  Greeley  born,  181 1. 

4  Confederate  Congress  met,  i86x« 
J  Hatcher's  Run,  Va.,  1865. 

6  Fort  Henry  captured,  1862. 

7  U.  S.  Bank  suspends,  1841. 

'8  Jeff  Davis  elected  President,  i86l« 

9  Bishop  Waugh  died,  1858. 

10  Treaty  of  Paris,  1763. 

11  Charleston  evacuated,  1865 

12  A.  Lincoln  b3rn,  1809. 

13  Fernando  Wood  died,  1881. 

14  St.  Valentine's  Day. 

15  Maine  blown  up  in  Havana  harbor,  1898. 

16  Fort  Donelson  surrendered,  1862. 

17  Columbia,  S.  C,  burned,  1865. 
%S  Jeff  Davis  inaugurated,  1861. 

19  First  National  Thanksgiving,  1795, 

20  Battle  Olistee,  Fla.,  1864.  r 

21  Battle  Valverde,  N.  M.,  1861. 

22  Washington  born,  1732. 

23  Nashville  taken,  1862. 

24  Peacock  captured,  1813. 

25  Battle  Trenton,  1776. 

26  Gen.  Sickles  acquitted,  1859. 

27  Longfellow  born,  1807. 

20  Black  Warrior  seized,  1854. 

MARCH. 

1  Nebraska  admitted,  1867. 

2  Missouri  admitted,  1821. 

3  Florida  admitted,  1845. 

4  Vermont  admitted,  1791. 

5  Boston  massacre,  1770. 

6  Battle  Pea  Ridge,  1862. 

7  Bible  Society  founded,  1804. 

8  Wesley  started  for  America,  1738, 

9  Monitor  destroys  Merrimac,  1862. 

10  McClellan  crossed  Potomac,  1862. 

11  Benjamin  West  died,  1820. 


114 


12  Chicago  flood,  1849. 

13  Pocahontas  died,  1617. 

14  Jackson  born,  1767. 

15  Battle  Guilford  C.  H.,  1781. 

16  Expunging  Res.  ad.,  1837. 

17  St.  Patrick's  Day. 

18  Calhoun  born,  1782. 

19  Patent  of  Conn,  issued,  163 1. 

20  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  pub.,  185a. 

21  Nevada  admitted,  1864. 

22  Stamp  Act  passed,  1765. 

23  Battle  Winchester,  1862. 

24  Longfellow  died,  1882. 

25  Port  Bill  passed,  1774. 

26  Gov.  Winthrop  died,  1640. 

27  Vera  Cruz  taken,  1847. 

28  Essex  captured,  1814. 

29  J.  J.  Astor  died,  1848. 

30  Crimean  war  ends,  1856. 

31  Calhoun  died,  1850. 

APRIl. 

1  Battle  Five  Forks,  1865. 

2  Jefferson  born,  1743. 

3  Richmond  captured, '  1 865. 

4  President  Harrison  died,  1841* 

5  Yorktown  besieged,  1862. 

6  Washington  elected,  1789. 

7  Channing  born,  1780. 

8  Louisiana  admitted,  i8i2» 

9  Lee's  surrender,  1865.  Lee  leaves  Havana,  1898. 
«o    Modoc  massacre,  1873. 

II  Mobile  evacuated,  1865. 
J2    Henry  Clay  born,  1777. 

13  Fall  of  Sumter,  1862. 

14  Lincoln  shot,  1865. 

15  First  call  for  troops,  i86i. 

16  Slavery  abolished  D.  C. ,  1862. 

17  Benjamin  Franklin  died,  1790. 

18  Battle  Cerro  Gordo,  1847. 

19  Battle  Lexington,  1775. 

20  Plymouth,  N.  C,  captured,  1864. 
ai     tVorfolk  Navy  Yard  captured,  1861. 


115. 


S2  Buclianan  born,  1 791. 

a3  Stephen  A.  Douglas  born,  1831. 

24  First  newspaper  published  in  America,  i764» 

25  Congress  aeclares  war  on  Spain,  1898. 

26  Johnston  surrendered,  1865. 

27  U.  S.  Grant  born,  1822. 

28  Maryland  admiited,  1788. 

29  Bishop  Morris  born,  1794. 

30  Washington  inaugurated,  1789. 


1  Dewey  destroys  Spanish  fleet,  Mamia,  1898. 

2  Battle  of  Chancellorville,  1863. 

3  Columbus  discovered  Jamaica,  1494. 

4  Yorktown  evacuated,  1862. 

5  Battle  of  Williamsburg,  1862. 
o  Tennessee  seceded,  1861. 

7  Arkansas  seceded,  1861. 

8  Battle  of  Palo  Alto,  1846. 

9  Battle  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  1846* 

10  Jeff  Davis  captured,  1865. 

11  Minnesota  admitted,  1858. 

12  Crown  Point  captured,  1775. 


14  Battle  Jackson,  Miss.,  1863. 

l|  Battle  Resaca,  Ga.,  1864. 

ID  W.  H.  Seward  born,  1801. 

17  Great  fire,  St.  Louis,  1849. 

18  Matamoras  captured,  1846. 

19  Hawthorne  died,  1864. 

20  Lafayette  died,  1834. 

21  North  Carolina  seceded,  1 861. 

22  Assault  on  Vicksburg,  1863. 

23  South  Carolina  admitted,  1778 

24  Brooklyn  bridge  opened,  1883. 

25  Philadelphia  Convention  met,  174S. 

26  Pequod  massacre,  1637. 

3 Fort  Erie  evacuated,  1813. 
Noah  Webster  died,  1843. 

19  Rhode  Island  admitted,  1790. 

30  Congress  met  in  Washington,  I&)& 

it  Battle  Seven  Pines.  1862. 


MAY. 


ii6 


jUNE. 

fi  Kentucky  admitted,  1792. 

S  Battle  Cold  Harbor,  Va.,  1864. 

3  Battle  Pliilippi,  Va.,  1861. 

4  Port  Pillow  captured,  1862. 

5  Battle  Piedmont,  Va.,  1864. 

6  Memphis  taken,  1862. 

7  United  States  Bank  founded,  1791. 
S  Jamestv^wn,  Va.,  abandoned,  i6io, 
9  Georgia  chartered,  1732. 

to  Battle  Big  Bethel,  1861. 

tl  Sherman  arrives  Kenesaw,  1864. 

12  Bryant  died,  1878. 

13  Fugitive  slave  bill  repealed,  1864. 

14  Tax  on  tea  ordered,  1767. 

15  Arkansas  admitted,  1836. 

16  Battle  Bunker  Hill,  1775. 

17  Charleston,  Mass.,  burned,  1775. 

18  War  declared  Great  Britain,  1812. 

19  Alabama  sunk  by  Kearsarge,  1864. 

20  United  States  flag  adopted,  1777. 

21  New  Hampshire  admitted,  1788. 

22  Battle  Craney  Id.,  1813. 

23  Battle  Springfield,  N.  J.,  1780. 

24  Labrador  discovered,  1497 

25  Gen.  Custer  killed,  1876. 

26  Seven  days'  fight,  Virginia,  1^62. 

27  Vera  Cruz  surrendered,  1847. 
a8  Battle  of  Charleston,  1776. 

29  Henry  Clay  died,  1852. 

30  Guiteau  hanged,  1882.  Battle  of  Caney,  189&. 

JULY. 

I  Battle  Gettysburg  begun,  1863, 

d  President  Garfield  shot,  1881. 

^  Cervera*s  fleet  destr-^'.  ^a,  Santiago,  1898.. 

4  Independence  Day. 

r British  captured  Ticonderoga,  1777. 
Battle  Carthage,  Mo.,  1861. 

7  Mrs.  Surratt  hanged,  1865. 

8  Abcrcrombie  defeated,  1758. 

9  Braddock's  defeat,  1755. 


117 


10  Columbus  horn,  1447. 

11  J.  Q.  Av^cuis  born,  1767. 

12  Hull  invades  Canada,  1812. 

13  Draft  riots.  New  York,  1863. 

14  Second  Chicago  fire,  1874.  Santiago  sur  'nders, 

15  Stony  Point  captured,  1779. 

16  Battle  Point  au  Play,  1814. 

17  Fort  Mackinaw  captured, ^812. 
Assaults  on  Fort  Wagner,  1863. 

19  Great  fire  in  New  York,  1845. 

20  Confederate  Congress  met,  1861. 

21  First  Battle  Bull  Run,  i86l. 

22  McPherson  killed,  1864. 

23  Battle  Caloosahatchie,  1839. 

24  Van  Buren  died,  1862. 

25  Battle  Lundy's  Lane,  1814. 

26  Louis  Philippe  died,  185Q- 

27  John  Morgan  captured,  1063. 

28  Fighting  ends  at  Atlanta,  1864. 

29  Confederate  soldiers  paroled,  1865* 

30  Chambersburg  burned,  1864. 

31  Battle  Montmorenci,  1759. 

AUGUST. 

1  Columbus  discovered  mainland,  149& 

2  Battle  Sandusky,  1813. 

3  Columbus  left  Spain,  1492. 

4  Iowa  adopted  Constitution,  1846. 

5  Mobile  forts  attacked,  1864. 

6  Ram  Tennessee  captured,  1864. 

7  Great  fire  in  New  York,  1778. 

8  Battle  of  Mackinaw,  18 14. 

9  Battle  of  Cedar  Mt.,  Va.,  1862. 
ID  Missouri  admitted,  1821.  . 

11  Davis  Straits  discovered,  1585. 

12  Spanish- American  peace  protocol  signed,  iSc 

13  Fort  Erie  bombarded,  1814. 

14  Oswego  taken,  1756. 

15  Lafayette  revisits  United  States,  1824* 

16  Hull's  surrender,  181 2. 

17  N.  E.  Courant  established^,  1721. 

18  Battle  Fishing  Creek,  1780.  > 


iiS 

19  Guerriere  captured,  1812, 

J»  Battle  Contreras,  1847. 

Sll  Lawrence,  Kas.,  burned,  1863. 

S2  Yacht  America  wins,  1851. 

83    New  Mexico  annexed,  1846. 

2*4    Washington  taken,  1 8 14. 

a[5    British  army  in  Chesapeake,  1 777. 

26  Stamp  Act  riot,  1768. 

27  Battle  Long  Island,  1776. 
2$  First  cable  message,  1858. 
2^  Capture  of  Hatteras,  1 861. 
30  WilHam  Penn  died,  17 18. 

3k  Battle  Jonesboro,  Ga.,  1864. 

SEPTEMBER. 

Itf  Lopez  garroted,  185X. 

^  Atlanta  evacuated,  1S64. 

^  Treaty  of  Paris,  1783. 

4  Gen.  Morgan  killed,  1864. 

.fS  Continental  Congress  met,  1774. 

6  May  Flower  sailed,  16^0. 

7  Brazil  declared  independent,  i822u 

8  Montreal  surrendered,  1 760. 

9  California  admitted,  1850. 

10  Hudson  River  discovered,  i6o§# 

11  Battle  Brandy  wine,  1777. 

12  Battle  Chapultepec,  1847. 

13  Battle  Quebec,  1759. 

14  Fulton's  steamboat  starts,  i8ej^. 

15  Fenimore  Cooper  born,  1789. 

16  Battle  Harlem  Plains,  1776. 

17  Battle  Antietam,  1862. 

lo  Surrender  of  Quebec,  1759. 

19  Battle  Saratoga,  17.77. 

20  Capture  of  Lexington,  Mo.,  l86i. 
ai  Andre  captured,  1780. 

22  Battle  Fisher's  Hill,  Va.,  1864. 

23  Serapis  captured,  1779. 

24  Montery  surrendered,  1846. 

25  Battle  Montreal,  1775. 
Philadelphia  captured  by  British,  1777. 

ft7  Steamer  Artie  lost,  1854. 


iig 

j8  Fort  narrison,  Va.,  captured,  1864. 

2g  Draft  in  New  York,  1862. 

30  Peace  treaty  with  France,  1800. 

OCTOBER.  , 

I  British  troops  arrived  Boston,  1768. 

t  Andre  executed,  1780. 

J  Blackhawk  died,  18^8, 

4^  Battle  Corinth,  1862".  ^ 

5  Tecumseh  killed,  18 13. 

6  Peace  proclaimed,  1783. 

7  E.  A.  Poe  died,  1849. 

8  Battle  Perryviiie,  Ky.,  186a. 

9  Great  Chic. -.c  tire,  1871. 

10  B.  West  born,  1738. 

11  Prince  of  Waies  arrived  in  New  York,  i86a 

12  R.  E.  Lee  died,  1870. 

13  Battle  of  Queenstown,  1812. 

14  William  Penn  born,  1644. 

15  Chippewa  i:  Iains,  i8i4. 

16-  First  newspaper  in  New  York,  17^*5. 

17  Burgoyne  surrendered,  1777, 

18  Sloop  Frolic  captured,  18 12. 
ig  Surrender  of  Cornwallis,  1781. 
aa  dteamer  Florida  captured,  1864. 

21  Battle  Ball's  Bluff,  1861. 

22  Battle  Fort  Mercer,  1777. 

23  Battle  St.  Regis,  1812. 

24  Daniel  Webster  died,  1852. 

25  Macedonian  captured,  1812. 

26  Fight  of  Chatauqua,  1813. 

27  Ram  Albemarle  destroyed,  1864. 
18  Harvard  College  founded,  1636, 

29  Battle  White  Plains,  1776. 

30  Old  John  St.  Church  died,  1768. 

31  Nevada  admitted,  1864. 

NOVEMBER. 

1  Battle  French  Creek,  1813. 

2  Erie  Canal  finished,  1825. 

3  Bryant  born,  1794. 

4  Declaration  of  rights  by  Congress,  1774, 

5  Grant's  second  election',  1872. 


I20 

t  Lincoln  elected,  i860, 

f Battle  of  Tippecanoe,  1811. 
Mason  and  Slidell  seized,  1861. 

^  Mayflower  arrived  Cape  Cod,  1620. 

1^  Dutch  seized  rule  New  York,  1674. 

11  Battle  Shryser's  Field,  1813. 

12  Conscription  declared  unconstitutional,  186^ 

13  Montreal  captured^  1775. 

14  Sherman  marched  to  sea,  1864. 

15  Great  fire  in  New  York,  1835. 

16  Fort  Washington  captured,  1776. 

17  Teff  Davis  threatens  reprisal,  1862. 

18  Battle  Fish  Dam,  S.  C,  1780. 

19  Garfield  born,  1831. 

20  Battle  Belle  Isle,  1759. 

21  North  Carolina  admitted,  1789. 

22  Bishop  Wiley  died,  1884. 

23  Bragg  defeated,  1863. 

24  Battle  Lookout  Mountain,  1863, 

25  Evacuation  New  York,  1783. 

26  Battle  Mission  Ridge,  1863. 

27  Hoosac  Tunnel  opened,  1873. 

28  Irving  died,  1859. 

29  Wendell  Phillips  born,  181 1. 

30  Revolutionary  War  ends,  1 782. 

DECEMBER. 

1  Statue  Washington  unveiled,  iS^2, 

2  John  Brown  executed,  1859. 

3  Illinois  admitted,  181 8. 

4  Alabama  admitted,  18 18. 

5  Van  Buren  born,  1782. 

6  Carver  landed  New  England,  1620. 

7  Delaware  admitted,  1787. 

8  Washington  crossing  Delaware,  1776. 

9  Buffalo  burned,  1 8 13. 

10  Mississippi  admitted,  181 7. 

11  Pilgrims  landed,  1620. 

12  Pennsylvania  admitted,  1787. 

13  Battle  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  1862. 

14  Washington  died,  1799. 

15  Hartford  convention,  1814, 


121 


1 6  Boston  Tea  Party,  1773. 

17  General  Bolivar  died,  1830 

18  New  Jersey  admitted,  1787, 

19  Massacre  Narragansetts,  1675, 

20  South  Carolina  seceded,  i86a 

21  Savannah  captured,  1864. 

22  Embargo  on  American  ships,  1807. 

23  Washington  resigned  commission,  1 783. 

24  Fort  Fisher  stormed,  1864. 

25  Christmas. 

26  Major  Anderson  occupied  Sumter,  i860? 

27  Battle  Chickasaw  Bayou,  1862. 

28  Iowa  admitted,  1846. 

29  Texas  admitted,  1845. 

30  New  Mexico  purchased,  1853. 

31  Monitor  founded,  1862. 


MILES  OF  VARIOUS  NATIONS. 


rhe  English  and  American  mile  is   1,760  yards^ 

The  Scotch  mile  is   1,984  * 

The  Irish  mile  is   2,240  ** 

The  German  mile  is   8,106  " 

The  Dutch  and  Prussian  mile  is   6,480  ** 

The  Italian  mile  is   1,766  ** 

The  Vienna  post  mile  is  8,296  ** 

The  Swiss  mile  is   9,i53  " 

The  Sv/edish  and  Danish  mile  is   7,34i-5  " 

The  Arabian  mile  is   2,143  " 

The  Roman  mile  is   1,628  or  2,0^5  " 

The  Werst  mile  is   i,  167  or  1,337  ** 

The  Tuscan  mile  is     1,808  " 

The  Turkish  mile  is .. ,   1,826  ** 

The  Flemish  mile  is    6,86q  " 


Facts  About  Postage  Stampis. 

The  number  of  postage  stamps  used  in  a  year  Is  some* 
thing  enormous.  For  instance,  the  ordinary  postal 
revenue  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1900,  was  $102,- 
354,879.  On  that  date  there  were  4, "280  presidential 
offices,  and  72,408  fourth-class  offices.  Tue  number  of 
money  orders  was  32,060,98^,  for  a  total  amount  of 
$238,9«1,010. 


122 


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123 


RELATIVE  HARDNESS  OF  WOODS 

Taking  shell  bark  hickory  as  the  higiiest  standard  of 
our  forest  trees,  and  calling  that  100,  other  trees  will 
compare  with  it  for  hardness  as  follows: 


Shell  bark  hickory  100 

Pignut  hickory   96 

White  oak   84 

White  ash   77 

Dogwood   75 

Scrub  oak   73 

White  hazel   72 

Apple  tree   70 

Red  oak     69 

White  beech   65 

Black  walnut   65 

Black  birch   62 


Yellow  oak   69 

White  elm   58 

Hard  maple   56 

Red  cedar   56 

Wild  cherry   55 

Yellow  pine   54 

Chestnut   ^52 

Yellow  poplar   51 

Butternut     43 

White  birch   43 

White  pine  ,   30 


Timber  intended  for  posts,  is  rendered  almost  proof 
against  rot  by  thorough  seasoning,  charring  and  imm  3r» 
sion  in  hot  coal  tar. 


PERIODS  OF  GESTATION 

In  the  horse  and  ass  are  about  the  same,  or  11  months 
each,  camel  12  months,  elephant  2  years,  lion  5  months, 
buffalo  12  months,  in  the  human  female  9  months,  cow  9 
months,  sheep  5  months,  dog  9  weeks,  cat  8  weeks,  sow 
16  weeks,  she  wolf  from  90  to  95  days.  The  goose  sits  30 
days,  swans  42,  hens  21,  ducks  30,  peahens  and  turkeys 
'^8.  canaries  14,  pigeons  14,  parrots  40. 


SUBTERRANEAN  I^EAT 

The  deepest  coal  mine  in  England  is  at  Killingworth, 
near  Newcastle,  and  the  mean  annual  temperature  at  400 
yards  below  the  surface  is  77  degrees,  and  at  300  yards 
70  degrees,  while  at  the  surface  it  is  but  48  degrees,  being 
1  deeree  of  increase  for  every  15  yards.  This  explains 
the  origin  of  hot  springs,  for  at  3,300  yards  the  heat 
would  be  equal  to  boiling  water,  taking  20  yards  to  a 
degree.  The  heat  of  the  Bath  waters  is  116  degrees, 
hence  they  would  appear  to  rise  1,320  yards. 

Peron  relates  that  at  the  depth  of  2.144  in  the  sea  the 
thermometer  falls  to  45  degrees,  when  it  is  86  degrees  at 
the  surface. 

Swemberg  and  Fourier  calculate  the  temperature  of 
the  celestial  spaces  at  50  degrees  centigrade  below 
freezing. 

In  Northern  Siberia  the  ground  is  frozen  permanently 
to  the  depth  of  660  feet,  and  only  thaws  to  the  extent  of 
3  or  4  feet  in  summer.  Below  660  feet  internal  heat 
begins. 


124 


AGES  OF  ANIMALS,  ETC. 

Elephant  100  years  and  upward,  rhinoceros  20,  camel 
100,  lion  25  to  70.  tigers,  leopards,  jaguars  and  hyenas 
(in  confinement)  about  25  years,  beavers  50  years,  deer 
20,  wolf  20,  fox  14  to  16,  llamas  15,  chamois  25,  monkeys 
and  baboons  16  to  18,  hare  8,  squirrel  7,  rabbit  7,  swine 
'25,  stag  under  50,  horse  30,  ass  30,  sheep  under  10,  cow 
20,  ox  30,  swans,  parrots  and  ravens  200,  eagle  100,  geese 
80,  hens  and  pigeons  10  to  1 6,  hawks  36  to  40,  cranes  24, 
blackbird  10  to  12,  peacock  20,  pelican  D  to  50,  thrush  8 
to  10,  wren  2  to  3,  nightingale  15,  blacKcap  15,  linnet  14 
to  23,  goldfinch  20  to  24.  redbreast  10  to  12,  skylark  10 
to  30,  titlark  5  to  6,  chaffinch  20  to  24.  starling  10  to  12, 
carp  70  to  150,  pike  30  to  40.  salmon  16,  codfish  14  to  17, 
eel  10,  crocodile  100.  tortoise  100  to  200,  whale  estimated 
1,000, -queen  bees  live  4  years,  drones  4  months,  working 
bees  6  months. 


THE  ALPS 

These  mountains  comprise  about  180  peaks,  from 
4,000  to  i5J32  feet  high,  the  latter  being  the  height  of 
Mont  Blanc,  the  highest  spot  in  Europe.  The  summit  is 
a  sharp  ridge,  like  the  roof  of  a  house,  consisting  of 
nearly  vertical  granite  rocks.  The  ascent  of  there  awful 
solitudes  is  most  perilous,  owing  to  the  narrow  paths, 
tremendous  ravines,  -icy  barriers,  precipices,  etc.  In 
many  places  every  step  has  to  be  mt  in  the  ice,  the  party 
being  tied  to  each  other  by  ropes  so  that  if  one  slips  he 
may  be  held  up  by  the  rest,  and  silence  is  enforced,  lest 
the  noise  of  talking  should  dislodge  the  avalanches  of 
the  Aiguille  du  Midi.  The  view  from  the  mountain  is 
inexpressibly  grand.  On  the  Alps,  the  limit  of  the  vine 
is  an  elevation  of  1.600  feet:  below  l.GOO  feet,  figs, 
oranges  and  olives  are  produced.  The  limit  of  the  oak  is 
3,800  feet,  of  the  chestnut  2.800  feet,  of  the  pine  6,500 
feet,  of  heaths  and  furze  to  8,700  and  9.700  feet,  and  per- 
petual snow  exists  at  an  elevation  of  8,200  feet. 

On  the  Andes,  in  latitude  2  degrees,  the  limit  of  perpet- 
ual snow  is  14,760  feet;  in  Mexico,  latitude  19  degrees, 
the  limit  is  13,800  feet;  on  the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  11,454 
feet;  on  Mount  Etna,  9,000  feet:  on  the  Caucasus.  9,900 
feet:  the  Pyrenees,  8,400  feet;  in  Lapland,  3,100  feet; 
in  Iceland,  2.980  feet.  The  walnut  ceases  to  grow  at  an 
elevation  of  3,600  feet;  the  yellow  pine  at  6,200  feet;  the 
ash  at  4,800  feet,  and  the  fir  at  6.700  feet.  The  loftiest 
inhabited  spot  on  the  globe  is  the  Port  House  of  Anco- 
marca,  on  the  Andes,  in  Peru,  16.000  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  The  fourteenth  peak  of  the  Himalayas,  in 
Asia.  25,659  feet  high,  is  the  loftiest  mountain  in  the 
world. 


125 


ANCIENT  AND  M6CERN  ENGINEERING 

Babel,  now  called  Birs  Nimroud,  built  at  'E£:'jjl(m.  to-y 
Belus,  was  used  as  an  observatory  and  as  a  Temple  of 
the  Sun.  It  was  composed  of  eight  square  towers,  one 
over  the  other,  in  all  670  feet  high,  and  the  same  dimen- 
sions on  each  side  on  the  ground. 

The  Coliseum  at  Rome,  built  by  Vespasian  for  100,000 
spectators,  was  in  its  longest  diameter  615-5  feet,  and  in 
the  shortest  510,  embraced  acres,  and  was  120  feet 
high. 

Eight  acqueducts  supplied  ancient  Rome  with  water, 
delivering  40  millions  of  cubic  feet  daily.  That  of 
Claudia  was  47  miles  long  and  100  feet  high,  so  as  to 
furnish  the  hills.  Martia  was  41  miles,  of  which  37  were 
on  7,000  arches  70  feet  high.  These  vast  erections  would 
never  have  been  built  had  the  Romans  known  that  water 
always  rises  to  its  own  level. 

The  Temple  of  Diana,  at  Ephesus,  was  425  feet  long  and 
225  feet  broad,  with  127  columns,  60  feet  high,  to  support 
the  roof.   It  was  220  years  in  building. 

Solomon's  Temple,  built  1014  B.  C,  was  60  cubits  or 
107  feet  in  length,  the  breadth  20  cubits  or  36  feet,  and 
the  height  30  cubits  or  54  feet.  The  porch  was  36  feet 
long  and  18  feet  wide. 

The  largest  one  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids  is  543  feet 
high,  693  feet  on  the  sides,  and  its  base  covers  11  acres. 
The  layers  of  stones  are  208  in  number.  Many  stones  are 
over  30  feet  long,  4  broad  and  3  thick. 

The  Temple  of  Ypsambul.  in  Nubia,  is  enormously 
massive  and  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock.  Belzoni  found  in 
it  4  immense  figures,  65  feet  high,  25  feet  over  the 
shoulders,  with  a  face  of  7  feet  and  the  ears  over  3  feet. 

Sesostris  erected  in  the  temple  in  Memphis  immense 
statues  of  himself  and  his  wife,  50  feet  high,  and  of  his 
children,  28  feet. 

In  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at  Baal  bee,  are  stones  more 
than  50  feet  long,  24  feet  t^ilck  and  16  broad,  each 
embracing  23,000  cubic  feet,  cut,  squared,  sculptured 
and  transported  from  neighboring  quarries  Six  enor- 
mous columns  are  each  72  feet  high,  composed  of  3  stones 
7  feet  in  diameter.  Sesostris  is  credited  with  having 
transported  from  the  mountains  of  Arabia  a  rock  32  feet 
Wide  and  240  feet  long. 

The  engineering  applicances  used  by  the  ancients  in  the 
movement  of  these  immense  masses  are  but  imperfectly 
understood  at  the  present  day.  r 

During  modern  times,  a  block  of  granite  weighing 
1,217  tons,  now  used  as  the  pedestal  of  the  equestrian 
statyie  of  Peter  the  Great,  at  St.  Petersburg,  was  trans- 
ported 4  miles  by  land  over  a  railway  and  13  miles  iu  a 
vast  caisson  by  water.   The  railway  consisted  of  tWo 


126 


lines  of  timber  furnished  with  hard  metal  grooves;  be- 
tween these  grooves  were  i)laced  spheres  of  hard  brass 
about  6  inches  in  diameter.  On  these  spheres  the  frame 
with  its  massive  load  was  easily  moved  by  60  men,  work- 
ing at  capstans  with  treble  purchase  blockSo 

In  1/716  Swedenborg  contrived  to  transport  (on  rolling 
machines  of  his  own  invention)  over  valleys  and  moun- 
tains, 2  galleys,  5  large  boats  and  1  sloop,  from  Strom- 
stadt  to  Iderfjol  (which  divides  Sweden  from.  Norway  on 
the  south),  a  distance  of  14  miles,  by  which  means 
Charles  XII.  was  able  to  carry  on  his  plans,  and  under 
cover  of  the  galleys  and  boats  to  transport  on  pontoons 
Ris  heavy  artillery  to  the  very  walls  of  Frederickshall. 


EGYPT  AND  THE  NILE 

The  Nile  has  a  fall  of  6  inches  of  1,000  miles.  The  rise 
of  the  river  commences  in  June,  continuing  until  the 
middle  of  August,  attaining  an  elevation  of  from  24  to  26 
feet,  and  flowing  the  valley  of  Egypt  12  miles  wide.  In 
1829  it  rose  to  26  cubits,  by  which  30.000  persons  were 
drowned."  It  is  a  terrible  climate  to  live  in.  owing  to  the 
festering  heat  and  detestable  exhalations  from  the  mud, 
etc.,  left  on  the  retiring  of  the  Nile,  which  adds  about  4 
inches  to  the  soil  in  a  century,  and  encroaches  on  the  sea 
16  feet  every  year.  Bricks  have  been  found  at  the  depth 
of  60  feet.  sh(nving  the  vast  antiquity  of  the  country. 
In  productive'  .ess  of  soil  it  is  excelled  by  no  other  in  the 
world. 

Belzoni  considered  the  tract  between  the  first  and  sec- 
ond cataract  of  the  Nile  as  the  hottest  on  the  globe,  owing 
to  tliere  being  no  rain.  The  native  do  not  credit  the  phe- 
nomenon of  water  falling  from  above.  Hence  it  is  that 
all  monuments  are  so  nicely  preserved.  Buckingham 
found  a  building  left  unfinished  about  4.000  years  ago, 
and  the  chalk  marks  on  the  stones  were  still  perfect. 

Pompey's  Pillar  is  92  feet  high,  and  27!^  round  at  the 
base. 

The  French  removed  a  red  granite  column  95  feet  high, 
weighing  210  tons,  from  Thebes,  and  carried  it  to  Paris. 
The  display  of  architectural  ruins  at  Thebes  is  one  of  the 
most  astonishing  to  be  seen  anywhere  in  the  world.  The 
ruins  and  costly  bujldings  in  old  eastern  countries,  are 
so  vast  in  their  proportions  and  so  many  in  number  that 
it  would  require  volumes  to  describe  them. 


VARIOUS  SIZES  OF  TYPE 

!r  r(^:  ',ire.s  205  lines  of  Diamond  type  to  make  12 
iTU'l  .  -  '  ^^earl  178,  of  Rubv  166,  of  Nonpareil  143. -of 
Mhi^  "  "r.evier  112^,  of  Bourcreois  10214,  of  Long 

FriiK  Mall  Pica  83,  of  Pica  71 V^.  of  English  64. 


A  grain  of  y  Aiiir    ie  lo  iLCinit  ol 

being  dividea   v  .        ij  .    -  and  irAUion^  of  \isible 

parts:  that  is,  by  tiie  aid  of  a  microscopn  m-ignifyiiui  one 
thousand  times.  A  sovereign  is  thus  cj  ^-abie  oi:  divisior 
into  tei  i  Tiiillions  of  millions  of  visible  p..  :(  icJes,  being  ten 
thoi'S'^  iid  times  as  many  such  particlea  there  are  men, 
wojiK  t;  ni children  in  all  the  world. 

Sf  a  ;  AMYOUS  COMBUSTiON—Lieb; 7;,  in  his  ''•Familiar 
Let:  ■  -  on  Ghemistry,"  has  proved  Ihe  unsoundness  of 
fepoiii;;  iieous  combustion.  Yet  Dr.  Lindle.v  gives  nineteen 
instances  of  something  akin,  or  ?;>e  r:  r,u]  v.-tjtion  of  the 
humuu  body  by  contact  with  quence  of 

the  riatuvation  of  its  tissues  b 

Vibrations  of  the  Am-  beneath  a 

railway  girder-brjdge  with  i  over  his 

head,  when  a  train  is  pas   .1  of  the  air 

^vTH  he  distinctly  felt  in  th^      .        .  i-s  the  um- 

oecause  the  outspread  sun  ace  coUecis  and  con- 
(  s  the  waves  into  the  focus  of  the  handle. 
EARTH'S  Center— All  bodies  weigh  less  the  fur- 
noved  they  are  from  the  center  of  the  earth.  A 
i  stone  weighing  700  pounds  upon  the  sea-shore, 
igh  only  699  pounds  if  carried  up  a  mountain  three 
:ie.]  high.   A  pendulum  oscillates  more  quickly  at  the 
'les  than  at  the  equator,  because  the  earth  is  flatter  by 
"enty-six  miles  at  the  poles— that  is,  the  "bob"  of  the 
ndulum  is  that  much  nearer  the  earth's  center,  antl 
lerefore  heavier,  and  so  swings  more  quickly. 

PHOTOGRAPHING  THE  INVISIBLE. 

p"     A  W  Wright  of  Yale  University,  who  is  in  charge 

<  itory  and  professor  of  experimental 
I                          diution,  has  recently  confirmed  in  the 

nner  the  experiments  of  P)-of .  Roentgen, 

<  [  \\  Ui  Ziun  g,  Germany,  in  photographing  objects  behind 
opaque  bodies  by  the  use  of  cathode  rays— in  other  words, 
in  photographing  objects  invisible  to  the  eve. 

In  making  the  photographs  of  invisible  objects  a  high- 
ly sensitized  plate  is  placed  in  an  ordinary  photographic 
plate  holder.  Right  in  front  of  it  is  placed  the  object  to 
e  photographed.  In  the  case  illustrated  it  was  an  ordi- 
ary  lead  pencil,  and  his  purpose  was  to  photograph  the 
-  ad  in  the  pencil. 

Next  to  the  object  to  be  photographed  is  placed  a  high 
vacuum  tube,  technically  known  as  Crooke's  tube,  in 
which  there  is  an  almost  perfect  vactumi.  At  the  upper 
end  "t  '  hi  nibe  the  cathode  or  negative  pole  of  the  bat- 
^fyy      i'lci'  hed,  the  positive  pole  being  attached  to  the 

^   i-^y  t  n  I  of  the  tube  and  both  polep,  being  connected  with 


128 


an  indp.ction  coil  giving  out  very  high  potential  dis- 
charges. 

When  the  object  to  be  photographed  has  been  for 
a  short  time  before  the  sensitized  plate  the  latter  is  re- 
moved and  developed  like  any  other  photo,  and  prints  of 
the  impression  on  it  can  be  made  to  any  number  desired. 

The  results  obtained  by  Prof  Roentgen  in  his  experi- 
ments have  been  most  astonishing.  A  lecture  was  given 
in  Berlin  on  the  new  discovery,  and  the  lecturer,  in  its 
course,  made  several  striking  photographs.  He  took  a 
purse,  put  a  key  and  some  coins  into  it,  wrapped  up  the 
whole  in  black  paper,  and  laid  it  on  a  photographic  plate; 
in  order  to  show  the  great  penetrating  power  of  the  rays 
he  laid  on  the  top  of  the  wrapped  up  purse  a  board  two 
fingers  in  thickness. 

He  then  exposed  the  whole  to  the  rays  electrically  pro- 
duced in  the  Roentgen  tubes.  After  about  fifteen  min- 
utes the  letcurer  took  out  the  plate,  developed  it  and  had 
it  thrown  by  limelight  on  a  white  curtain.  With  the 
greatest  clearness  were  seen  the  key  and  the  coins,  while 
even  the  outlines  of  the  purse  were  scarcely  visible. 

Among  other  photographs  shown  was  one  representing 
the  hand  of  a  man  who,  years  ago,  ran  into  it  a  piece  of 
glass,  which  could  not  be  extracted,  and  always  pene- 
trated deeper.  The  photograph  of  the  skeleton  of  the 
hand  produced  by  Prof.  Roentgen's  method  showed  this 
bit  of  glass  quite  distinctly. 

Very  interesting  also  was  the  reproduction  of  a  photo- 
graph of  a  large  metal  plate.  It  appeared  that  the  plate 
had  been  broken  in  different  places,  then  welded  together, 
and  so  smoothed  over  that  one  saw  nothing  of  the  joints. 
The  cathode  rays  brought  the  fracture  to  lignt  quite  dis- 
tinctly. Would  not  these  cathode  rays  be  useful  in  look- 
ing for  flaws  in  our  armor  plates? 

The  cathode  rays  were  put  to  practical  use  not  long 
ago  in  a  European  hospital,  and  the  results  obtained 
demonstrated  that  they  may  become  most  valuable  aids 
In  modern  surgery.  There  were  two  patients  on  whom 
operations  were  to  be  performed.  The  photographic  pic- 
tures taken  showed  with  the  greatest  clearness  and  pre- 
cision the  injuries  caused  by  a  revolver  shot  in  thei  left 
hand  of  a  man.  and  the  position  of  the  small  projectile. 
In  the  other  case,  that  of  a  girl,  the  position  and  nature 
of  a  malformation  in  the  left  foot  were  ascertained.  Tbe 
experiments  were  regarded  as  affording  a  means  of  de- 
termining the  exact  spot  where  an  operation  may  be 
necessary. 

Prof.  Roentgen  is  of  Dutch  birth,  and  his  full  name  is 
Wilhelm  Conrad  Roentgen. 


Pile  ]>i*iviii^  on  Saaidy  Soils.— The  greatest  force 
Will  not  effect  a  penetration  exceeding  fifteen  feet. 


129 

Total  Number  of  Pupils  and  Students  of   All  Grades 
Receiving  Education  in  the  United  States 
in  1898-99. 

{Compiled  from  the  Report  of  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  Education, 

Pupils  receiving  elementary  instruction  (pri- 
mary and  grammar  grades),  public.   14,6G6,48S 

Pupils  receiving  elementary  instruction  (pri- 
mary and  grammar  grades),  private   1,19:5,822 

Pupils  receiving  secondary  instruction  (high 
school  grade),  public   488,54J> 

Pupils   receiving  secondary  instruction  (in 
preparatory  schools,  seminaries),  private,  166,679 

Students  receiving  higher  education: 

Universities  and  colleges   103,251 

Professional  schools   55,134 

Normal  schools   68,380 

Total  number  receiving  education. . . .  16,738,363 


FOUNDING  OF  NOTED  COLLEGES. 

The  University  of  Oxford  has  the  reputation  of  having 
been  founded  by  King  Alfred  in  872;  but  it  is  not  con- 
firmed by  any  documentary  evidence. 

The  University  of  Paris  was  founded  by  King  Philip  XL 
about  1200. 

The  first  college  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  was 
founded  by  Hugo,  Bishop  of  Ely,  in  1257, 

The  first  university  in  the  (3-erman  Empire  was  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  1348, 

Trinitry  College,  Dublin,  was  Incorporated  by  royal 
charter  in  1591. 

The  University  of  Edinburgh  was  founded  in  1582  by  a 
charter  granted  by  King  James  VI.  of  Scotland. 

Harvard  University  had  its  beginning  at  Newtown, 
afterward  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1636. 

Yale  University  had  its  beginning  at  Say  brook,  Ct.,  in 
1700.  and  was  removed  to  New  Haven  in  1716. 

William  and  Mary  College;  first  steps  taken  toward  es- 
tablishing it  in  1617,  erected  at  WiJliamsburg,  Va.,  and 
charier  granted  in  1693. 

The  first  common  schools  established  by  legislation  in 
America  were  in  Massachusetts.  1645;  but  the  first  town 
school  was  opened  at  Hartford,  Ct.,  prior  10  1642. 


Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

First  formed  in  Decatur,  ill.,  April  6,  1866,  at  sue^ges- 
tion  of  Dr.  B.  F.  Stephenson.  The  Tnember?hip.  June  30.^ 
i\Kuj.  :7fi,662,  divided  inio  ('.O-'r^  Posrs 


130 


OUR  CENTURY  OF  GROWTH. 

Now  that  the  field  work  for  the  twelfth  census  is  prac- 
tically finished,  at  least  so  far  as  the  count  of  the  popula- 
tion is  concerned,  there  is  some  opportunity  to  make  a 
comparison  of  the  year  1800  with  the  last  year  of  the 
century— the  19th— and  to  show  the  enormous  strides, 
not  only  in  the  number  of  our  people,  but  also  in  the  in- 
dustrial and  material  situation. 

It  also  affords  to  the  speculative  mind  an  opportunity 
to  peer  into  the  future,  and  prophesy,  perhaps,  with  tbat 
delightful  uncertainty  which  characterizes  all  prophecy, 
as  to  wbat  is  in  store  for  us  in  the  year  2000. 

We  were  fairly  launched  as  a  nation  in  1800,  with  a 
triflelover  5,000,000 people  scattered  throughout  thestates 
and  western  territories.  Most  of  the  inhabitants  engaged 
in  pastoral  pursuits.  There  were  no  cities  of  import- 
ance, and  comparatively  few  of  the  leading  statesmen 
had  any  idea  of  the  tremendous  growth  that  would  come 
to  us  in  the  century  just  expired.  It  is  hardly  possible 
that  the  eminent  statesman  and  democratic  leader,  Jeff- 
erson, who  laid  down  such  wise  rules  for  the  government 
of  the  country,  could  have  had  the  slightest  idea  what 
would  be  the  size  or  government  of  a  great  city  like  Chi- 
cago or  New  York  in  the  year  A.  D.  1901.  Some  of  the 
wise  things  attributed  to  him  do  not  seem  to  be  adapted 
to  the  present  conditions. 

The  count,  which  began  June  last,  shows  that  we  have, 
including  Alaska  and  the  Hawaian  Islands,  something 
more  than  76,000,000  people.  All  this  in  a  hundred 
years!  The  percentage  of  growth  has  been  muci|  larger 
In  America  than  in  any  important  nation  that  pretends 
to  take  a  regular  census.  This  is  accounted  for  In  many 
ways,  practically  by  the  invitation  to  all  the  countries  of 
Europe  to  send  their  people  here,  that  homes  would  be 
granted  and  equal  opportunities  afforded  them.  Thus 
immigration  has  largely  accounted  for  a  percentage  of 
our  increase. 

The  movement  toward  the  west  has  been  constant. 
While  all  of  the  agricultural  lands  of  the  United  States 
are  not  taken  up,  yet  a  considerable  portion  of  them  are, 
and  the  tide  must  soon  turn  back  from  the  Pacific  coast, 
checked  on  the  western  side  of  the  country  by  the  ocean. 

It  is  not  likely  that  the  percentage  of  growth  will  be  as 
great  in  the  ten  decades  following  as  it  has  been  in  the 
past.  As  a  matter  of  fact  it  is  well  known  that  the  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  people  in  congested  countries  is 
very  much'less  than  in  newer  regions.  For  example,  in 
Germany,  one  of  the  strongest  of  the  great  nations  of 
the  earth,  the  increase  is  something  like  11  per  cent,  each 
decade;  in  England  about  the  same,  and  in  Prance  not  to 
exceed  2  per  cent.,  so  that  it  is  very  diffldult  to  make  a 


hard  and  fast  rule  of  increase  so  far  as  population 
is  concerned. 

I  think  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  per  cent,  of  growth  in 
America  will  diminish  during  the  next  hundred  years. 
If,  however,  a  rate  of  18  per  cent,  increase  is  continued, 
we  may  look  for  something  like  490,000,000  people  in 
the  year  2000.  . 

Professor  Pritchetfc,  formerly  superintendent  of  the 
geodetic  survey,  estimates  that  the  year  2000  will  find 
Uncle  Sam's  children  numbering  about  330,000,000.  It 
is  possible  that  the  latter  figure  Is,  more  nearly  correct. 
There  are  so  many  elements  that  enter  into  the  situation 
that  it  is  not  possible  to  prophesy  the  population  of  2000 
with  any  degree  of  accuracy. 

The  great  cities  of  New  York  and  Chicago  will  un- 
doubtedly continue  to  increase  with  great  rapidity.  New 
York  is  likely  to  have  30,000,000  people  at  the  end  of 
this  century,  and  Chicago  in  proportion. 

The  indications  point  to  a  remarkable  expansion  in  our 
commerce,  owing  to  ihe  increase  of  trade  with  the  Orient, 
and  we  may  fairly  indulge  in  the  hope  and  belief  that  the 
western  side  of  the  continent  will  enhance  in  population, 
and  material  growth  in  a  proportionately  larger  way 
than  heretofore. 

Naturally  enough  there  should  be  great  shipbuilding 
and  vast  manufacturing  enterprises  growing  out  of  the 
trade  with  China  and  the  Philippine  Islands. 

I  think  one  is  justified  in  the  belief  that  a  great  city, 
perhaps  the  equivalent  of  Chicago,  will  find  a  resting 
place  on  the  sea  on  the  western  side  of  the  continent  in 
response  to  the  commercialism  that  is  now  ahead  of  us. 

While  we  have  new  problems  of  governmental  poli'vy 
confronting  us,  I  am  one  of  those  who  believe  that  wa 
shall  solve  them  as  we  go  along,  and  that  our  country 
will  continue  to  offer  the  best  opportunities  in  life  for 
the  greatest  number  of  people,  and  that  a  century  hence 
we  shall  still  be  the  greatest  republic  of  the  world  s 
history,  and  continue  in  our  material  and  intellectual 
growth  as  foretold  by  the  fathers. 

W.  R.  MERRIAM, 

Director  of  the  Census. 


How  Looking  Glasses  Are  Made. 

After  the  glass  has  been^carefuUy  polished  on  both 
sides  it  is  laid  on  a  firm  table  (usually  of  stone),  with  up- 
turned edges,  and  one  or  more  sheets  of  tin-foil  are  laid 
upon  the  plate.  Quick-silver  is  then  spread  over  it,  and 
at  once  forms  an  amalgam  with  the  tin,  making  a  re- 
flecting surface. 


132 

Tlie  Mayflower's  Passengers. 

A  true  list  of  the  male  passengers  who  landed  at  Plymouth 
in  the  Maj^ flower. 

Mr.  Isaac  Allerton,  Richard  Gardiner, 

John  Alden,  John  Rowland, 

John  Allerton,  Mr.  Stephen  Hopkins, 
Mr.  William  Bradford,        Edward  Leister, 
Mr.  V/illiam  Brewster,        Mr.  Christopher  Martin, 

John  Billington,  Mr.  William  Mullins, 

Peter  Brown,  Edmund  Margeson, 

Richard  Britterage,  Degony  Priest, 

Mr.  John  Carver,  Thomas  Rogers, 

Francis  Cook,  John  Rigdale, 

James  Chilton.  Captain  Miles  Standish, 

John  Crackston,  George  Soule, 

Richard  Clarke,  Edward  Tilly, 

Edward  Dotey,  John  Tilly, 
Francis  Eaton,             '     Thomas  Tinker, 

Thomas  English,  John  Turner, 

Mr.  Samuel  Fuller.  Mr.  Edward  Winslow, 

Edward  Fuller,  Mr.  William  White, 

Moses  Fletcher,  Mr.  Richard  Warren, 

John  Goodman,  Thomas  Williams, 
Gilbert  Winslow. 

AND  SERVANTS  AS  FOLLOWS; 

Carter,  Langemore,  Sampson, 

Coper,  Latham,  Story, 

Ely,  Minter,  Thompson, 

Holbeck,  More,  Trevore, 

Ilooke,  Prower,  Wilder. 


Tlie  Eleven  Great  Wonders  in  America* 


Croton  Aqueduct,  in  New  York  City. 

City  Park,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.  The  largest  park  in 
he  world. 

Lake  Superior.   Th^  largest  lake  in  the  world. 
Mammoth  Cave,  in  Kentucky. 

Niagara  Falls.  A  sheet  of  water  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
Wide,  with. a  fall  of  175  feet. 

Natural  Bridge,  over  Cedar  Creek,  in  Virginia. 

New  State  Capitol,  at  Albany,  N.  Y. 

New  York  and  Brooklyn  Bridge. 

The  Central  Park,  in  New  York  City. 

Washington  Monument,  Washington,  D.  C,  555  feet  high. 

Yosemite  Valley,  California;  57  miles  from  Coulterviile.  A 
valley  from  8  to  10  miles  long,  and  about  one  mile  wide.  Has 
very  steep  elopes  about  3,500  feet  high;  has  a  perpendicular 
precipice  3,089  feet  high;  a  rock  almost  perpendicular,  3,270 
feet  high;  and  waterfalls  from  700  to  1,000. 


133 


FACTS  ABOUT  THE  HUMAN  BODY. 

The  weight  of  the  male  ;nfatit  at  birth  is  7  lbs» 
avoirdupois;  that  of  the  female  is  not  quite  6|  lbs* 
The  maximum  weight  (140^  lbs.)  of  the  male  is  at- 
tained at  the  age  of  40;  that  of  the  female  (nearly 
124  lbs.)  is  not  attained  until  50;  from  which  ages 
they  decline  afterwards;  the  male  to  127i  lbs.,  the; 
female  to  100  lbs.,  nearly  a  stone.  The  fuU-growa 
adult  is  20  times  as  heavy  as  a  new-born  infant* 
In  the  first  year  he  triples  his  weight,  afterwards 
the  growth  proceeds  in  geometrical  progression^ 
so  that  if  50  infants  in  their  ^rst  year  weigh  1,000 
lbs.,  they  will  in  the  second  weigh  1,210 lbs.;  in 
the  third  1,331;  in  the  fourth  1,464  lbs.;  the  term 
remaining  very  constant  up  to  the  ages  of  11-12  m 
females,  and  12-13  in  males,  where  it  must  be 
nearly  doubled;  afterwards  it  may  be  continued* 
and  will  be  found  nearly  correct  up  to  the  age  of 
18  or  19,  when  the  growth  proceeds  very  slowly,. 
At  an  equality  of  age  the  male  is  generally  heavier 
than  the  female.  Towards  the  age  of  13  years  only 
an  individual  of  each  sex  has  the  same  weight. 
The  male  attains  the  maximum  weight  at  about  the 
age  of  40,  and  he  begins  to  lose  it  very  sensibly 
towards  60.O  At  80  he  loses  about  13.2328  lbs.,  and 
the  stature  is  diminished  2.756  inches.  Females 
attain  their  maximum  weight  at  about  50.  The 
mean  weight  of  a  mature  man  is  140  lbs., and  of  an 
average  woman  94  lbs.  In  oM  age  they  lose  about 
12or  14  lbs.  Men  weigh  most  at  40,  women  at  60^ 
and  begin  to  lose  weight  at  60.  The  mean  weight 
of  both  sexes  in  old  age  is  that  which  they  had 
at  19. 

When  the  male  and  female  have  assumed  their 
complete  development  they  weigh  almost  exactly 
20  times  as  much  as  at  birth,  while  the  stature  is 
about     times  greater. 

Children  lose  weight  during  the  first  three  days 
after  birth;  at  the  age  of  a  week  they  sensibly  iuo 
crease;  after  one  year  they  triple  their  weight;  then 


134 


they  require  six  jei\.  '-hmv  weight,  and  13  to  quad- 

ruple it. 

It  has  been  computed  that  nearly  two  years' eickness  is  ex- 
perienced by  every  person  before  he  is  70  years  old,  and  there- 
fore that  10  days  per  annum  is  the  average  sickness  of  human 
life.  Till  40  it  is  but  half,  and  after  50  it  rapidly  increases. 
The  mixed  and  fanciful  diet  of  man  is  considered  the  cause 
of  numerous  diseases  from  which  animals  are  exempt.  Many 
diseaees  have  abated  with  changes  of  diet,  and  others  are  vir- 
Qlent  in  particular  countries,  arising  from  peculiarities. 

Human  Longevity —Of  100^00  male  and  female  children,  in 
the  first  month  they  are  reduced  to  90,396,  or  nearly  a  tenth. 
In  the  second,  to  87,936.  In  the  third,  to  86,175.  In  the  fourth, 
to  84,720.  In  the  fifth,  to  83,571.  In  the  sixth,  to  82,526,  and 
by  the  end  of  the  first  year  to  77,528,  the  deaths  being  2  to  9. 
The  next  four  years  reduces  the  77,528  to  62,448,  indicating  37,» 
552deaths  before  the  completion  of  the  fifth  year. 

At  25  years  the  100,000  are  half,  or  49,995;  at  52,  one-third. 
At  58H  a  f6urth,  or  25,000;  at  67,  a  fifth,  at  76,  a  tenth;  at  81,  a 
twentieth,  or  5,000;  and  ten  attain  100.  Children  die  in  large 
proportions  because  their  disease  cannot  be  explained,  and  be- 
cause the  organs  are  not  habituated  to  the  functions  of  life. 
The  mean  of  life  varies  in  different  countries  from  40  to  45.  A 
generation  from  father  to  son  is  about  30  years ;  of  mer 
general  5-6ths  die  before  70,  and  15-16ths  before  80.  After  80  it 
is  rather  endurance  than  enjoyment.  The  nerves  are  blunted, 
the  senses  fail,  the  muscles  are  rigid,  the  softer  tubes  become 
hard,  the  memory  fails,  the  brain  ossifies,  the  affections  are 
buried,  and  hope  ceases.  The  16th  die  at  80;  except  a  133d,  at 
90.   The  remainder  die  from  inability  to  live,  at  or  before  100. 

About  the  age  of  3G  the  lean  man  usually  becomes  fatter  and 
tho  fat  man  leaner.  Again,  between  the  years  43  and  50  his 
appetite  fails,  his  complexion  fades,  and  his  tongue  is  apt  to 
be  furred  on  the  least  exertion  of  body  or  mind.*  At  this  pe- 
riod his  muscles  become  flabby,  his  joints  weak;  his  spirits 
droop,  and  his  sleep  is  imperfect  and  unrefreshing.  After 
Buffering  under  these  complaints  a  year,  or  perhaps  two,  he 
Starts  afresh  with  renewed  vigor,  and  goes  on  to  61  or  63, 
When  a  similar.change  takes  place,  but  with  aggravated  symp- 


toma.  Wbeii  these  grand  periods  have  been  succossively 
passed,  Ihe  gravity  of  incumbent  years  is  more  strongly 
marked,  and  he  begins  to  boast  of  his  age. 

In  Russia,  much  more  than  in  any  other  country,  instances 
of  longevity  are  numerous,  if  true.  In  the  report  of  the  Iloly 
Synod,  in  1827,  during  the  year  1825,  and  only  among  the 
Greek  religion,  848  men  had  reached  upwards  of  lOG  years  of 
age;  32  had  passed  their  120th year;  4  from  130  to  135.  Out  or 
606,818  men  who  died  in  1826,  2,765  were  above  90;  1,432  aboTe 
95;  and  848  above  100  years  of  age.  Among  this  last  number 
88  were  above  115;  24  more  than  120:  7  above  125;  and  one 
130.   Riley  asserts  that  Arabs  in  the  Desert  live  200  years. 

On^the  average,  men  have  their  first-born-  at  SO  and  women 
at  28.  The  greateet  number  of  deliveries  take  place  between 
25  and  35.  The  greatest  number/  of  deliveries  'take  place  in 
winter  months,  and  in  February,  and  the  smallest  in  July,  t* 
e..  to  February,  as  4  to  5  in  towns  and  3  to  4  in  the  country. 
The  night  births  are  to  the  day  as  5  to  4. 

Human  Sfrengtli. — In  Schulze's  experiments  on  human 
^  strength,  he  found  that  men  of  five  feet,  weighing  126  lbs., 
could  lift  vertically  l.'G  lbs.  8  inches ;  217  lbs.  1.2  inches.  Oth- 
ers, 6.1  feet,  weh:hing  183  lbs.,  156 lbs.  ISinches,  and  217 lbs.  8 
inches;  others  6  feet  3  inches,  weighing  158  lbs.,  f56  lbs.  16^ 
inches,  and  217  lbs.  9  inches.  By  a  great  variety  of  experi- 
ments he  determined  the  mean  human  strength  at  30  lbs., 
with  a  velocity  of  2.5  feet  per  second;  or  it  is  equal  to  the 
raising  half  a  hogshead  10  feet  in  a  minute. 

A  good  authority  reckoned  1  horse  equal  to  5  mei^.  Porters 
carry  from  150  to  250  pounds.  A  man  draws  horizontally  70  to 
80  lbs.,  and  thrusts  at  the  height  of  his  chest  28  or  30  lbs.  In 
hot  climates  men  cannot  perform  half  the  continued  labor.  A 
man's  mean  labor  is  sufficient  to  raise  10  lbs.  10  feet  in  a  sec- 
ond, for  10  hours  per  day,  or  100  lbs.  1  foot  in  a  second,  or  36,- 
Ouft^feot  in  10  ho". 8;  that  is,  100  pounds  per  day  would  be 
3,600,000  feet  in  a  day,  which  he  calls  a  dynamic  unit.  The 
force  of  a  man  in  turning  a  winch  is  taken  at  116  lbs. ;  or  as 
much  as  would  raise  256  lbs.  3,281  feet  in  a  day  ;  his  force  in 
pumping  is  as  190.  or  equal  to  410  lbs.  in  3,281  feet:  in  ring- 
ing, 259,  or  572  lbs',  in  3,281  feet ;  and  in  rowing  273,  or  608  lbs. 
in  3,281  feet.  Jn  working  a  pump,  a  winch,  a  bell,  and  rowing, 
the  effects  are  as  100.  167,  227  and  248.  A  man  w.th  an  augur 
exerts  a  force  of  100  lbs.,  with  a  screw-driver  of  84  lbs.,  with 
a  windlass  60  lbs.,  a  hand-pl:\ne  50  lbs.,  a  hand-saw  38  lbs. 


steamer  **  Savannah,''  the  First  that  Crossed  tbe 
Atlantic. 

The  Times  (of  London,  England),  in  the  issue  of  Maf 
18,  1819,  thus  announced  the  expected  event: 

"Great  Experiment. — A  new  steam-vessel  of  300 
tons  has  been  built  at  New  York  for  the  express  purpose 
of  carrying  passengers  across  the  Atlantic.  She  is  to 
come  to  Liverpool  direct. " 

This  steamer,  named  the  Savannah,  the  first  that 
cjrossed  the  Atlantic,  was  built  at  New  York  by  Francis 
Ficket.  Her  engines  were  made  by  Stephen  Vail,  of 
Morristown.  She  was  launched  on  the  22d  of  Augu^ 
1818^  She  could  carry  only  seventy-five  tons  of  coal  and 
twenty -five  cords  of  wood.  Commanded  by  Captain 
Moses  Rogers,  of  New  London,  Conn.,  the  Savannah 
sailed  from  Savannah,  Ga.,  on  the  25  th  of  May,  1819, 
bound  for  St.  Petersburg  via  Liverpool.  She  reached 
the  latter  port  on  the  20th  of  June,  having  used  steam 
eighteen  days  out  of  the  twenty-six 


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1ESJDENTS  AMD  VIC^  ^         -^^aS  OF  THE  UNHED  STATER 


PRESI- 
DENTS. 


DBMT8. 

  Ti  J       New  Hampshire   1  0 

.    r,         D     I  Illinois  1      ■  1 

  M  1     :  District  of  Columbia.  1  O 

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25  2o 

is  list  Vice  i 'i-'"       li'.s  who  became  President. s 
the  death  ot  ilie  Presidents  elected  with  them, 
ited  once  as  Vk  (-President  and  once  as  Presi- 
•        '    <  ;Hled  W.  H.  Harrison], 
iry  Taylor],  Andrew 
jncoln],    Chester  A, 


There  is 


:-ui£D  BY  ELECTRICIfv 

of  }\nmor  in  the  w;; 


on  examinatio.!-! 
i'-Cht  coins  taearl 
itly  new  and  he 
Mssed  into  the 
xamined  with  ,i 
vered  with  ii;  > 
!  t  $1  worth 
'V  electroly 
:?iong  prof  p. .      ,  ■ , 
in  Chinamrin  ijas 
St  adroit  and  dill. 


M  detector.  Ou 
;  es  weie  fonnci 


.  extracted  from  each 
process  now  in  hi.Kh 
,  i;    .-woaters,"  of  whom  the 
the  reputation  of  being  hy  far 
?.Aent.    In  the  coin  detector  tiie 
^i  om  the  balance  i^an  on 
this  knife  edge  is  at 
(  r  the  left-hand  limit 
:  off  to  the  "light" 
.  se  may  be. 
•life  edge  is 
"  bahmce 
tion. 

OOUt 


HOW  THE  PRESIDENTS  DIED. 

Georgi:  WASiiiNOTON—His  dcn-h  '.vas  (ho  n-sulL  of  f.'so'/ere  coid, 
contracted  \vhil<  -  .  '  Lorm 

on  December  lU  v  a 

cliili,  wliich  br^  .  u  on 

December  14,  17;  ,v,,>.  o.-  ;)>.:.-  .m  ..t;.,;.. 

John  AdajM.s— He  died  Ironi  old  age,  liaving-  reachecji  iiis  91st 
jiiilestoue.    Though  active  mentally,  he  waa  nearly  blind  aiul  unabl» 
■  •  hold  a  pen  steadily  enough  to  write.    He  passed  away  without  a 
I  in  on  July  4,  1826. 
Thomas  Jefferson— He  died  at  the  age  of  83,  a  few  hours  before 
lams,  on  July  4,  1826.    Hiss  disease  was  chronic  diarraea,  super 
duced  by  old  age,  and,  his  physician  said,  the  too  free  use  of  the 
■iters  of  the  "White  Sulphur  Springs. 
James  Madison — He,  too,  died  of  old  age,  and,  peacefully  ,  on  Jun© 
1836.     His  faculties  were  undimmed  to  the  last.    He  was  85. 
James  Monroe — At  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  the 
Id  year  of  his  age,  on  July  4,  183,1,  assigned  to  enfeebled  health. 
John  Quincy  Adams— He  was  stricken  with  paralysis  on  Fe'o 
lary  21,  1848,  while  addressing  the  Speaker  of  the  House 
!:)resentatives,  being  at  the  lime  a  Member  of  Congress. 
I  in  tliH  rotunda  of  the  Capitol.    He  was  81  years  of  age. 

i;soN— He  died  on  Julie  8, 1845,  78  years  old.  He 
!  onsumption,  and  finally  dropsy,  which  made  its 
It  six  months  before  his  death. 

BuiiEN— He  dj(  d  on  July  24, 1862,  from  a  violent 
::ia,  followed  by  e-itarrhal  afrectiohs  of  the  throat 

was  80  years  oi'  age. 

V  HY  Harrison.—  The  cause  of  his  death  was  pleurisy, 
)'id  which  he  caught  on  the  day  of  his  inauguration, 
apanied  wiih  severe  diarrhea,  which  would  not 
:  troMtment.    His  death  occurred  on  April  4, 1841, 
lis  in.-uiguration.    He  w  n^  68  years  of  age. 
.    He  died  on  January  17.  1862,  at  the  age  of  72.  I 
■'lie  to  ascertain  11  -  (->i;-:  <.f  his  death. 
LK — In  the  '    '  9  he  was  stricken  with  a 

1'  ch<»lei-a  w"  ;  going  up  the  ^Mississippi 

,  ;i  ten!por;iriI,\  '  ;!d  arelapso  on  his  retura 

lit'  ana  died  on  June  lo.  1  '  ■ 

Zachary  Taylor— He  wn  die  in  office. 

■  is  said  to  have  partal-  '  -or  and  iced 

■     '  t"ii  K         V  ,  r    ■  T"-^  result 

•butes 

.     .  '  j.lareh. 

\  -iih  year. 

::rce — His  c  to  abdominal  dropsy,  and 

tober  8.  18G<)  -ar  of  his  life. 

,.\\,  ->  i,i  ctfANAN -His  dc  -1  iSo8,andwas 

used  by  rheumatic  gout. 

Abr.vham  Lincoln— He  n  U  at  Ford's 

lieater,  Washington,  D.  C.         :    .   :l  :< ,      o  >.,   ...  i  died  the  fol" 
•ing  day,  aged  56. 

Andrew  Johnson— He  died  from  a  stroke  oJf  paralysis,  July  31, 
•^75,  aged  67. 

The  deaths  of  Garfield  (1881),  Grant  (1885),  Arthur  (1886),  and 
Ii  Kinley  (1901),  are  recent  enough  to  be  remembered  by  all. 


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Ron- 
mania. 

31.800 
2,400 
2,000 
1,940 

0 

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x" 

CO 

Danubian 
States. 

Servia. 

51,600 
6  900 
3,000 
2,150 

0 

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CO 
CO 

Bul- 
garia. 

24,000 
2,740 
4.800 
1,960 

33,400] 

Sweden 

and 
Norway 

22,000 
3,260 
9,400 
3,400 

38,0601 

Switzer- 
land. 

118.000 
2.750 
9,160 
5,800 

135.610  1 

Greece. 

10,400 
1.650 
2.800 
2,420 

17,300| 

Den- 
mark. 

22,700 
2,650 
9,512 
1,420 

CO 
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co^ 
0" 

CO 

48,000 
4,720 

10,600 
1,870 

0 

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10" 
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Bel- 
gium. 

oooco 

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q'^^x^'* 
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52,2321 

Spain. 

46.520 
4.000 

10,600 
3,470 

64,5901 

Classes. 

> 
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Total  Active  Army  

14:2 


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THE  ARHY  LAW  OF  1901. 


Officers  and  Men  in  the  Regular  Service. 

The  light  in  Congress,  lasting  four  years,  has  resultec^; 
in  the  passage  of  a  hiw  reorganizing  the  regular  army, 
and  putting  the  United  States  in  line  with  the  rest  of 
the  world  in  the  matter  of  the  organization  of  the  mili- 
tary c\.rn\  of  the  Government. 

Ill  1 899,  Congress  directed  the  three-battalion  organ- 
ization for  infantry.  Thus,  a  regiment  consists  of  12 
ct>nipanies,  divided  iuto  3  battalions  of  4  companies  each^ 
.  wiih  3  majors  per  regiment.  But  the  act  made  the  organ- 
iziitiob  temporary,  by  requiring  the  army,  on  the  tirst- 
day  of  July,  1901,"  to  be  reduced  to  about  27.000. 

The  necessity  for  legislation  by  the  56th  Congress  was 
•Imperative.  There  were  more  than  60,000  soldiers  in  the- 
Philippines  alone.  35,000  of  these  had  to  be  mustered 
o;it  before  the  first  of  July,  1901.  There  were  over  400 
posts  in  the  Philippines  held  by  troops,  and  to  remove 
'  them  before  others  had  taken  their  places  would  have 
bpcn  fraught  with  grave  consequences,  as  the  natives 
would  have  construed  such  a  move  as  evidence  of  weak- 
ness. 

The  T>ew  law  gives  us  1  lieutenant-general.  6  majors, 
general;  15  brigadiers-general ;  a  corps  of  artillery  num- 
bering j.S.9'30  enlisted  men:  15  regiments  of  cavalry  and 
30  re.'vinients  of  infantry.  In  addition  to  this  we  have  a^i 
ad.iuCant  and  inspector  general's  departments,  where  n*;- 
permanent  appointments  shall  be  made,  and  where  va,- 
caricies,  in  the  future,  shall  be  filled  only  by  assigning  iiu 
ortieer  yrom  the  li?ie.  A  corps  of  engineers  is  now  pro 
vided  by  law.  There  will  be  a  medical  corps,  a  judge 
ad-.-v  -  '  •  ■  :  •;  ,  ;v  <uartermaster  and  subsistence  depart- 
me  'orps.   Added  to  these,  are  a  signal 

C(n  I  em  in  full  force  after  original  vacaiv 

cie,-;  .  .  ,1     i  Inance  department  and  a  record  anu 

pension  bureau,  l^lnally,  the  new  law  has  establishes, 
a  ('orp.-^  (;f  women  nurses. 

Theyrjiiy.  ai  a  maximum  in  all  arms  of  the  service 
will  be  100,000  men,  and  at  the  minimum  58,000:  bu; 
there  is  no  minimum  of  artillery.    The  full  force  is 
needed  to  man  our  coast  defense  batteries  and  suppl.v 
our  field  artillery;  deducting  the  19,000  men  of  the  ar 
tillery  corps,  our  cavalry  and  infantry,  on  a  peace  foot 
'  irrs.  will  not  number  40.000  men.    Every  lover  of  his 
try  can  rejoice  that  this  act  creates  a  small,  perfectly 
nized  force,  which  can,  in  time  of  need,  be  immedi- 
iV  expanded,  and  under  competent  and  experienced 
,  oiiu  ers  can  form  the  first  fighting  line  and  hold  an  enemy 
1  in  check  until  the  volunteers  can  be  mustered  in  the^ 
service. 


144 


THE  TOTAL  AMO';rtlT  OF  OUR  FORTUNE, 
^  According  to  the  United  States  Census  of  J890. 

The  value  of  real  and  personal  property  as  actually 
assessed  by  the  officials  of  the  several  states  and  terri- 
tories has  always  formed  the  basis  of  the  decennial 
«sT.imates  of  the  wealth  of  the  United  States.  For  the 
three  decades  ending  in  1880  the  estimated  true  value  of 
all  property  and  the  value  of  real  estate  and  personal! 
IH'operty  as  assessed,  including  the  assessed  valuation  as 
reiurned  in  1890,  was  as  follows: 


YEARS. 

ASSESSED  VALUATION. 

ESTIMATED  TRUE 
VALUATION. 

$12,08  4,500,005 
14,178,980,732 
10,902,993,543 
24.249.589.804 

$10,159,010,008 
30,008,518,507 
43,012,000,000 
02.010,000,000 

•>;<)  '. 

1890  

This  is  nearly  $1,000 per  head,  as  against  $514  per  head' 
in  1860,  $780  per  head  in  1870,  and  $870  per  head  in  1880.  ^ 


Flax  and  Hemp  in  the  United  States. 

The  total  area  of  land  devoted  to  the  cultivation  ol' 
Jiax  in  1889  is  found,  in  the  1890  census,  to  have  been' 
1,318,698  acres,  the  production  of  flaxseed  10,250,410' 
bushels,  the  production  of  fibre  241,389  pounds,  the^ 
amount  of  flax  straw  sold  of  so  utilized  as  to  have  a 
determinable  value  207,757  tons,  and  the  total  value  of 
all  flax  products,  $10,436,228.  While  flaxseed  is  reported 
Xrom  31  states,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  South  Dakota  and  Ne- 
tiraska  produce  80.06  per  cent  of  the  total  a\nount,  or 
1,035,613  bushels  in  excess  of  the  entire  production  of 
the  United  States  at  the  census  of  1880.  Throughout 
the  greater  portion  of  the  principal  flaxseed-producing 
region  flax  straw  is  of  little  or  no  value,  and  much  of  the 
so-called  fibre  is  only  an  inferior  quality  of  tow,  used 
-chiefly  for  upholstering  purposes.  There  are  indications, 
however,  of  the  revival  in  the  United  States  of  a  linen 
industry  that  will  afford  a  market  for  fine  flax  fibre  of 
'omestic  production,  and  revive  a  branch  of  agriculture 
:  riat  has  for  many  years  been  almost  extinct.  For  the 
1  resent,  linseed  oil  is  the  only  important  product  ob- 
;Mined  from  flax  in  the  United  States. 

The  total  area  of  land  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of 
hfimp,  in  1889,  was  25,054  acres,  and  the  production  of 
fibre  11,511  tons,  valued  at  $1,102,602  to  the  producers. 
•Pa is  branch  of  agricultural  industry  is  confined  almost 
exclusively  to  the  State  of  Kentucky,  which  produced 
D:}.77  per  cent  of  the  total  hemp  crop  of  the  country. 


U5 


THE  NATION'S  D^AD. 


A  recent  report  shows  that  the  nation's  dead  are  buried 
in  seventy-nine  national  cemeteries,  of  which  twelve  are 
in  the  Northern  States,  /^mong  the  principal  ones  in  the 
North  are  Cyrus  Hill,  Brc  jklyn,  N.  Y.,  with  its  3,786  dead; 
Finn's  Point,  N.J..  whic'i  contains  the  remains  of  2,644 
unknown  dead;  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  with  1,967  known,  and 
1,608  unknown  dead;  Mound  City,  111.,  with  2,505  known 
and  2,721  unknown  graves;  Philadelphia,  with  1,909 
dead,  and  Woodlawn,  Elmira,  N.Y.,  with  its  3,090  dead. 
In  the  South,  near  the  scenes  of  terrible  conflicts,  are 
located  the  largest  depositories  of  the  nation's  heroic 
dead  : 

Arlington,  Va.,  16,264,  of  whom  4,349  are  unknown. 
Beaufort,  S.C.,  9,241,  of  whom  4,493  are  unknown. 
Ghalmette,  La.,  12,511,  of  whom  5,674  are  unknown. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn.,  12,962,  of  whom  4,963  are  un* 
known. 

Fredericksburg,  Va.,  15,257,  of  whom  12,770  are  un- 
known. 

Jefferson  Barracks,  Mo.,  ll,4i?0,  of  whom  2.906  are  un- 
known. 

Little  Rock,  Ark.,  5,602,  of  whom  2,337  are  unknown* 
,    City  Point,  Va.,  5,122,  of  whom  1,374  are  unknown. 
!     Marietta,  Ga.,  10,151,  of  whom  2,963  are  unknown. 
!     Memphis,  Tenn.,  13,997,  of  whom  8,817  are  unknown, 
i     Nashville,  Tenn.,  16,526.  of  whom  4,701  are  unknown. 
I    Popular  Grove,  Va.,  6,199,  of  whom  4,001  are  un* 
I  known. 

1    Richmond,  Va.,  6,542,  of  whom  5,700  are  unknown. 
Salisbury,  N.C.,  12,126,  of  whom  12,032  are  unknown. 

I    Stone  River,  Tenn.,  5,602,  of  whom  288  are  unknown. 

!  ■  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  16,600,  of  whom  12,704  are  unknown. 

I    Antietam,  Va.,  4,671,  of  whom  1,818  are  unknown. 

i    Winchester,  Va.,  4,559,  of  whom  2,365  are  unknown. 
In  all,  the  remains  of  300,000  men  who  fought  for  the 

'  Stars  and  Stripes  find  guarded  graves  in  our  national 
cemeteries.  Two  cemeterias  are  mainly  devoted  to  the 
brave  men  who  perished  in  the  loathsome  prisons  of  the 
same  name— Andersonville,  Ga.,  which  contains  13,714 

f raves,  and  Salisbury,  with  itr,  12,126  dead,  of  whonx 
2,032  are  unknown. 


REMARKABLE  WATERFALLS, 


Niagara  Palls,  North  America  

Montmorency  Falls,  Quebec,  Canada... 

Natchikin  Falls,  Kamschatka  

Lanterbaum,  Lat  e  Theen.  Switzerland 

Falls  of  Arve,  Savoy    , 

Cf^rosola  Cascade,  Alps,  Switzerland.. 


1,100 
2,400  " 


146 


United  States  Pension  Statistics.  [18710 

^Uumber  of  Pension  Claims,  Pensioners  and  Disbursemeni-i,,  [If^OO  J 


Fiscal  yearend- 
icg  June  30. 


Army  and  Navy. 
Claims  allowed. 


Inva- 
lids. 


Widows, 
etc. 


Total  num- 
ber of  ap- 
plications 
filed. 


Total 
number  of 
claims 
allowed. 


7,934 
6,46S 
6,551 
5,937 
5,760 
5,360 
7,282 
7,414 
7,242 
10,176 
21.394 
22,946 
32,014 
27,414 
27,580 
31,937 
35,283 
44,893 
36,830 
50,395: 


8,399 
7,244 
4,073 
3,152 
4,736 
4,376 
3,861 
3,550 
3,379 
4,455 
3,920 
3,999 
5,303 
6,366 
7,743 
8.610 
11,217 
15,359 
11,924 
14,612 


43,969 
26,391 
18,303 
16,734 
18,704 
23,523 
22,715 
44,587 
57,118 

141,466 
31,116 
40,939 
48,776 
41,785 
40,918 
49,895 
7^,465 
7t>,726 
81,2201 

105,044; 

090,941 

2ir),(j:>>8 

57,  m 


1900 


147 


United  States  Pension  Statistics— Continued. 


Number  of  pensioners  on  the  roll  and  the  amount 
paid  for  pensions,  with  cost  of  disbursements. 


Inva- 
lids. 


Widows, 
etc. 


93,394 
113,954 
119,500 
121,628 
122,989 
124,239 
128,723 
131,649 
138,615 
145,410 
164,110 
182.633 
206,042 
225,470 
247,146 
270,346 
306,298 
343,701 
351,284 
415.654 
536,821 
703,242 
759,706 
754,382 
750,951 
747,967 
746,829 
760,853 
753,451 
751,864 


114,101 
118,275 
118,911 
114,613 
111,832 
107,898 
103,381 
92,349 
104,140 
105,392 
104,720 
103,064 
97,616 
97,286 
97,979 
95,437 
99,709 
108, 8'' ' 
178,2^ 
122.290 
139,339 
172,826 
206,306 
215,162 
219,567 
222,557 
229,185 
232,861 
238,068 
241,674 


Total. 


Disbursements. 


207,495 
232,229 
238,411 
236,241 
234.821 
232,137 
222,104 
223,998 
242,755 
250.802 
268,830 
285,697 
303.658 
322,756 
345.125 
865,783 
4nB;no7 


676,160 
876,068 
966,012 
969,544 
970,524 
970,678 
976,014 
993,714 
991,519 
983,520 


33,077, 
30,169, 
29,185, 
30,593 
29,683, 
28,351 
28,580, 
26,844, 
33,780, 
57,240, 
50,626, 
54.296, 
60.431 
57,273 
r.5,693 
64,584, 
74.815 
7!),  64.6, 
88,275, 
106  493. 
118,548, 
141,086, 
158,144, 
140.772, 
140,959, 
139,280, 
140,845 
145,748, 
139,482, 
139,381, 


384.00 
341.00 
290.00 
750.00 
117.00 
600.00 
157.00 
415.00 
,526.00 
540.00 
539.00 
281.00 
973.00 
,537.00 
707.00 
270.00 
483.85 
146.37 
113.28 
890.19 
959,71 
948.84 
.342.51 
163.68 
,361.00 
,075.00 
,772.00 
,865.56 
,696.00 
,522.73 


148 


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WARS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES— CON- ' 

TINUED. 

Killed  in  battle,  61,362 ;  died  of  wounds,  34,727 ;  died 
of  disease,  183,287;  total  died,  279,376;  total  deserted^ 

Number  of  soldiers  in  the  Confederate  service,  who 
died  of  wounds  or  disease  (partial  statement),  I33,82X« 
Deserted  (partial  statement),  104,428. 

Number  of  United  States  troops  captured  during  the 
war,  212,608;  Confederate  troops  captured,  476,169. 

Number  of  United  States  troops  paroled  on  the  field, 
16,431;  Confederate  troops  paroled  on  the  field,  248,599* 

Number  of  United  States  troops  who  died  while  prison- 
ers, 29,725;  Confederate  troops  who  died  while  prisoners^ 
fl6,774. 

The  casualties  on  the  American  side  in  the  last  wai 
with  Great  Britain,  1812-15,  were:  Killed,  1,8775 
wounded,  3,737;  total,  5,614. 

The  casualties  on  the  American  side  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  1846-48,  were:  Killed,  1,049;  ^^^^  wounds^ 
904;  wounded,  3,420. 

The  estimated  cost  to  the  United  States  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary War  was  $135,193,703;  of  the  war  of  1812  with 
Great  Britain,  $107,159,003;  of  the  Mexican  War, 
$100,000,000;  of  the  Civil  War  (including  aU  expensei 
growing  out  of  the  war),  $6,189,929,909. 

For  Spanish- American  War  see  pages  S3^'3^' 

The  height  of  the  railway  bridge  at  Niagara  river, 
above  the  river,  is  250  feet. 


Aggregate  Debt  of  Nation,  States  and  Counties,  1880  and  1890. 


1880. 

1890. 

PER  HEAD. 

1880. 

1890. 

The  United  States. 
The  Several  States 
and  Territories. 
The  Several  Coun- 

$1,922,517,364 
290,326,643 
124,105,027 

$  915,962,112 
223,107,883 
141,950,845 

$38.33 
5.69j 
2.47 

$14.63 
2.2f 

Total  

$2,336,949,034 

$1,281,020,840 

$46.59 

$20.48 

151 


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152 

STEEL  AND  BRASS  PLATES. 


Weight  of  steel  and  brass  plates  per  sq.  foot  by  American  gauge. 


No.  of 

Steel, 

Brass, 
pounds. 

No.  of 

Steel, 

Brass, 
pounds. 

gauge. 

pounds. 

gauge. 

pounds. 

1 

10.993 

12.382 

18 

1-531 

1-725 

2 

9.789 

II .027 

19 

1-363 

1-536 

3 

8.718 

9.819 

20 

1. 214 

1-367 

4 

7-763 

8.744 

21 

1. 081 

1.218 

5 

6-913 

7.787 

22 

.9631 

1.084 

6 

6.156 

6-934 

23 

.857 

.966 

7 

5-482 

6-175 

24 

•763 

.860 

8 

4.882 

5.499 

25 

.680 

.766 

9 

4-348 

4.897 

26 

.605 

.682 

ID 

3-871 

4.360 

27 

•539 

.607 

II 

3-448 

3-883 

28 

.480 

-541 

12 

3.070 

3-458 

29 

.427 

.481 

13 

2.734 

3-079 

30 

.380 

.429 

14 

2-435 

2.742 

31 

•339 

.382 

15 

2.168 

2.442 

32 

.302 

-340 

i6 

1-931 

2-175 

33 

.269 

-303 

17 

1.719 

1-937 

34 

•239 

.269 

RAILWAY  SIGNALS. 


One  whistle  signifies  "down  brakes." 

Two  whistles  signify  "off  brakes." 

Three  whistles  signify  "back  up." 

Continued  whistles  signify  "danger." 

Rapid  short  whistles  "a  cattle  alarm." 

A  sweeping  parting  of  the  hands  on  a  level  with  the 
eyes  signifies  "go  ahead." 

Downward  motion  of  the  hands  with  extended  arms 
signifies  "stop." 

Beckoning  motion  of  one  hand,  signifies  '"back." 

Red  flag  waved  up  the  track  signifies  "danger." 

Red  flag  stuck  up  by  the  roadside  signifies  "danger 
ahead." 

Red  flag  carried  on  a  locomotive  signifies  "an  engine 
following." 

Red  flag  hoisted  at  a  station  is  a  signal  to  "stop." 

Lanterns  at  night  raised  and  lowered  vertically  is  a 
signal  "to  start." 

Lanterns  swung  at  right  angles  across  the  track  means 
*'stop." 

Lanterns  swung  in  a  circle  signifies  "back  the  train." 


153 

COST  OF  SMALL  QUANTITIES  OF  HAY. 


FXtiCB  PER 

Ton. 

25  lbs. 

worth. 

40  lbs. 

worth. 

100  lbs. 

worth. 

200  lbs. 

worth. 

300  lbs. 

worth. 

ft  A.  on 

e  cts. 

10  cts. 

20  cts. 

$  AO 

$  60 

K  oo. . 

6  « 

12 

(( 

25 

u 

so 

7< 

o  oo. 

15 

u 

3Q 

u 

60 

7  oo. 

« 

35 

it 

70 

I  oc 

8  oo. . 

10  " 

20 

u 

40 

80 

I  20 

o  oo. . 

II  « 

22 

(( 

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I  ^< 

lo  oo. . 

25 

(i 

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I  ^ 

II  oo. . 

'3>^  " 

27 

« 

11 

I  19 

1 1; 

12  OO.  . 

IS  " 

30 

(( 

(( 

I  20 

I  & 

13  00.. 

16  " 

32 

(( 

65 

i< 

I  30 

I  95 

14  00. . 

17^  « 

35 

(( 

70 

i( 

I  40 

2  10 

15  00. . 

18X  " 

37 

75 

(( 

I  50 

2  25 

AMOUNT  OF  OIL  IN  SEEDS. 


Kind  of  Seed.       Per  cent.  Oil. 

Bitter  Almond  55 

Barley  2)4 

Clover  hay  5 

Hemp  seed  19 

Indian  corn   7 

Linseed.  17 

Meadow  hay  3^ 

Oat-stiaw  4 


Kind  of  Seed.       Per  cent  OIL 

Oats  6}^ 

Rapeseed  55 

Sweet  Almond  47 

Turnip  seed  45 

White  mustard  37 

Wheat  bran  4 

Wheat -straw  3 

Wheat  flour   3 


RELATIVE  VALUE  OF  DIFFE;RENT  FOODS 
FOR  STOCK. 

One  hundred  pounds  of  good  hay  for  stock  are  equal  to : 


Articles.  Pounds. 

Beans  ,  28 

Beets  . .  .669 

Clover,  red,  green . . .  373 

Carrots  371 

Corn  62 

Clover,  red,  dry  88 

Lucerne . ,  89 

Mangolds  368^ 

Oat-straw  ,  317 


Articles.  Pounds. 

Oats   59 

Oil- cake,  linseed. ...  43 

Peas,  dry   37;^ 

Potatoes  350 

Rye-straw  429 

R/e   53/4 

Turnips  469 

Wheat  44^ 


154 

THE  AVERA6E  VELOCITIES  OF  VARIOUS  BODIES, 

A  man  walks  3  miles  per  hour  or  4  feet  per  second. 
A  horse   trots    7    **  "  10       "  " 

A  horse  runs  20    '*  *•  29       "  ** 

Steamboat  runs  20    *'  *'  26       "  *' 

Sailing  vessel  runs  10  miles  per  hour  or  14  feet  per  second. 
Eapid  rivers  flow  3    "        '*  4      "  " 

A  moderate  wind  blows  7  miles  per  hour  or  10  feet  per 
second. 

A  storm  moves      36  miles  per  hour  or  52  feet  -per  second. 
A  hurricane  moves  80     "        "         117      "  " 
A  rifle  ball  1000     "        "        1468  " 

Sound  743     "         "  1142 

Light,  192,000  miles  per  second. 
Electricity,  288,000  miles  per  second. 


MORMONS,    MORMON  WAR/' 

A  sect  of  religious  fanatics  that  has  arisen  within  th« 
present  generation,  and  gained  over  many  converts.  Its 
founder  was  Joseph  Smith,  an  American.  Brigham 
Young  succeeded,  after  the  death  of  Smith,  to  the  post  of 
prophet,  and  retained  it  until  his  death,  at  Salt  Lake 
City,  Aug.  29,  1877.  In  February,  1857,  an  armed  body 
of  Mormons  dispersed  the  United  States  district  court,  in 
Utah,  and  openly  defied  the  laws  of  the  nation,  because 
their  territory  was  not  admitted  as  a  State.  President 
Buchannan  appointed  Colonel  Cumming  governor  of 
the  territory,  and  sent  troops  to  suppress  the  rebellion. 
Young  issued  a  manifesto,  and  determined  on  resistance 
to  national  authority,  but  when  the  governor  arrived 
there,  in  April,  1858,  Young  concluded  to  surrender,  and 
so  the  '  Mormon  war"  ended.  After  remaining  for  a  time, 
the  troops,  in  May,  1860,  left  the  territory. 


Uncle  Sam.— The  popular  title  for  the  United  States. 
In  the  year  1812,  a  large  (Quantity  of  provisions  for  the 
army  was  purchased  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  by  Elbert  Anderson, 
a  government  contractor.  The  goods  were  inspected  by 
two  brothers,  Ebenezer  and  Samuel  Wilson.  The  last- 
named  was  invariably  known  among  the  workmen  as 
*'Uncle  Sam."  The  packages  were  marked  E  ?A.— U.  S. 
On  being  asked  the  meaning  of  tliese  initials,  a  workman 
jokingly  replied  that  he  did  not  know  unless  they  meant 
Elbert  Anderson  and  Uncle  Sam.  So  the  title  became 
current  among  workmen,  soldiers  and  people,  and  the 
United  States  Government  is  known  now  by  those  wbe 
fiffectionatelv  call  it  Uncle  Sam, 


155 

LONGEVITY  IN  EUROPE. 

Servia  contains  more  centenarians  than  any  other 
country  on  the  globe.  In  this  little  country,  which  has 
less  than  1,300,000  inhabitants,  there  are  actually  575 
persons,  according  to  the  last  census  returns,  whose  ages 
exceed  100  years.  Ireland  comes  next  in  the  list  with 
578,  but  then  her  population  is  very  much  larger  than 
that  of  Servia.  Spain  has  401  out  of  a  population  of 
17,000,000,  and  France  counts  213  among  her  38,000,000 
inhabitants.  England,  Scotland  and  Wales  can  only 
muster  192  between  them,  and  Germany,  with  her  enor- 
mous population  of  55,000,000,  has  but  78.  Norway  has 
23  out  of  2,500,000  inhabitants,  and  Sweden  a  population 
of  nearly  5,000,000  and  only  20  centenarians.  Denmark 
has  but  two  and  in  little  Switzerland  there  is  not  a  single 
person  whose  years  number  five-score. 


KNOW-NOTHINGS. 

The  name  of  a  secret  political  party  which  originated  In 
1853.  The  party,  or  rather  society  was  first  formed  by 
a  person  of  some  notoriety,  who  called  himself  Ned  Bunt- 
line— the  writer  of  sea  stories. 

Ned  was  once  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
navy,  but  left  the  service  and  commenced  the  business  of 
founding  a  secret  order,  of  so  exclusive  a  character  that 
none  were  to  be  admitted  as  members  whose  grandfathers 
were  not  natives  of  the  United  States.  Ned  gave  instruc- 
tions to  his  followers  to  reply  to  all  question's  in  respect 
to  the  movements  of  the  new  party  "I  don't  know."  So 
they  were  at  first  called  don't-kncws,  and  then  know- 
nothings,  by  outsiders.  The  Crmxder,  a  party  organ, 
printed  the  principles  of  the  society  as  follows:  Repeal 
of  ail  naturalization  laws;  none  but  native  Americans  for 
office;  a  pure  American  common  school  system;  war  to 
the  hilt  on  Romanism.  In  the  year  1855-6  the  slavery 
question  had  assumed  paramount  importance,  and  the 
civil  war  between  the  free  state  men  and  the  pro-slavery- 
Ites  in  the  territory  of  Kansas,  so  overshadowed  the 
public  mind,  that  foreign  citizenship  was  forgotten,  and 
the  know-nothings  as  a  body  disappeared.  The  nearest 
approach  to  know-nothingism  or  Americanism,  in  1856  (as 
indicated  by  the  name),  was  the  American  party,  whose 
nominees  for  President  and  Vice-President  were  Millard 
Fillmore  and  Andrew  J.  Donelson,  of  Tennessee.  In  that 
year  there  was  a  general  excitement,  and  brush  of  polit- 
ical elements,  which  resulted  in  the  complete  annihila* 
tion  of  the  American  and  Wbig  parties.  Thereupon  rose 
the  Renublican  party 


ARCHIMEDEAN  SCREVwc  OR  SPIRAL  PUMP. 

It  is  so-called  for  Archimedes,  its  inventor.  It  consists 
of  a  pipe  twisted  spirally  round  a  cylinder,  which,  when 
at  work,  is  supported  in  an  inclined  position.  The  lower 
end  of  the  pipe  is  immersed  in  water,  and  when  the 
cylinder  is  made  to  revolve  on  its  own  axis,  the  water  is 
raised  from  bend  to  bend  in  the  spiral  pipe  until  it  flows 
out  at  the  top. 


A  NEW  AND  PROFITABLE  INDUSTRY. 

TROPIC  AND  SEMI-TROPIC  FRUIT  GROWING. 

In  addition  to  the  tropic  and  semi-tropic  fruits  and 
nuts  grown  for  home  and  family  use  through  the  United 
States,  there  were,  in  the  census  year  1890,  13,515  acres 
of  almond,  677.50  of  banana,  169.88  of  citron,  9,864  of 
cocoanut,  4,477  of  fig,  550  of  guava,  1,362.25  of  kaki, 
7,256  of  lemon,  495.58  of  lime,  12,180  of  madeira  nut, 
7,097  of  olive,  184,003  of  orange,  2,189.50  of  pineapple, 
171.89  of  pomelo,  and  27,419.50  of  pecan  trees,  repre- 
senting 658,566  bearing  and  800,010  nonbearing  almond 
trees,  577,782  bearing  banana  plants,  4,237  bearing  and 
14,110  nonbearing  citron  trees,  123,227  bearing  and  1,- 
199,549  nonbearing  cocoanut  trees,  138,186  bearing  and 
285,201  nonbearing  fig  trees.  32,943  bearing  and  120,529 
nonbearing  guava  trees,  58,390  bearing  and  124,522  non- 
bearing  kikl  trees,  167,663  bearing  and  498,784  nonbear- 
ing lemon  trees,  19,096  bearing  and  44,255  nonbearing 
lime  trees,  188,409  bearing  and  411,248  nonbearing  ma- 
deira nut  trees,  278,380  bearing  and  331,022  nonbearing 
olive  trees,  3,885,890  bearing  and  9,705,246  nonbearing 
orange  trees,  21,750,000  pineapple  plants,  3,279  bear- 
ing and  12,867  nonbearing  pomelo  trees,  and  214,986 
bearing  and  657,980  nonbearing  pecan  trees. 

Excluding  pineapples  and  bananas,  which  are  all 
counted  as  bearing  plants,  as  they  commence-  fruiting 
within  a  year  of  planting,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  aver- 
age num'^er  of  all  nonbearing  trees  is  about  double  that 
of  the  bearing  trees,  the  product  of  which  in  the  census 
year,  was  as  far  as  reported,  valued  at  $14,116,226.59, 
divided  as  follows:  almond,  $1,525,109,80;  banana, 
$280,653.75;  cocoanut,  $251,217.41;  fig,  $307,271.76; 
lemon,  $988,099.92;  lime,  $62,496.90;  madeira  nut, 
$1,256,958;  olive,  $386,368.32;  orange,  $6,602,099.06; 
pineapple,  $812,159.17;  pomelo,  $27,216.  and  pecan, 
$1,616,576.50.  On  the  basis  of  present  prices,  with  all 
the  nonbearing  trees  in  fruitage,  the  next  census  (1900) 
ought  to  show  a  value  of  product  of  more  than  $50,000,000. 
As  a  forecast  of  the  future  growth  of  these  branches  of 
horticulture,  the  above  figures  are  most  interesting. 


157 


ARTESIAN  WELLS 

So  called  from  the  French  province  of  Artois,  whence 
they  are  supposed  to  originate.  It  is  the  name  given  to 
a  peculiar  kind  of  bored  well,  in  which  the  water  rises  to 
the  surface  and .  overflows.  In  the  United  States  any 
deep-bored  well  is  called  artesian,  even  if  the  water  has  tc 
be  pumped  from  a  considerable  depth.  The  geological 
conditions  permitting  an  overflow  without  pumping  are 
not  general— since  it  is  necessary  that  the  region  ^ould 
have  a  more  or  less  complete  basin-structure,  and  that 
there  should  be  a  series  of  permeable,  covered  by  im- 
permeable, beds.  Artesian  wells  vary  in  depth  from  less 
than  100  feet  to  nearly  4,000  feet,  the  deepest  borings 
being  for  petroleum.  The  total  number  of  artesian  wells 
on  farms,  in  June  1890,  in  the  states  and  territories 
forming  the  western  half  of  the  United  States,  was 
8,097,  representing  an  estimated  aggregate  im"estment 
of  $1,988,461.26.  Complete  statistics,  concernmg  the 
depth,  cost,  discharge,  and  other  features  of  2,971  of  such 
wells,  fairly  distributed  through  the  various  states  and 
counties  from  which  they  are  reported,  have  been  ob- 
tained from  the  owners,  and  from  the  averages  derived 
from  such  statistics,  the  number  of  artesian  wells  used 
for  the  purposes  of  irrigation  is  computed  at  3,930;  the 
average  depth  per  well,  210.41  feet;  the. average  cost  per 
well.  $245.58;  the  total  discharge  of  water  per  minute, 
440,719.71  gallons,  or  54.43  gallons  per  well  per  minute; 
the  average  area  irrigated  per  well,  13.21  acres,  and  the 
average  cost  of  water  per  acre  irrigated,  $18.55.  Over 
one-half  of  these  wells  are  in  the  State  of  California, 
where  38,378  acres  of  agricultural  land  were  irrigated 
by  artesian  water.  Utah  stands  second  in  the  number  of 
artesian  wells  used  for  irrigation  purposes  and  Colorado 
in  the  area  of  land  thus  irrigated. 


CURIOSITIES  OF  THE  BIBLE. 

The  Bible  contains  3,566,480  letters,  773,746  words, 
31,173  verses,  1,189  chapters  and  66  books.  The  word 
AND  occurs  46,277  times.  The  word  lord  occurs  1,855 
times.  The  word  reverend  occurs  but  once,  which  is  in 
the  9th  verse  of  the  111th  Psalm.  The  middle  verse  is 
the  8th  verse  of  the  118th  Psalm.  The  21st  verse  of 
the  7th  chapter  of  Ezra  contains  all  the  letters  of  the 
alphabet,  except  the  letter  J.  The  longest  verse  is  the 
9th  verse  of  the  8th  chapter  of  Esther.  The  shortest 
verse  is  the  35th  verse  of  the  11th  chapter  of  St.  John. 
There  are  no  words  or  names  of  more  than  six  syllables. 


158 

STATE  FLOWERS. 

The  following  are  "State  Flowers,"  as  adopted  by  the 
votes  of  the  public  school  scholars  of  the  respective 
States: 


Alabama  Golden  Rod 

Colorado  Columbine 

Delaware  Peach  Blosscm 

Idaho  Syringia 

Iowa  Rose 

Maine . .  Pine  Cone  and  Tassal 
(  Cypripodium 

Minnesota  k  or  Moccasin 

I  Flower. 


Montana ........  Bitter  Root 

Nebraska'.  Golden  Rod 

New  York  Rose 

North  Dakota. . . .  Wild  Rose 

Oklahoma  Territory  

 Mistletoe 

Oregon  Golden  Rod 

Utah  Sego  Lily 

Vermont  Red  Clover 


In  other  States  the  scholars  have  not  yet  taken  action. 
In  Rhode  Island  and  Wisconsin  a  vote  was  taken  for  a 
"State  Tree,"  resulting  in  the  selection  of  the  Maple.  In 
the  State  of  Washington  the  Rhododendron  is  the  choice 
of  many,  but  has  not  been  adopted. 

The  universally,  if  not  officially,  recognized  National 
Flower  is  The  Golden  Rod. 


THE  GREAT  GAME  OF  GOLF. 

The  progress  of  golf  continues  in  the  conservative  lines 
which  have  governed  Its  progress  in  the  past,  the  tenden- 
cy toward  a  process  of  elimination  and  selection  of  the 
best  players  for  national  honors  being  materially  helped 
by  the  continued  aggregation  of  local  clubs  into  subord- 
inate and  State  organizations.  At  the  same  time  the  for- 
mation of  clubs  continues  with  unabated  vigor. 

The  men's  amateur  national  championship  was  contest- 
ed on  the  Garden  City  Links,  Long  Island,  from  Monday, 
July  2,  to  Saturday,  July  7, 1900,  over  an  18-hole  course. 
There  were  121  entries,  of  whom  32  only  qualified  to  con- 
tinue the  contest  beyond  the  preliminary  round  of  36- 
holes  medal  play.  The  thirty-two  was  reduced  by  match 
play  on  July  3  to  16.  Then  on  July  4  to  8,  on  July  5  to  4, 
on  July  6  to  2,  and  on  July  7  the  two,  Walter  J  Travis 
and  Findlay  S.  Douglas,  champion  of  1898,  played  the 
finals,  Travis  winning  on  the  eighteen-hole  by  2  up.  It 
was  the  second  victory  for  home- taught  golf,  Travis  being 
entirely  American  self-taught. 

The  women's  national  championship,  and  driving,  ap- 
proaching and  putting  contests,  were  played  over  the 
links  at  Shinnecock  Hills,  Southampton,  Long  Island. 
Aug.  28  to  Sept.  1, 1900.  Eighteen  holes  medal  play  re- 
duced fifty-eight  entrants  to  sixteen  on  the  first  day;  from 
thence  on  match  play,  reduced  the  sixteen  to  eight  on  the 
29th,  to  four  on  the  four  on  the  30th,  to  two  on  the  31st, 
and  on  Sept.  1  Miss  Francis  C.  Griscom,  of  Philadelphia, 
defeated  Miss  Margaret  Curtis,  of  Essex  County. 


159 


rNTERNATIONAL  CANALS  BUtLT  AMD  BEING  BUILT 

Suez  Canal.— The  Suez  Canal  is  92  miles  long  and 
cost  $102,750,000.  Three  thousand  three  hundred  and 
fiftv-two  ships,  of  8.039.106  tons  net,  passed  through  the 
Suez  Canal  in  1894,  yielding  $14,770,081  in  dues.  Nearly 
95  per  cent  of  the  vessels  were  enabled  to  steam  at  night 
through  the  canal  owftig  to  the  general  use  of  the  elec- 
tric light.  As  to  the  nationality  of  the  vessels,  the  Eng- 
lish were  2,394,  German  294.  French  184,  Dutch  188, 
Austro-Hungarian  78.  Italian  63,  Norwegian  40,  Turk- 
ish 33,  Spanish  28.  Russian  35,  Portuguese  2,  Egyptian 
1,  Japanese  6,  Guatemalan  1,  American  war  ships  and 
yachts  5. 

Panama  Canal.— Length,  46^4  mi.;  estimated  time  of 
transit,  14  hrs.  The  construction  of  a  canal  with  locks 
has  been  pronounced  practicable  by  an  international 
board  of  French,  English,  German,  Russian  and  American 
engineers.  The  new  plans  provide  for  the  usual  system 
of  locks  and  dams.  Good  harbors  exist  at  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  terminals.  The  canal  is  practically  finished 
from  Colon  to  Buejo,  14  miles;  this,  however  is  the  least 
expensive  part.  The  great  trouble  is  in  passing  through 
the  Culebra  Ridge.  The  width  of  the  canal  will  be  160  ft. 
at  the  top  and  72-f  t.  at  the  bottom,  except  through  the 
ridge  where  it  will  be  78  ft.  at  the  top  and  29  ft.  at  the 
bottom.  The  cost  of  completing  the  canal,  it  is  said,  will 
not  exceed  $100,000,000.  About  $275,000,000  is  estim- 
ated as  having  already  been  expended  on  the  canal,  re- 
sulting in  the  accomplishment  of  about  40  percent,  of  the 
entire  amount  of  excavation  that  will  be  required,  Time 
required  for  completion,  about  ten  years. 

IK^icara^ua  Canal. — Projected  to  connect  the  Atlan- 
tic and  Pacific  oceans,  using  the  waters  of  Lake  Nicar- 
agua. Total  distance  from  ocean  to  ocean,  189.9  miles; 
depth  of  canal,  30  ft. ;  least  width  at  bottom,  100  ft. ;  time 
transit  from  ocean  to  ocean,  44  hours;  length  of  Lake 
Nicaragua,  110  miles;  average  width  40  miles;  surface 
area,  about  2,600  square  miles;  area  of  watershed  of  lake, 
about  8,000  square  miles. 

From  New  York  to  San  Francisco  by  water  the  present 
distance  is  15,672  miles,  or  31,344  miles  the  round  trip; 
by  the  Nicaragua  Canal  the  distance  between  the  same 
points  will  be  5,636  miles,  or  11,272  miles  both  ways,  a 
saving  of  10.036  miles  each  way,  and  of  20.072  miles  on 
the  round  trip.  The  distances  in  statute  miles  from  New 
York  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  by  the  principal  land  and  water 
routes  are:  By  water  to  Cape  Horn,  7,897:  by  Southern 
Pacific,  3.709;  by  Canadian  Pacific,  3,619:  by  Central 
Pacific,  3,269;  by  Northern  Pacific,  3,237;  by  Nicaragua 
Canal,2,519. 


i6o 

FORMULA  FOR  WOOD  SCREWS* 
N  =  number. 
D  ==  diameter, 
0  =  (iVX. 01325)+  .056, 
D  —  .056. 

N=   

.01325.  • 


Diameter  and  Number  of  Wood  Screws. 


Diameter. 

No. 

Diameter. 

.056 

16 

.268 

.069 

17 

.281 

.082 

18 

•293 

.096 

19 

-308 

.109 

20 

-321 

1 

.122 

21 

-334 

.135 

22 

•347 

23 

-361 

\ 

.162 

24 

•374 

9 

-175 

25 

.387 

xo 

.188 

26 

.401 

xs 

.201 

27 

.414 

19 

•215 

28 

•427 

«3 

-228 

29 

•440 

»4 

.241 

30 

•453 

'5 

.255 

MELTING  POINT  OF  METALS. 


Platinum   3080**  Fahr.  (Pouillct). 

Wrought  iron   2822  "  " 

Steel   2462 

Cast  iron  (Gray)  2210  "  * 

Gold   2192  «  « 

Silver.   1832  "  « 

Antimony    842  "     (I.  Lowthian  fiell). 

Zinc   782  «  " 

Lead   620  "  " 

Tin   475  " 


WEIGHT  OF  GRINDSTONES. 

Rule. — Square  the  diameter  (in  inches) ;  multiply  by  thickncfl 
{in  inches) ;  then  by  the  decimal  .06363;  the  product  will  b«  the 
weight  of  the  stone  in  pounds.  * 


I6i 
ALLOYS. 


Alloys. 


Brass,  engine  bearings  

Tongh  brass,  engine  work.- 

**     for  heavy  bearings  

Yellow  brass,  for  turning  

Flanges  to  stand  brazing  

Bell-metal...  z  

Babbitt's  metal  

Brass,  locomotive  bearings..; 

**     for  straps  and  glands. 

Mtintz*s  sheathing   

Metal  to  expand  in  cooling. . 

Pewter  

Spelter  

Statuary  bronze  

Type-metal,  from  


Solders. 

For  lead  

«  tin....  

•  pewter  

•  brazing  (hardest) . . . 

«         «  (hard)  

«*         «  (soft)  


112 
lOO 

i6o 

2 
52 
16  . 

I  . 
64 
130 

6 


90 


'A- 
15  ■ 

5  . 


SURE  CURE  FOR  SMALL-POX  AND  SCARLET  FEVER. 

The  following  small-pox  remedy  was  given  to  the  public  by  a 
correspondent  of  the  Stockton  (Cal.)  Herald,  who  says:  "  I  here- 
with append  a  recipe  v/hich  has  been  used,  to  my  knowledge,  in 
hundreds  of  cases.  It  will  prevent  or  cure  small-pox,  though  the 
pittings  are  filling.  It  will  also  cure  scarlet  fever.  Here  is  the 
recipe  as  I  have  used  it  to  cure  small-pox.  When  learned  physi- 
cians said  the  patient  must  die,  it  cured :  Sulphate  of  zinc,  one 

Sain;  foxglove  (digitalis),  one  grain;  half  a  teaspoonful  of  sugar, 
ix  with  two  taolespoonfuls  of  water.  When  thoroughly  mixed, 
add  four  ounces  of  water.  Take  a  teaspoonful  every  hour.  Either 
disease  will  disappear  in  twelve  hours.  For  a  child,  smaller  dose 
according  to  its  age.  If  countries  would  compel  physicians  to 
use  this,  there  would  be  no  need  of  pest-houses.  If  you  value 
fUlvice  and  experience,  use  this  for  that  terrible  disease. " 


1 62 


DIFFEKENl  COLORS  O?  IRON  CAUSED  BY  HEAT. 


Beg. 

Deg. 

Cen. 

Fah. 

261 

370 

502 
680 

i  "XTiniat-     T3ii<-T-\1o  rtnA    T^iill    T^1ii«>        T^<:>fiu^An  r>/\tO' 

I  V  luicL,  x^Lirpic  dna  j^uii  xjiuc  r>c<.w...cn 

(     Gre^n'^  and'then^df^ppe'irs"^^'  Sea 

(  Commences  to  be  covered  with  a  light  coating 

932 

-\     of  oxide  J  becomes  a  deal  more  impressible 

/     to  the  hammer,  and  can  be  twisted  with  e2isc# 

977 

Kecomes  Nascent  Reda 

700 

Somber  Red. 

800 

1472 

Nascent  Cherry, 

900 

1657 

Cherry. 

1000 

1832 

Bright  Cherry. 

1100 

2012 

Dull  Orange. 

I2CX> 

2192 

Bright  Orange. 

1300 

2372 

White. 

I4CO 

2552 

Brilliant  White-welding  heat. 

1500 
1600 

2732 
2912 

j-  Dazzling  white. 

STANDARD  SCREW  THREADS. 


Diam. 

of 
Screw. 

Thread 
per 
Inch. 

Diam. 
at  root  of 
Thread. 

Dia  m. 

of 
Screw. 

Thread 
per 
Inch. 

Diam. 
at  loot  of 
Thread. 

20 

.185 

2 

4K 

1. 712 

5-16 

18 

.240 

2^{ 

1.962 

16 

.294 

2^ 

4 

2.175 

7-16 

14 

'344 

2^ 

4 

2.425 

13 

.400 

3 

3K 

2.628 

9-16 

12 

•454 

3K 

3^, 

2.878 

II 

•507 

3% 

3^ 

3.100 

10 

.620 

3Y4 

3 

3317 

9 

.731 

3.566 

8 

.837 

2% 

3.825 

7 

.940 

4^ 

2^ 

4-027 

7 

1 .065 

2^ 

4-255 

jYs 

6 

1 . 160 

2K 

4.480 

6 

1.284 

H 

2^ 

4-73° 

1.389 

572 

2^ 

5-053 

5 

1.490 

5Y 

2>^ 

5  203 

1^8 

5 

1 .6x5 

6 

_2^ 

5-423^ 

Angle  of  Thread  60°. 

Flat  at  top  and  bottom  Yz  of  pitch. 


i63 


COPARTNERSHIPS. 

Partnerships  may  be  either  general  or  special.  In  general 
partnerships,  money  invested  ceases  to  be  individual  property. 
Each  member  is  made  personally  liable  for  the  whole  amount  of 
debts  incurred  by  the  company.  The  company  is  liable  for  all 
contracts  or  obligations  made  by  individual  members. 

Special  partners  are  not  liable  beyond  the  amount  contributed. 

A  person  may  become  a  partner  by  allowing  people  generally  to 
presume  that  he  is  one,  as,  by  having  his  name  on  the  sign  or  par- 
cel, or  in  the  bills  used  in  the  business. 

A  share  or  specific  interest  in  the  profits  or  loss  of  a  business, 
as  remuneration  for  labor,  may  involve  one  in  the  liability  of  a 
partner. 

In  case  of  Bankruptcy,  the  joint  estate  is  first  applied  to  the 
payment  of  partnership  debts,  the  surplus  only  going  to -the  credit- 
ors of  the  individual  estate. 

A  dissolution  of  partnership  may  take  place  under  express  stipu- 
lations in  the  articles  of  agreement,  by  mutual  consent,  by  the 
death  or  insanity  of  one  of  the  firm,  by  award  of  arbitrators,  or  by 
court  of  equity  in  cases  of  misconduct  of  some  member  of  the 
firm. 

A  partner  signing  his  individual  name  to  negotiable  paper, 
which  is  for  the  use  of  the  partnership  firm,  binds  all  the  partners 
thereby.  Negotiable  paper  of  the  firm,  even  though  given  on 
private  account  by  one  of  the  partners,  will  hold  all  the  partners 
of  the  firm,  when  it  passes  into  the  hands  of  the  holders,  who  are 
ignorant  of  the  fact  attending  its  creation. 

Partnership  effects  may  be  bought  and  sold  by  a  partner;  he 
may  make  contracts;  may  receive  money;  indorse,  draw  and 
accept  bills  and  notes,  and,  while  this  may  be  for  his  own  private 
account,  if  it  apparently  be  for  the  use  of  the  firm,  his  partners 
will  be  bound  by  his  action,  provided  the  parties  dealing  with  him 
were  ignorant  of  the  transaction  being  on  his  private  account;  and 
thus  representation  or  misrepresentation  of  a  partner,  having 
relation  to  business  of  the  firm,  will  bind  the  members  in  the 
partnership. 

In  case  of  death,  the  surviving  partner  must  account  the 
representatives  of  the  deceased. 


164 

RULE  TO  CALCULATE  THE  HORSE-POWER  IN  AN  ENGINE. 

This  rule  will  prove  correct  for^all  ordinary  engines; 
but  there  may  he  a  very  slight  variation  in  the  case  of  an 
extra  long  or  extra  short  stroke. 

Rule.— Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder  in  inches 
by  itself— in  other  Words,  square  the  diameter  in  inches, 
and  divide  by  four. 


Size  of  Lakes,  Seas  and  Oceans. 


LAKES. 


Miles 
Long. 

Cajruga   36 

George   36 

Constance   45 

Geneva   50 

Lake  of  the  Woods . .  70 

Champlaiii   123 

Ladoga   125 

Maracaybo   150 

Great  Bear   150 

Ontario   180 

Athabasca  200 

Winnipeg   240 

Huron  250 

Erie.   270 

Great  Slave   300 

Michigan   330 

Baikal  360 

Superior  380 


Miles 
Wide. 
4 
3 


75 
60 
40 
40 
20 
40 
90 
50 
45 
6o 
35 
120 


SEAS. 


Miles 
Long. 

Aral   250 

Baltic   600 

Black —   933 

Caribbean   1,800 

China   i»700 

Caspian   640 

Japan   1,000 

Mediterranean   2,000 

Okhotsk   600 

Red   i>400 

White   450 

OCEANS.  i^^^^ 
Square. 

Arctic   5,000,000 

Southern  „  10,000,000 

Indian  20,000,000 

Atlantic   000,000 

Pacific  80,000,000 


Carrying  Capacity  of  a  Ten  Ton  Freight 
Car. 


Flour  90  barrels. 

Lime  70  " 

Salt  70  « 

Whisky  60  " 

Flour  200  sacks. 

£ggs  130  to  160  barrels. 

Wood  6  cords. 

Sheep  80  to  100  head. 

Hogs  50  to  60  " 

Cattle  18  to  20  « 


Butter  20,000  pounds. 

Lumber  6,000  feet 

Wheat  340  bushels. 

Barley  300  " 

Apples  370  " 

Corn  400  " 

Potatoes  430  ** 

Bran  1,000  ** 

Oats  680 

Flax  Seed  360  • 


165 

The  Greatest  Battles  in  History. 

>.J!5^1^f"'f  ?f  B  C.  31,  in  which  the  com- 

bined fleets  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra  were  defeated  br 
Octavius'        '""Pe^alism  established  in  the  person  A 

*Ji}r  T^"-^^  °^  ^'^^h  331.  in  which  the  Persians, 
?i^^L  T'-aT'^  defeated  by  the  Macedonians  ar3 
ureeks  under  Alexander  the  Great. 

The  Battle  of  Marathon,  B.  C.  490,  in  which  the 
AAemans,  under  Mietiades,  defeated  the  Persians,  under 

The  Battle  of  Syracuse,  B.  C.  413,  in  which  the 
Athenians  were  defeated  by  the  Syracusans  and  the^ 

fhJ}^^^^^^^  °i  ?•  C.  207,  in  which  the  Car 

thagenians,  under  Hasdrubul,  were  defeated  by  th 

Srcririul'"*''^"""'^'^^'"^' 

The  Battle  of  Philippi,  B.  C.  42,  in  which  Brutus  and 
Cassius  were  defeated  by  Octavius  and  Antony.  The  ft*: 
of  the  Republic  was  decided.  * 

The  Battle  of  Blenheim,  A.  D.  1704,  in  which  the 
French  and  Bavarians,  under  MarsQ' Tall™w«^ 
defeated  by  the  English  and  their  allies,  under  MkrW 

The  Battle  of  Chalons,  A.  D.  451,  in  which  theHi.™ 
under  Attila,  called  the  "  Scour|e  W  Sod,"  we2  S 
feat^edby  the  confederate  armies%f  Romans  Ind  V^. 

Battle  of  Hastings,  A.  D.  1066,  in  which  Harold, 
commandmg  the  English  army,  was  defea™y  wS 
I  the  Conquerer  of  Normandy.  ^ 
I    The  Battle  of  Lutzen,   1632,  which  decided  tht 
j^hgu^ushbertiesofGermany.  Vustavus  Adolphls^ 

On  the  2ist  of  October,  1805,  the  Great  Naval  Battle 


l66 


of  Trafalgar  was  fought.  The  English  defeated  thi^ 
French  and  destroyed  the  hopes  of  Napoleon  as  to  a  suc- 
cessful invasion  of  England. 

The  Battle  of  Valmy,  A.  D.  1792,  in  which  an  invading 
army  of  Prussians,  Austrians  and  Hessians,  under  the 
command  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  were  defeated  by 
the  French,  under  Dumouriez. 

The  Battle  of  Waterloo,  1815,  in  which  the  French,- 
under  Napoleon,  were  defeated  by  the  allied  armies  of 
England,  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  and  of 
Prussia,  under  Prince  Blucher. 

The  battles  around  Metz,  August  14,  16,  18,  1870. 
Bazaine,  with  200,000  men,  thrown  into  the  fortress 
by  the  Germans. 

The  Battle  of  Sedan,  Sept.  2,  1870.  Napoleon 
with  80,000  ineu,  surrendered  to  the  allied  Germans. 

The  naval  battle  in  Manila  Bay,  May  i,  1898,  The 
American  squadron,  under  Dewey,  annihilated  the 
Spanish  iieei:  under  Montejo. 

The  Battle  of  Oradurman,  Sept.  3,  1898.  English- 
Egyptian  army,  under  Kitchener,  routed  large  army 
of  dervishes  under  Khalifa  Abdullah, 


SOME  GOOD  MAXIMS. 
Tbere  is  nothing  better  in  heaven  than  religion. 
Our  actions  of  to-day  are  the  thoughts  of  yesterday. 
A  truthful  woman  is  the  greatest  adornment  of  a  home. 
If  you  live  in  impure  thoughts  you  will  be  impure  in 
your  lives. 

f  rnfanity  is  more  or  less  a  profession  of  your  loyalty 
to  th<  devil. 

N'jbody  ever  went  to  sleep  indifferent  to  religion  and 
waked  up  in  heaven. 

A  child  is  loved  by  God  because  it  has  no  opinions 
and  wants  to  learn  something. 

®Don't  get  into  anybody's  way  with  your  naturalness^ 
bul  try  to  be  yourself  wherever  you  go. 

Run  into  heaven  barefooted  and  bareheaded  rather 
tharv  Miiss  2<;  on  account  of  anything  in  the  world. 


l67 


How  to  Preserve  Eggs. 

To  each  pailful  of  water,  add  two  pints  of  fresh  slacked!  imc 
and  one  pint  of  common  salt;  mix  well  Fill  your  barrel  half  faU 
with  this  fluid,  put  your  eggs  down  in  it  any  time  after  June,  an3 
they  will  keep  two  years  if  desired 

Facts  Worth  Knowing. 

There  are  2,754  languages. 
America  was  discovered  in  i492# 
A  square  mile  contains  640  acres* 
Envelopes  were  first  used  in  1839* 
Telescopes  were  invented  in  1590* 
A  barrel  of  rice  weighs  600  pounds* 
A  barrel  of  flour  weighs  196  pounds. 
A  barrel  of  pork  weighs  200  pounds. 
A  firkin  of  buiter  w*sighs  56  pounds. 
The  first  steel  pen  vas  made  in  1830, 
A  span  is  tea  «.nd  seven  eighth  inches, 
A  hand  (horse  measure)  is  four  inches. 
Watches  were  first  constructed  ir.  1476* 
The  first  iron  steamship  was  built  in  1830* 
The  first  lucifer  match  was  made  in  1829. 
Gold  was  discovered  in  California  in  1848. 
The  first  horse  railroad  was  built  in  1826-7^ 
The  average  human  life  is  thirty-one  years^  \ 
Coaches  were  first  used  in  England  in  1569. 
Modern  needles  first  came  into  use  in  1545. 
Space  has  a  temperature  of  200  degrees  below  zerO. 
Kerosene  was  first  usi?d  for  lighting  purposes  in  1826. 
The  first  newspaper  was  published  in  England  in  1588. 
The  first  newspaper  advertisement  appeared  in  1652. 
Robert  Bonner  refused  $100,000.00  for  the  famous  trotter 
Until  1776  cotton-spinning  was  performed  by  the  hand-spinning 
wheel. 

Measure  209  feet  on  each  side  and  you  will  have  a  square  acre 
within  an  inch. 

The  first  sewing  machine  was  patented  by  Elias  Howe,  Jr.,  iit 
1846. 

The  first  steam  engine  on  this  continent  was  brought  Irom  Eng* 
land  in  1753. 

The  first  knives  were  used  in  England,  and  the  first  wheeled 
carriages  in  France  in  1559. 

The  national  colors  of  the  United  States  wert  adopted  by  Con* 
gress  in  1777 

The  cost  of  coal  burned  by  an  ocean  sicaniCi  on  a  trip  wiD 
average  $13,000. 

The  sun  is  92,500,000  miles  from  the  eartli.  The  tatter  receives 
only  one  two-Oillionth  of  the  solar  heat. 

The  nearest  fixed  star  is  16,000,000,000  miies  dlStaQl;^  imd  taker 
ihree  years  for  light  to  reach  the  earth. 


168 


05 


Financial. 

•2aiTlT?9[0 
-^99J58  JO  1S09 
^[IB9iC  92^J9AV 

$1,075,200 

283,909 
165,165 
126,804 
136,673 
110,000 
58,437 
185,000 

13,000 
250,000 

30,000 

•a  TTtJ^Ta  T 

pat?  uoTpuj^s 
-aoo  JO  1900 

KH'BdS.  9S'8J9AY 

$1,024,161 

637.550 
393.945 
837,304 
825.000 
120,000 
958,743 
855,000 

573,244 
35,000 

334,617 
468,077 
20,000 
200.000 

}0  ^{lUI  qOT?8  01  uoii 

2,632 

909 
1,232 
434 
1,094 
556 
871 
610 

t-<  oo  t--  o 

lO-^OS  04 

•T39JT}  01 

;89I19  JO  ^080  ja  J 

i> 

rf  l>  lO  05  CO  05 

rHQOOi        »0  OJ  1-1 

■rH  »0  03CO 

ojco  -"Oi 

"Baiu  JO  911UI  "bs  qo^9 
o;  8i89i:is   JO  sauivr 

14.5 

14.9 

a4.o 

21.9 
11.6 
42.6 
22.1 
19.4 

10  0 
16.8 

19.4 
24.6 
10.5 
15.5 

•fijg  O;  85[lBM.9pi9  JO 

q:)piA\  9!jBnopj"odoJtj 

»o 

ifi  lO  o     o  o  o 

OI  Ol  03  I-' (Ti 

oo 

-^OJ 

•p9ABd 

epa.ns  jo  'jn9o  j9J 

03 

iCl-  Q  Q      i>  OJ 
O  iC     O  iO  OJ  »o 

o? 

t-i>COC0 

•;99J — 9;99J:;8 
JO      qipiAV  9S«J9AV 

8 

COO 

O  IC  o  o 
»Ci>COQ0 

Length 
OF  Streets 
IN  Miles. 

^^yao  p9qjno 
pUT?  pop^io 

iO  • 
^  ; 

O  CO  o    .  o  o  -  • 
»o     Tt"    -ooS    •  • 

'.  to  • 

:®*  : 

•p9ABJ 

00  • 
i.O  • 
CO  ; 

Q  O  O?  00  Oi  OJ  . 

25  i>  o?  o  >o  05  io  • 

i>»  CO  ^ 05  • 

OSQO  ; 

t>  03  CO  in 

^  l>T)lOl 

iC  . 
• 

lO  ' 

1,151 
653 

1,061 
408 
780 
342 
486 

O?  ^rt  . 

o?  • 
coo  • 

OOSCOQ 
rr  T— 1  ^ 

•uopBindoj 


*e9iira  aiBTibg — B9iv 


C0Q0«0Tt<Oc0C01>?D-^Tl*i-i000llC^T-iT 

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4d 


^5  Q  piH  m  M  w  pa  oj  o  Q  PQ  ;z;  Ph  ^  «  S  ^z;  S 


169 


5  CO  CO 

III 


mmmmmmm 


iliiiiiliiiliiiiilli 


lllljiiiiigisilisgspiisyg|3g§ 

iiiiillii 


170 


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171 


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172 

EXPLOSIVE  POWER  OF  LIQUID  AIR. 

In  1898,  it  was  shown  that  cotton  waste,  when  soaked 
with  liquid  air  and  flted  with  a  match,  developed  an  ex- 
plosive power  greater  than  that  of  gun  cotton,  and  small 
pieces  of  copper  pipe  and  steel  bicycle  tubing  were  shown 
in  which  cotton  so  treated  had  been  placed  without  pack- 
ing. Both  were  split  and  torn  as  if  they  had  been  simply 
pasteboard.  As  to  the  practical  use  of  liquid  air,  many  ■ 
startling  propositions  are  already  attracting  capital.  Its 
intense  cold  (its  temperature  being  about  591  deg.  below 
zero,  Centi.)  will  make  it  an  unexcelled  refrigerating 
agent.  It  may  be  an  important  power-developer,  as  wat-  . 
er  poured  into  a  tea-kettle  three  parts  |full  of  the  liquid 
causes  an  evolution  of  power  apparently  as  great  as  ' 
would  be  given  off  by  a  pot  of  boiling  water.  It  is  also 
proved  that  metals  treated  with  liquid  air  offer  no  resist- 
ance to  electricity,  and  thus  by  treating  dynamos  accord- 
ingly, their  power  can  be  enormously  increased. 

  ft 

PROVISIONING  A  SHIP. 

The  food  needed  for  a  twenty-days'  trip  of  an  ocean 
greyhound,  from  Bombay  to  London,  with  about  55(>  , 
passengers  on  board  consists  of  :  Eggs,  32,000:  meat,  ) 
23,000  pounds;  vegetables,  8,200  pounds;  potatoes,!  9  | 
tons;  ducks,  1,200;  game  and  poultry,  1,400  head;  fish, 
11,  pounds;  flour,  33  barrels.  ' 


POINTS  OF  l^AW. 

{By  a  Supreme  Court  Lawyer.^ 
The  advice  on  matters  in  the  follow  pages  has 
been  acquired  at  a  great  expense,  and  is  absolutely 
correct.    It  can  be  relied  upon  as  such. 

I/awyers'  fees  can  be  saved,  and  much  annoy- 
ance and  expense  avoided  by  acting  on  the  advice 
given  here.* 

NKGOTIABI^E  INSTRUMENTS. 

Introduction. — The  laws  governing  mercantile 
transactions,  and  particularly  such  as  relate  to 
negotiable  instruments,  are,  in  the  main,  of 
very  ancient  origin,  and  are  derived  for  the 
most  part  from  the  well  established  usages  of  mer- 
chants, which  have  been  adopted,  sanctioned  and 
confirmed  by  the  courts,  and  in  many  instances 


173 


redeclared  by  statue.  These  usages  and  customs  consti- 
tute what  is  called,  in  the  language  of  the  books,  the 
law-merchant. 

Promissory  Notes. — A  note  of  hand,  as  it  is  called,  is 
a  written  promise  to  pay  to  a  person  certain,  his  order, 
or  bearer,  at  a  specified  time,  a  given  sum  of  money.  To 
render  it  negotiable,  that  is,  so  that  it  may  be  transferred 
by  endorsement  or  delivery,  it  must  be  payable  to  "order" 
or  "bearer,"  and  unless  these  words  appear  it  will  not  be 
negotiable.  Further,  the  Dromise  must  be  absolute  and 
uncoupled  with  any  conditJoii,  and  the  time  of  payment 
must  be  certain  and  not  dependent  upon  any  contingency. 
Again,  the  promise  must  be  for  a  definite  sum  and  must 
be  payable  in  money.  These  are  all  of  the  essence  of 
negotiability.  Failing  in  any  of  the  foregoing  particu- 
lars, the  note  may  still  be  good  as  a  contract,  but  it  will 
not  be  a  negotiable  instrument. 

\t  may  be  written  upon  anything  capable  of  receiving 
written  characters,  in  any  language  susceptible  of  trans- 
lation, and  with  any  substance  that  will  leave  a  perma- 
nent mark;  hence  a  note  written  in  pencil  is  just  as  valid 
as  one  vn-itten  with  ink.  It  need  not  be-dated,  for  deliv- 
cry  gives  it  effect,  although  a  date  is  customary  and 
proper,  and  when  no  time  is  specified  it  is  payable  on 
demand.  It  need  not  be  signed  at  the  bottom,  provided 
the  name  of  the  maker  elsewhere  appears  and  was  writteu 
with  intent  to  bind,  as:  "  I,  John  Smith,  promise,"  etc., 
but  the  better  way  is  to  subscribe  the  note. 

The  payee  must  be  named  or  designated,  unless  the 
note  is  drawn  to  bearer,  and  if  drawn  to  the  maker's  owu 
order  possesses  no  validity  until  he  has  indorsed  it.  A 
note  payable  to  bearer  is  transferable  by  simple  delivery 
and  passes  from  hand  to  hand  without  anything; 
further,  and  the  same  is  true  of  a  note  payable  to  the 
payee's  order  after  he  lias  indorsed  it.  In  such  a  case- 
any  holder  may  write  over  such  indorsement  an  order  to 
pay  to  himself.  But  if  indorsed  in  full,  that  is  to  pay  t© 
some  person  certain,  it  can  only  be  transferred  by  the 
subsequent  indorsement  of  such  designated  person. 

ft  is  customary  to  write  notes  for  "  value  received,'* 
but  this  is  not  necessary,  for  a  negotiable  note  imports  a 
co^' ■.-Vrotion  anrl,  except  as  between  t.h^^  n-.rH.er  \v!tn» 


.74  1 

of  con^deration  cannot  be  shown  if  the  note  was  negotlS 
ated  m  good  faith  and  before  maturity,  while  as  betwINfiuJ 
the  parties  consideration  may  always  be  disproved,  eveit'' 
though  expressed.  The  better  practice,  however,  is  to| 
write  them  as  expressing  consideration. 

One  who  places  his  name  on  the  back  of  a  note  as  aa 
indorser  thereby  enters  into  an  undertaking  with  hif 
assignee,  as  well  as  others  into  whose  hands  the  note 
may  come,  that  he  will  pay  it  if  the  maker  does  not; 
but  he  may  protect  himself  against  the  claims  of  subset 
quent  indorsers  by  making  his  indorsement  "without 
recourse. "  On  the  other  hand,  a  party,  by  simply  re- 
ceiving and  passing  a  note  while  under  a  blank  indorse- 
ment, and  without  putting  his  name  to  it,  assumes  no 
responsibility  in  relation  to  it. 

The  holder  or  indorsee  of  a  note  has  a  right  of  actioi? 
against  every  one  whose  name  appears  on  the  same, 
whether  as  maker  or  indorser,  but  it  is  his  duty  to  present 
the  note  promptly  at  maturity  and  demand  payment;  if  - 
payment  is  refused,  he  should  immediately  notify  the  • 
indorsers,  and  a  failure  so  to  do  will,  in  most  cases,  dis- 
charge the  indorser  from  liability.  He  should  further  use' 
all  reasonable  means  to  compel  payment  by  the  maker  , 
before  resorting  to  the  indorsers,  and  the  law  only  excuses' 
him  from  this  duty  where  at  the  time  of  maturity  the 
maker  is  hopelessly  insolvent  and  a  suit  against  him  would 
be  unavailing. 

Prior  to  maturity,  any  person  who  takes  a  note  withe 
out  notice  of  any  defect,  and  pays  therefor  a  valuable 
consideration,  will  be  protected  against  any  equities 
existing  in  favor  of  the  maker;  but  one  who  takes  it  as  a 
mere  volunteer,  paying  no  value  therefor,  or  one  who 
receives  it  after  it  has  become  due,  even  though  in  good 
faith,  and  for  value,  will  take  it  subject  to  all  its  infirm- 
ities, and  any  defense  that  would  have  been  availing  as 
against  the  payee  may  be  interposed  as  to  them. 

Due  Bills  are  not  distinguishable  in  general  effect 
from  promissory  notes,  and  are  governed  by  the  same 
ftHes  and  assignable  in  the  same  manner. 

Certificates  of  Deposit  are,  in  effect,  promissory 
notes,  and  subject  to  the  same  rules  and  principles 
applicable  to  that  class  of  paper. 


175 

I  IVarehouse  Receipts  are  not  technicallv  negotiabk,  bjA 
:andintheplaceofthepropertyitself;tfied^^^^^^^^ 
^ipts  has  the  same  effect,  in  transferring  the  title  to  the 
^operty,  as  the  delivery  of  the  proper  y  itself.  Jhej 
owever  frequently  declared  negotiable  paper  by  statute. 
Fr^//^.-The  dmft,  or  bill  of  exchange  is  the  oldest 
Dim  of  negotiable  paper,  and  is  said  to  have  existed  as 
Lly  as  the^first  century.  Drafts  are  governed  by  the 
ame  general  rules  as  notes,  and  all  the  remarks  of  the 
oregoing  paragraphs  concerning  negotiability  are  equally 

'^KheS  of  the  holder  of  a  bill  to  present  it  for 
tcceptance  without  delay,  and  if  it  is  payable  at  sight^ 
tt  a  certain  time  after  sight,  no  right  of  action 
accrue  against  any  person  until  it  has  been  so  presented, 
[f  it  be  not  accepted,  when  properly  presented,  or,  if 
iccepted,  be  not  paid  when  due,  the  further  duty  devolves 
3n  the  holder  to  have  it  regularly  protested  by  a  notary 
public  This  is  essential,  however,  only  m  case  of  foreign 
bills,  and  is  not  required  for  inland  exchange  or  notes. 
Simple  notice  in  the  latter  case  is  sufficient. 

Checks.— check  on  bank  is  a  species  of  bill  of  ex- 
change but  is  governed  by  somewhat  different  rules  from 
the  ordinary  bill.  It  need  not  be  presented  for  acceptance, 
for  a  bank  is  bound  to  pay  at  any  time  if  it  have  funds  of 
the  drawer  on  deposit;  nor  is  it  material  that  the  holder 
delay  presentment  for  payment.  A  check  should,  how- 
ever,  be  presented  immediately;  this  the  drawer  has  a 
!  right  to  expect,  and  the  delay  is  at  the  holder's  risk,  for 
if  the  bank  fails  in  the  meantime,  the  loss  falls  on  him,  if 
the  drawer  had  funds  on  deposit  sufficient  to  have  paid 
the  check  had  it  been  timely  presented. 

Certifying  a  check  practically  amounts  to  an  acceptance 
and  binds  the  bank  as  an  acceptor. 

Checks  should  be  drawn  to  order  to  guard  against  loss 
and  theft,  and  at  the  same  time  it  acts  as  a  receipt  ot  the 
payee.    A  check  is  not  a  payment  until  it  has  been  cashed. 

In  paying  a  forged  check  the  loss  falls  on  the  bank, 
which  is  bound  to  know  the  signature  of  its  own  deposit- 
ors,  and,  in  like  manner,  if  the  check  has  been  fraudu- 
lently raised,  the  drawer  is  chargeable  only  with  the 
original  amount 


1 70 

INNS  AND  INN-KEEPERS. 

An  Inn  is  a  public  house  for  the  lodging  and  enter- 
fcainment  of  travelers  for  compensation,  and  the  person 
who  conducts  such  house  is  called  an  inn-keeper.  To 
enable  him  to  obtain  his  compensation  the  law  invests  an 
inn-keeper  with  peculiar  privileges,  giving  him  a  lien  upon 
the  personal  property  brought  into  the  inn  by  the  guest, 
and  on  the  other  hand  holds  him  to  a  strict  degree  of 
responsibility  to  the  guest  if  the  goods  are  lost  or  stolen. 

The  essential  character  of  an  inn  is,  that  it  is  open  for 
all  who  may  desire  to  visit  it  ;  hence,  a  mere  private 
boarding-house,  or  lodging-house,  cannot,  in  any  proper 
sense,  be  regarded  as  an  inn;  nor  will  a  coffee-house  or 
restaurant  come  within  the  term.  A  person  who  enter- 
tains travelers  occasionally,  although  he  may  receive  com» 
pensation,  is  not  an  inn-keeper,  nor  liable  as  such,  pro- 
vided he  does  not  hold  himself  out  in  that  character. 

An  Inn-keeper  is  bound  to  receive  all  travelers  and 
wayfaring  persons  who  may  apply  to  him,  and  to  provide 
entertainment  for  them,  if  he  can  accommodate  them, 
imless  they  are  drunk,  or  disorderly,  or  afflicted  with  con- 
tagious diseases.  If  a  person  be  disorderly  he  may  not 
only  refuse  to  receive  him,  but  even  after  he  has  received 
him  may  eject  him  from  the  house.  ^ 

He  is  further  bound  to  exercise  a  high  degree  of  care 
over  the  person  and  property  of  his  guests,  and  is  held  to 
a  strict  responsibility  for  all  loss  or  damage  which  may 
occur  through  his  negligence.  This  responsibility  extends 
act  only  to  his  own  acts,  and  the  acts  of  his  servants,  but 
also  to  the  acts  of  his  other  guests.  The  liability  of  an 
inn-keeper  commences  from  the  time  the  goods  are 
brought  into  the  inn  or  delivered  to  any  of  the  inn -keep- 
er's servants;  and  a  delivery  into  the  personal  custody  of 
the  inn-keeper  is  not  necessary  in  order  to  make  him  re- 
sponsible. He  is  not  liable  for  what  are  termed  the  acts 
of  God,  or  tiie  public  enemy;  nor  for  property  destroyed 
without  his  negligence  by  accidental  fire;  and,  generally* 
the  inn-keeper  will  be  exonorated  if  the  negligence  of  the 
guest  occasion  the  loss  in  such  a  way  that  the  loss  would 
not  have  happened  if  the  guest  had  used  the  ordinary  care 
that  a  prudent  man  may  be  reasonably  expected  to  have 
taken  under  the  circumstances. 


177 


The  strict  liability  of  an  inn-keeper  has  been  much 
modified  by  statute,  particularly  in  regard  to  money  and 
valuables,  and  where  the  inn-keeper  provides,  in  the  office 
or  some  other  convenient  place  in  the  hotel,  an  iron  safe 
for  the  keeping  of  money,  jew^els,  etc.,  and  notifies  his 
guests  of  that  fact,  and  the  guest  neglects  to  avail  himself 
of  the  opportunity  thus  afforded,  the  inn-keeper  will  not 
be  liable  for  the  losses  sustained  by  the  guest  by  theft  or 
otherwise. 

A  guest,  in  the  restricted  and  legal  sense  of  that  term, 
is  the  only  person  who  is  entitled  to  the  privileges  of 
protection,  and  to  entitle  him  to  this  he  must  have  the 
character  of  a  traveler,  a  mere  sojourner  or  temporary 
lodger,  in  distinction  from  one  who  engages  for  a  fixed 
period,  and  at  a  certain  agreed  rate;  but  if  a  party  is  in 
fact  a  wayfarer,  and  his  visit  is  only  transient,  it  matters 
not  how  long  he  remains,  provided  he  retains  this  charac- 
ter Thus,  regular  boarders  by  the  week  or  month  are 
not  guests,  nor  are  they  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  guestsj 
and  on  the  other  hand,  in  the  absence  of  an  enabling 
statute,  the  landlord  is  not,  as  to  them,  an  inn-keeper, 
and  as  such  entitled  to  a  lien  on  their  effects  for  his  com- 
pensation. 

COMMON  CARRIERS. 

Generally.  — A  common  carrier  is  one  who  undertakes 
for  hire  to  transport  the  persons  or  goods  of  such  as 
choose  to  employ  him,  from  one  point  to  another,  and 
who  does  this  as  a  business.  The  law  compels  him  to 
take  the  goods  or  persons  of  all  who  may  apply  and  to 
make  due  transport  of  them;  it  gives  him  a  lien  on  such 
goods  or  on  the  baggage  of  passengers  for  his  compensa- 
tion, but  at  the  same  time  holds  him  liable  for  all  loss  or 
injury,  even  though  occurring  without  any  fault  or  neg- 
lect on  his  part.  Included  under  this  head  are  dray  and 
truckmen,  hackmen,  stage  coach,  railway  and  steamboat 
companies,  and  indeed  all  who  hold  themselves  out  as 
transporters,  either  of  persons  or  goods,  whether  by  land 
or  water. 

Carriers  of  Passengers. — A  carrier  of  passengers  is 
bound  to  receive  all  who  apply;  to  treat  all  alike;  to 
provide  proper  carriages  and  not  to  overload  them;  to 


stop  at  proper  intervals  for  rest  or  food;  to  carry  his 
passengers  over  the  v^rhole  route  contracted  for,  and  to 
exercise  the  utmost  care  in  protecting  them  from  peril 
while  on  the  journey.  Failing  in  any  of  these  particulars 
he  is  responsible,  not  only  to  the  extent  of  the  actual 
damage  caused  thereby,  but  frequently  for  pain  and 
injury  to  the  feelings. 

In  the  sale  of  a  ticket  for  transportation  the  foregoing 
is  the  implied  agreement  on  the  part  of  the  carrier,  and 
the  passenger  on  the  other  hand  accepts  such  ticket  and 
contracts  for  passage  subject  to  the  reasonable  regulations 
of  the  company. 

A  carrier  of  passengers  is  liable  for  any  loss  or  damage 
to  the  baggage  of  his  passengers,  but  only  to  the  extent 
of  what  may  reasonably  and  naturally  be  carried  as  bag- 
gage. This  w  ould  not  include  large  sums  of  money,  nor 
merchandise,  and,  as  a  rule,  damages  in  this  respect  are 
limited  to  such  articles  of  necessity  and  personal  conve- 
nience as  are  usually  carried  by  travelers.  Nor  v^^ill  ihs 
carrier  be  liable  for  any  baggage  not  delivered  to  him  or 
his  servants;  and  hence,  if  the  passenger  keeps  his  bag- 
gage about  his  person,  or  in  his  own  hands,  or  within  his 
sight  and  immediate  control,  he  assumes  the  risk  of  loss, 
and  the  carrier  will  not  be  held  liable  unless  himself  in 
fault. 

Carriers  of  Goods. — A  common  carrier  is  an  insurer 
of  the  safe  transportation  and  delivery  of  all  property  in- 
trusted to  him  for  carriage,  except  as  against  such  losses 
as  are  caused  by  the  immediate  act  of  God  or  the  public 
enemy,  and  this  liability  continues  until  the  goods  have 
arrived  at  their  destination  and  for  a  reasonable  time  after 
they  are  unloaded.  But  after  safe  delivery  in  the  freight 
depot  of  the  carrier  and  a  reasonable  time  has  elapsed  for 
their  removal,  and  particularly  if  notice  of  their  arrival 
has  been  given  to  the  consignee,  the  liability  of  the  carrier 
as  such  ceases,  and  he  will  hold  the  property  as  a  ware- 
houseman only.  In  this  latter  event  he  will  be  bound  to 
no  more  than  ordinary  care. 

The  acts  of  God  are  held  to  extend  only  to  such  inevit- 
able accidents  as  occur  without  the  intervention  of  man's 
agency.  Hence,  the  carrier  is  not  responsible  for  losses 
occurring  from  natural  causes,  such  as  frost,  fermenta- 


I7<* 

tion,  evaporation  or  natural  decay  of  peiishable  artid^ 
nor  for  the  natural  and  necessary  wear  in  the  course  of 
transportation,  provided  he  exercises  all  reasonable  care 
to  have  the  loss  or  deterioration  as  little,  as  practicable. 

Carriers,  both  by  land  and  water,  are  bound  to  take 
the  goods  of  all  who  offer,  and  if  they  refuse,  without 
jubt  excuse,  are^iable  to  an  action;  yet  they  may  restrict 
their  business  within  such  limits  as  they  may  deem  expe- 
dient, and  are  not  bound  to  accept  goods  out  of  the  usual 
line  of  then*  business.  They  may  also  qualify  theii 
responsibility  by  notice  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
shipper  and  assented  to  by  him,  but  cannot  even  then 
excuse  gross  negligence  on  their  part. 

Warehousemen  are  persons  who  receive  goods  and 
merchandise  to  be  stored  for  hire,  and  is  the  character 
sustained  by  a  carrier  after  the  goods  have  reached  their 
destination.  A  warehouseman  is  bound  to  use  ordinary 
care  in  preserving  such  goods  and  merchandise,  and  his 
neglect  so  to  do  will  render  him  liable  for  any  damage 
that  may  accrue.  His  liability  commences  as  soon  as  the 
goods  arrive  at  the  warehouse. 

Sleeping  Cars. — Though  sleeping  cars  are,  compara- 
tively, a  modern  invention,  their  wide  use  and  general 
adoption  by  the  public  has  already  created  quite  a  vol- 
uminous mass  of  law  upon  the  subject,  and  the  rights, 
both  of  the  companies  and  the  public,  have  become  tol- 
erably well  defined.  The  service  of  the  railway  com- 
panies and  of  the  sleeping  car  companies,  though 
rendered  in  connection,  are  entirely  separate  and  distinct. 
The  business  of  the  former  is  to  furnish  transportation, 
of  the  latter  to  provide  accommodations  that  travelers 
may  sleep,  and  in  so  doing  they  deal  only  with  persons 
who  are  provided  with  tickets  entitling  them  to  trans- 
portation by  the  railway  company  over  whose  lines  they 
operate 

^  The  Sleeping  car  companies  are  not  common  carriers, 
like  the  railway  companies,  nor  are  they  subject  to  the 
duties  or  responsibilities  of  carriers,  nor  can  they  be  con- 
sidered as  inn-keepers,  though  performing  many  of  their 
offices.  They  are  not,  therefore,  insurers  of  the  safety 
of  all  property  taken  into  the  car  by  one  who  has  pur- 
chased the  use  of  a  berth.    They  are,  however,  bound  to 


i8o 

afford  protection  to  a  sleeping  passenger,  and  to  exercise 

a  reasonable  care  that  he  does  not  suffer  loss.  The 
faithful  performance  of  this  undertaking  is  the  limit  of 
their  duty  in  this  respect.  They  must  keep  a  watch  dur- 
ing the  night  to  see  that  no  unauthorized  persons  intrude 
themselves  into  the  car,  and  take  reasonable  care  to 
prevent  thefts  by  the  occupants;  failing  in  this,  they  are 
liable  for  neglect. 

The  measure  of  their  liability  is  limited  to  the  value  of 
such  articles  as  are  usually  and  ordinarily  carried  for 
comfort  and  convenience:  the  small  articles  usually 
carried  in  the  hand,  the  clothing  and  personal  ornaments 
of  the  passenger,  and  a  reasonable  sum  of  money  for 
traveling  expenses. 

The  nature  of  the  employment  of  the  sleeping  car 
companies  is  public,  and  in  this  respect  is  the  same  as  a 
common  carrier  or  inn-keeper.  They  must  treat  all 
persons  with  fairness,  and  without  unjust  discrimination. 
Where  there  are  berths  not  engaged,  it  is  their  duty  to 
furnish  them  to  unobjectionable  applicants  on  tender  of 
the  customary  price. 

The  passenger,  when  he  is  assigned  a  berth,  impliedly 
agrees  to  conduct  himself  in  a  quiet  and  orderly  manner, 
to  tak  e  good  care  of  the  berth  while  in  his  possession, 
and  surrender  the  same  at  the  end  of  his  journey  in  as 
good  condition  as  when  assigned  to  him,  necessary  wear 
excepted.  The  company,  on  the  other  hand,  impliedly 
agrees  that  it  will  use  ordinary  and  proper  means  to  pre- 
serve order  in  the  car  during  the  journey,  and  especially 
during  the  sleeping  hours;  that  it  will  furnish  such  cpn- 
veniences  as  are  necessary  to  the  health  and  comfort  of 
the  passenger  and  permit  him  to  quietly  and  peaceably 
occupy  the  berth  engaged  by  him  during  the  journey. 

THE  LAW  OF  THE  ROAD. 
General  Principles.  — To  prevent  collisions,  and  to  se- 
cure the  safety  and  convenience  of  travelers  meeting  and 
passing  each  other  upon  the  highway,  a  code  of  rules  has 
been  adopted  which  constitutes  what  is  called  the  law  of 
the  road.  These  rules,  originally  established  by  custom, 
have,  in  many  instances,  been  re-enacted  and  declared  by 
statute,  and  are  of  general  and  uniform  observance  jn  au 


iSi 

parts  of  the  United  States.  In  general,  they  apply  to 
private  ways,  as  well  as  public  roads,  and,  indeed,  extec4 
to  all  places  appropriated,  either  by  law  or  in  fact,  (of 
the  purposes  of  travel. 

The  fundamental  rule,  applicable  alike  to  all  who  use 
traveled  way,  is,  that  every  person  must  exercise  reason- 
able care,  adapted  to  the  place  and  circumstances,  to 
prevent  collision  and  avoid  accidents,  and  to  this  all  other 
rules  are  subsidiary.  No  one  will  be  entitled  to  redress  for  aa 
injury  sustained  on  the  highway  where  his  own  negligence 
contributed  to  such  injury,  nor  will  the  fact  that  a  fellow- 
traveler  fails  to  observe  the  law  in  the  use  of  the  road 
absolve  another  who  is  in  the  right  from  the  duty  of  ex- 
ercising ordinary  care  to  avoid  injury  to  himself  or  to 
prevent  injury  to  the  party  who  is  in  the  wrong.  At  the 
same  time,  a  person  lawfully  using  a  public  highway  has  a 
right  to  assume  that  a  fellow-traveler  will  observe  the  law 
and  exercise  ordinary  care  and  prudence,  and  to  govern 
his  own  conduct  in.  determining  his  use  of  the  road 
accordingly.  This  assumption  he  may  rely  on,  not  to 
justify  carelessness  on  his  own  part,  but  to  warrant  him  in 
Dursuing  his  business  in  a  convenient  manner. 

Vehicles. — It  is  a  primary  rule  that  vehicles  meeting  on 
a  highway  must  bear  or  keep  to  the  right.  This,  how- 
ever, applies  only  to  passing  vehicles,  for  a  person  having 
before  him  the  entire  road  free  from  carriages  or  other 
obstructions,  and  having  no  notice  of  any  carriage  behind 
him,  is  at  liberty  to  travel  upon  any  part  of  the  way  as 
suits  his  convenience  or  pleasure,  and  no  blame  can  be 
imputed  to  him.  But  while  a  traveler  may  well  occupy 
any  part  of  the  road  if  nc  other  is  using  any  portion  of  it^ 
he  must,  upon  all  occasions  of  the  meeting  of  another, 
reasonably  turn  to  the  right;  and  in  all  cases  of  a  crowded 
condition  of  a  thoroughfare  must  keep  to  the  right  of  the 
center  or  traveled  part  of  the  way.  A  driver  may,  indeed^ 
pass  on  the  left  side  of  the  road,  or  across  it,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  stopping  at  a  house,  a  store,  or  other  object  on 
that  side ;  but  he  must  not  interfere  or  obstruct  another 
lawfully  passing  on  that  side;  and  if  he  does,  he  acts  at 
his  peril,  and  must  answer  for  the  consequences  of  his 
violation  of  duty  In  such  case  he  must  pass  before  or 
vait  until  the  person  on  that  side  of  the  way  has  passed  oa* 


i'i$2 

Where  fvr^^  drivers  are  moving  in  the  same  direction, 
the  one  in  advance  is  entitled  to  the  road,  provided  he 
does  not  obstruct  it,  and  is  not  bound  to  turn  out  for  the 
other  if  there  is  room  for  the  latter  to  pass  on  either 
side  ;  if,  however,  there  is  not  sufficient  room  to  pass,  the 
foremost  traveler  should  yield  an  equal  share  of  tne  road, 
on  request  made,  if  that  is  practicable.  If  it  is  not  prac- 
ticable, then  they  must  defer  passing  until  they  reach 
more  favorable  grounds.  If  the  leading  traveler  then 
refuses  to  comply  w^ith  the  request  to  permit  the  other  to 
pass  him,  he  will  be  answerable  for  such  refusal.  Ordi- 
narily, when  a  driver  attempts  to  pass  another  on  a 
public  road,  he  does  so  at  his  peril,  and  will  be  held 
responsible  for  all  damage?  which  he  causes  to  the  one 
whom  he  attempts  to  pass,  and  whose  right  to  the  proper 
use  of  the  road  is  as  great  as  his,  unless  the  latter  is 
guilty  of  such  recklessness,  or  even  gross  carelessness,  as 
would  bring  disaster  upon  himself. 

The  rule  requiring  persons  meeting  upon  the  highway 
to  keep  to  the  right  is  not  imperative,  however,  and  where 
a  driver  cannot  safely  turn  to  the  right  on  meeting  another 
vehicle,  the  law  will  absolve  him  from  negligence  in  not 
attempting  impossibilities;  but  where  it  is  not  practica- 
ble to  pass  to  the  right,  either  of  the  travelers  shoidd 
Stop  a  reasonable  time  until  the  other  passes ;  nor  will 
the  rule  apply  in  the  winter  season,  when  the  depth  of 
snow  renders  it  difficult  or  impossible  to  ascertain  where 
the  center  of  the  road  is.  In  such  cases  the  center  of  the 
road  is  the  beaten  or  traveled  track,  without  reference  to 
the  worked  part  of  the  road.  Again,  the  rule  does  not 
apply  when  one  vehicle  is  passing  along  one  street  and 
another  is  passing  into  said  street  from  a  cross  street. 

A  traveler  is  bouSid  to  keep  his  harness  and  carriage  in 
good  condition,  and  is  liable  for  any  damage  that  may 
result  from  a  failure  to  do  so;  he  must  not  drive  at  ail 
immoderate  rate  of  speed,  and  must  yield  the  road  to  a 
heavier  or  loaded  vehicle. 

Equestrians  are  not  governed  by  the  same  stringent  rules 
that  apply  to  drivers  of  vehicles,  and  usually  all  that  is 
required  of  them  is  to  exercise  prudent  care  under  the 
existing  circumstances.  They  need  not  turn  out  in  any 
particidar  direction  oa  meeting  another  horseman  o^  a 


«83 


▼eWde,  but  in  crowded  thoroughfares  must  keep  to  tie 
proper  side  in  passing,  and  must  yield  the  traveled  part 
of  tne  road  to  a  wagon. 

Pedestrians  have  a  right  to  use  the  carriage-way  as 
well  as  the  sidewalk,  and  drivers  must  exercise  reasonable 
care  to  avoid  injuring  them,  but  a  foot-passenger  in 
crossing  the  street  of  a  city  has  no  prior  right  of  way 
over  a  passing  vehicle;  both  are  bound  to  act  'iviti 

Snidence  to  avoid  an  accident,  and  it  is  as  mueh  the 
uty  of  the  pedestrian  to  look  out  for  passing  vehicles  ^ 
it  is  for  the  driver  to  see  that  he  does  not  run  ov«» 
any  one ;  nor  does  the  rule  requiring  vehicles  to  keep  to 
the  right  apply  to  carriages  and  foot-passengers,  for,  as 
regards  a  foot-passenger,  a  carriage  may  go  on  eittor 
ode. 

LANDLORD  AND  TENANT. 

The  relation  of  landlord  and  tenant  exists  by  virtue  dl 
a  contract  for  the  use  or  occupation  of  lands  tene- 
ments, either  for  a  definite  period,  for  life,  or  at  wilL  It 
is  usually  created  by  express  contract,  but  its  existence 
will  be  implied  by  law  whenever  there  is  an  ownership 
of  land  on  the  one  hand  and  an  occupation  of  it  by  per- 
mission on  the  other.  In  every  such  case  it  will  be  pre* 
snmed  that  the  occupant  intends  to  compensate  the  ownef 
for  such  use.  While  the  relation  may  be  inferred  from  A 
variety  of  circumstances,  the  most  obvious  acknowledg» 
ment  is  the  payment  of  rent.  If  a  tenant  under  an  express 
contract  hold  over  after  the  termination  of  his  term,  the 
landlord  may  consider  him  as  a  tenant,  and,  indeed,  is  so 
understood,  unless  he  takes  some  steps  to  eject  him.  If 
the  landlord  receives  rent  from  him,  or  by  any  other  act 
admits  the  tenancy,  a  new  leasing  begins,^  and  can  onl^ 
be  terminated  by  a  proper  notice  to  quit. 

The  rights  and  obligations  of  the  parties  are  usually 
considered  as  having  commenced  from  the  date  of  tha 
lease,  if  there  be  one,  and  no  other  time  has  been  desig- 
nated as  the  commencement  of  the  tenancy,  or,  if  ther* 

no  date  from  the  delivery  of  the  papers,  and  if  there 
be  no  writings,  from  the  time  the  tenant  entered  inte 
possession. 

The  Landlord  is  bound  to  protect  the  possession  << 


bis  tMftmty  and  t«  defend  him  against  every  one  asserting 
a  paramount  right.  Nor  can  the  landlord  do  any  act 
iUiimself  calculated  to  disturb  the  enjoyment  of  the  tenant. 
He  must,  unless  otherwise  agreed,  pay  all  taxes  and  assess- 
ments on  the  property,  and  all  other  charges  of  his  own 
.  creation;  and  if  the  tenant,  in  order  to  protect  himself  in  the 
enjoyment  of  the  land,  is  compelled  to  make  a  payment 
which  should  have  been  made  by  the  landlord,  he  may 
caJl  upon  his  landlord  to  reimburse  him,  or  deduct  the 
amount  from  the  rent. 

The  landlord  has  no  right  of  possession  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  lease,  nor  indeed  any  substantial  rights 
in  the  property  further  than  such  as  may  be  necessary  to 
protect  his  reversionary  interests.  He  may  go  upon  the 
premises  peaceably  and  during  reasonable  hours,  for  the 
purpose  of  viewing  same  and  ascertaining  whether  anj 
waste  or  injury  has  been  committed,  and  may  make  such 
repairs  as  are  necessary  to  prevent  waste;  but  he  is  under 
no  obligation  to  make  any  repairs,  nor  does  he  guarantee 
that  the  premises  are  reasonably  fit  for  the  purposes  for 
which  they  were  taken.  Nor  can  the  tenant  make  any 
repairs  at  the  expense  of  the  landlord  in  the  absence  of  a 
special  agreement. 

The  tenant  is  entitled  to  all  the  rights  incident  to 
possession,  and  to  the  use  of  all  the  privileges  appendant 
to  the  land,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  is  personally  liable 
for  any  misuse  of  same,  or  any  nuisance  or  obstruction 
he  may  erect.  He  must  use  the  premises  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  no  substantial  injury  shall  be  done  them,  and 
that  they  may  revert  to  the  landlord  at  the  end  of  the 
term  unimpaired  by  any  negligent  or  willful  conduct  on 
bis  part.  He  must  keep  the  premises  in  fair  repair  at  his 
own  expense,  but  is  not  bound  to  rebuild  structures  which 
have  accidentally  become  ruinous  during  his  occupation; 
nor  is  he  answerable  for  incidental  wear  and  tear,  nor 
accidental  fire,  or  flood. 

He  must  further  punctually  pay  the  rent  reserved,  or 
if  none  have  been  specifically  reserved,  then  such  reason* 
able  compensation  as  the  premises  are  fairly  worth.  In 
the  absence  of  special  agreement  he  must  pay  only  for  the 
time  he  has  had  the  beneficial  enjoyment,  but  if  he  has 
agreed  to  pay  for  an  entire  term,  as  a  rule  nothing  short 


I8S 


of  an  eviction  will  excuse  him  from  such  payment.  If 
he  is  evicted  by  a  third  person,  or  if  the  landlord  annoys 
him  by  the  erection  of  a  nuisance,  or  renders  the  prem- 
ises untenantable,  or  makes  his  occupation  so  uncomfort- 
able as  to  justify  his  removal,  he  will  be  discharged  from 
the  payment  of  rent. 

The  rights  and  liabilities  of  the  relation  are  not  con- 
fined to  the  immediate  parties,  but  attach  to  all  persons 
to  whom  the  estate  is  transferred,  or  who  may  succeed  to 
the  possession  of  the  premises.  A  landlord  may  not 
violate  his  tenant's  rights  by  a  sale  of  the  property,  nor 
can  the  tenant  avoid  his  responsibiiity  by  assigning  his 
term.  The  purchaser  of  the  property  becomes,  in  one 
case,  the  landlord,  with  all  his  rights  and  remedies,  while 
in  the  other  the  assignee  of  the  tenant  assumes  all  the 
responsibilities  of  the  latter,  but  the  original  lessee  is  not 
thereby  discharged  from  his  obligations. 

The  tenancy  may  be  terminatea  in  a  variety  of  ways. 
If  for  a  definite  time,  or  conditioned  on  the  happening  of 
a  certain  event,  it  expires  by  its  own  limitation,  and 
usually^  when  depending  upon  the  express  conditions  of  a. 
lease,  no  notice  to  quit  is  necessary.  If  from  year  to 
year,  or  at  will,  a  notice  is  always  necessary.  This  must 
be  in  writing,  and  explicitly  require  the  tenant  to  surren- 
der up  the  premises.  It  must  be  served  upon  the  tenant 
and  afford  the  statutory  notice  in  regard  to  time.  A 
breach  of  any  of  the  covenants  of  the  lease  will  forfeit 
the  tenant's  rights,  and  when  a  tenancy  has  been  termi- 
nated, by  whatever  cause,  the  landlord's  right  to  re-enter 
becomes  absolute. 


The  largest  bell  in  the  world  is  the  great  bell  of  Mos- 
cow, at  the  foot  of  the  Kremlin.  Its  circumference  at 
the  bottom  is  nearly  68  feet,  and  its  height  more  than  21 
feet.  In  its  stoutest  part  it  is  23  inches  thick,  and  its 
weight  has  been  computed  to  be  443,772  lbs.  It  has 
never  been  hung,  and  was  probably  cast  on  the  spot 
where  it  now  stands.  A  piece  of  the  bell  is  broken  off. 
The  fracture  is  supposed  to  have  been  occasioned  by 
water  having  been  tnrown  upon  it  when  heated  by  the 
building  erected  over  it  being  on  fire. 


186 


LO!  THE  POOR  INDIAN! 

The  total  Indian  population  of  the  United  St riTf:  ,  ex- 
clusive of  Alaska,  but  including  32.567  counted  lu  the 
general  census,  being  the  taxed  or  taxable  Indians,  num- 
bers 249,273.  The  following  table  gives  the  divisioi]  of 
the  Indians  in  detail: 

Indians  on  Reservations  or  at  Schools,  under  Control  of 

the  Indian  Office  (not  taxed  or  taxable)   l.  .:).r^82 

Indians  Incidentallj-  under  the  Indian  Office,  and  Self- 
supporting^  : 

The  Five  Civilized  Tribes,  Indians  and  Colored: 

CIVILIZED  TRIBES.  |  COLORED.  |  TOTAL. 

Cherokee  Indians....  25.357  4.242  29,599 

Chickasaw  Indians . .  3,464  3,718  7.182 

Choctaw  Indians  .. ..  9.996  4,401  14.397 

Creek  Indians   9.291  5,341  14.632 

Seminole  Indians....  2,539           22  2,561 

68,371 

Deduct  number  of  colored  persons 
probably  not  members  of  tribes 

(estimated)   3.500 

  64,871', 

Indians  other  than  Chickasaws  in  that  Nation   1,161 

Indians  other  than  Choetaws  in  that  Nation  ,   257 

Population  of  the  Five  Civilized  Tribes: 

Indians   52,065 

Colored  Indian  Citizens  and  Claim- 
ants   14, 22"^ 

Total   66,289 

Pueblos  of  New  Mexico   8,278 

Six  Nations,  Saint  Regis,  and  other  Indians  of  New 

York   5,304 

Eastern  Cheiokees  of  North  Carolina   2,885 

Indians  Taxed  or  Taxable,  and  Self-sustaining-  Citizens, 
counted  in  the  General  Census  (98  per  cent  not  on 

resevations)   32,567 

Indians  under  Control  of  the  War  Department.  Prisoners 

of  War  (Apaches  at  Mount  Vernon  Bai racks)   384 

Indians  in  State  or  Territorial  Prisons   184 

Total   249,273 


C  HIGHER  EDUCATION. 

There  are,  in  the  United  States  (1892): 

415  Universities  and  Colleges  of  Liberal  Arts; 
7,918  Instructors  are  employed  by  them; 
118,581  Students  attending  them. 

$8,635,385  is  the  value  of  their  Scientific  Apparatus. 
$64,259,344,  the  value  of  Grounds  and  Buildings', 
$10,801,918,  their  total  yearly  Income. 


i8'r 

FULL  STRENGTH  OF  OUrt  NAV>. 

The  United  States  navy,  which  means  all  vessels  now  constructed, 
or  under  construction,  or  authorized  to  be  conttrucied,  will  be  in  the 


following  strength:  Displacement  Speed 

Illinois,  battleship   11,525  16.00 

Alabama,  battleship   11,525  16.00 

Wisconsin,  battleship   11,525  16.00 

Indiana,  battleship                                            ..  10.288  15.55 

Massachusetts,  battleship     10.288  16.15 

Oregon,  battleship   10.288  16.78 

Kearsarge,  battleship   11,525  16.00 

Kentucky,  battleship   11,525  16.00 

Iowa,  battleship   11,410  16.00 

Texas,  battleship   6.315  17.00 

Three  battleships    12,000  16.00 

Atlanta,  protected  cruiser   3,000  15.60 

Atlanta,  protected  cruiser   3,720  18.00 

Boston,  protected  cruiser   3,000  15.60 

Chicago,  protected  cruiser   4,500  15  10 

Baltimore,  protected  cruiser  , . . . .  4,413  20.90 

Philadelphia,  protected  cruiser   4.324  19.68 

San  Francisco,  protected  cruiser   4.098  19.53 

Olympia,  protected  cruiser   5,870  21.78 

Cincinnati, protected  cruiser   3,213  19.00 

Raleigh,  protected  cruiser   3,213  19.00 

Columbia,  protected  cruiser               «   7,375  22.80 

Minneapolis,  protected  cruiser   7,375  23.07 

New  Orleans,  protected  cruiser   3,600  21.00 

Albany,  protected  cruiser   3.600  21.00 

New  York,  armored  ci'uiser   8,200  21.00 

Brooklyn,  armored  cruiser   9.271  21.07 

Newark,  protected  cruiser   4,098  19.00 

Detroit,  cruiser   2,089  18.71 

Marblehead,  cruiser  ;   , . . .  2,089  18.44 

Montgomery,  cruiser   2,089  19.05 

Topeka,  cruiser   1,800  16.00 

Petrel,  gunboat  ,   892  11.80 

Yorktown,  gunboat   1,710  16.14 

Bennington,  gunboat   1.710  17.50 

Concord,  gunboat   1,710  16.80 

Castine,  gunboat      1,177  16.03 

Machias,  gunboat   1.177  15.50 

Helena,  gunboat   1.392  16.00 

Nashville,  gunboat   1,392  16.00 

Wilmington,  gunboat   1,392  16.00 

Annapolis,  gunboat     1,000  13.17 

Marietta,  gunboat   1,000  13  03 

Newport,  gunboat   1,000  12.29 

Princeton,  gunboat   1,000  12.00 

Vicksburg,  gunboat   1,000  12.71 

Wheeling,  gunboat     1,000  12.88 

Vesuvius,  dynamite  cruiser   929  21.42 

Gushing,  torpedo   105  22.50 

Ericsson,  torpedo   1  20  24.00 

Plunger,  torpedo   168  8.00 

Nos.  3,  4  and  5,  torpedo   142  24.50 


188 


Strength  of  Our  Navy— Cont'd.  Displacement  Speed 

Nos.  6,  7  and  8,  torpedo   190  28.50 

Nos.  9  and  10,  torpedo   14(3  30.50 

No,  11,  torpedo   273  30  00 

Nos.  12,  13  and  14,  torpedo   132  22. 50 

Nos.  15  and  10,  torpedo   40  20.00 

Nos.  17  and  18,  torpedo   05  20.00 

Nos.  22  to  33 ,  torpedo   150  27.00 

ManJey,  torpedo   4(5  17.00 

Monterey,  monitor    4,084  13.00 

Katahdin,  ram   2,155  16.25 

No.  19,  torpedo  destroyer     340  30.00 

Nos.  20  and  21,  torpedo  destroyers   240  30  00 

Nos.  34  to  52   400  32.00 

Amphitrite,  coast  defense  monitor. . . ,   3,999  10.50 

Miantonomali,  coast  defense  monitor   3.999  10.50 

Monadnock,  coast  defense  njonitor    3,999  12.00 

Terror,  coast  defense  monitor   3  999  10.50 

Puritan,  coast  defense  monitor   G,0()0  12.40 

Stiletto,  torpedo   31  18.20 

Nictheroy,  cruiser   5  000  19.00 

Yorktown,  cruiser  .  . .                                       . .  '2,898  14.50 

Mayflower,  torpedo  gunboat   1,475  18.80 


ORDNANCE  ON  BOARD  SOiVIE  OF  THE  SHIPS. 

Illinois — Guns:  Four  13-inch,  fourteen  0-inch  ra,pid-flre,  seven- 
teen 0-pounders,  six  1-pounders,  one  Colt,  two  field  guns,  four  tor- 
pedo tubes.  Combined  energy  of  one  broadside,  134,508  foot  tons 
per  minute. 

Massachusetts— Guns :  Four  13-inch,  eight  8-inch,  four  6-inch, 
twenty  6-pounders,  four  1-pounders,  four  Gattlings,  two  field  guns, 
three  torpedo  tubes.  Combined  energy  of  one  broadside,  126,202 
foot  tons  per  minute. 

Oregon— Guns:  Four  13-inch,  eight  8-inch,  four  6-inch,  twenty 
<5-pounders,  six  1-pounders,  four  Gatlings,  two  field  guns,  three  tor- 
pedo tubes.  Combined  energy  of  one  broadside,  122,310  foot  tons 
per  minute. 

Iowa — Guns:  Four  12-inch,  eight  8-inch,  six  4-inch,  twenty  6- 
pounders,  four  1-pounders,  four  Colts,  two  field  guns,  four  torpedo 
tubes.  Combined  energy  of  one  broadside,  123,800  foot  tons  per 
minute. 

New  York — Guns:  Six  8-inch,  twelve  4-inch,  eight  6-pounders, 
two  1-pounders,  four  Gatlings,  two  field  guns,  two  torpedo  tubes. 
Combined  energy  of  one  broadside,  105,130  foot  tons  per  minute. 

Kentucky — Guns:  Four  13-inch,  four  8-inch,  fourteen  5-inch, 
twenty  6-pounders,  six  1-pounders,  four  Colts,  two  field  guns,  four 
torpedo  tubes.  Combined  energy  of  one  broadside,  134,800  foot 
tons  per  minute. 

Brooklyn— Guns :  Eight  8-inch,  twelve  5-inch,  twelve  6-pound- 
ers, four  1-pounders,  four  Colts,  two  field  guns,  four  torpedo  tubes. 
■Combined  energy  of  one  broadside,  111,350  foot  tons  per  minute. 

Texas— Guns:  Two  12  inch,  six  6  inch,  six  1-pounders,  four 
37-mm.  Hotchkiss,  two  Gatlings,  two  torpedo  tubes.  Combined 
energy  of  one  broadside,  112,600  foot  tons  per  minute. 

Chicago— Guns :  Four  8-inch,  fourteen  5-inch,  six  6-pounders, 
two  1-pounders,  two  Colts,  one  field  gun.  Combined  energy  of  one 
broadside,  97,688  foot  tons  per  minute. 


189 


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191 


INTEREST  LAWS  AND  STATUTES  OF  LIMITATIONS. 


STATES  AND  TERRI- 
TORIES. 

INTEREST  LAWS. 

STATUTES  OF  LIMITATIONS. 

Legal 
Rate. 

per  ct 

Kate 
Allowed  by 
Contract. 
per  ct. 

Judg- 
ments, 
Years. 

Notes, 
Years. 

Open 
Ac- 
counts, 
Years. 

— - —  

8 

8 

20 

0 

3 

6 

10 

10 

5 

3 

10 

Any  rate. 

2 

3 

2 

7 

Any  rate. 

5 

4 

2 

10 

Any  rate. 

6 

(3 

6 

6 

6 

17 

17 

6 

(3 

6 

21 

(3 

3 

District  of  Columbia. . . 

6 

10 

12 

3 

3 

8 

Any  rPwte. 

20 

5 

3 

7 

7 

7 

4 

10 

18 

t) 

5 

4 

6 

8 

7 

20 

5 

6 

8 

20 

10 

t> 

6 

10 

20 

10 

5 

7 

12 

5 

5 

3 

6 

10 

15 

15 

2 

5 

8 

10 

5 

3 

6 

Any  rate. 

20 

6 

6 

6 

6 

12 

3 

3 

6 

Any  rate. 

20 

6 

G 

7 

10 

(3 

0 

2 

7 

10 

10 

6 

0 

(3 

10 

7 

(3 

3 

6 

10 

5 

10 

5 

10 

Any  rate. 

(3 

(3 

2 

7 

10 

ry 

5 

5 

10 

Any  rate. 

(5 

4 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

6 

6 

20 

6 

G 

(3 

12 

15 

6 

4 

(> 

20 

(3 

(3 

6 

L 

10 

3 

3 

7 

10 

20 

6 

6 

6 

8 

5 

15 

5 

7 

12 

8 

10 

10 

6 

1 

(3 

(3 

5  ( 

6 

(3 

« 

Any  rate. 

20 

6 

6 

7 

Any  rate. 

10 

(3 

(3 

7 

12 

20  1 

6 

6 

10 

10 

6 

6 

8 

12 

15 

4 

Utah  

10 

Any  rate. 

5 

4 

2 

6 

6 

8 

6 

6 

8 

10 

5 

2 

10 

Any  rate. 

6 

(3 

3 

6 

13 

10 

10 

3- 

7 

10 

20 

6 

6 

12 

Any  rate. 

5 

5 

4 

*  New  York  has,  by  a  recent  law,  legalized  any  rate  of  interest 
ou  call  loans  of  $5,000  or  upward,  on  collateral  security. 


192 


m  $10,000  UNITED  STATES  GOVERNMENT 
STEEL  TEMPERING  PROCESS. 

The  following  process  and  mixtures,  patented  by  Gar- 
man  and  Siegfried,  and  owned  by  the  Steel  Refining  and 
Tempering  Co.,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  cost  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment $10,000  for  the  right  of  using  in  their  shops,  and  is 
said  to  impart  extraordinary  hardness  and  durability  to 
the  poorest  kind  of  steel.  Siegfried's  specification  reads 
as  follows  "I  first  heat  the  steel  to  a  cherry  red  in  a 
clean  smith's  fire,  and  then  cover  the  steel  with  chloride 
of  sodium  (common  salt),  purifying  the  fire  also  by 
throwing  in  salt.  I  work  the  steel  in  this  condition,  and 
while  subjected  to  this  treatment,  until  it  is  brought  into 
nearly  its  finished  form.  I  then  substitute  for  the  salt  a 
compound  composed  of  the  following  ingredients,  and  in 
about  the  following  proportions:  One  part  by  weight  of 
each  of  the  following  substances:  Chloride  of  sodium 
<salt),  sulphate  of  copper,  sal-ammoniac,  and  sal-soda, 
together  with  part  by  weight  of  pure  nitrate  of  potassa 
(saltpetre),  said  ingredients  being  pulverized  and  mixed. 
I  alternately  heat  the  steel  and  treat  it  by  covering  with 
this  mixture  and  hammering  it  until  it  is  thoroughly  re- 
fined and  brought  into  its  finished  form.  I  then  return 
it  to  the  fire  and  heat  it  slowly  to  a  cherry  red,  and  then 
plunge  it  into  a  bath  composed  of  the  following  ingre- 
idents,  in  substantially  the  following  proportions  for  the 
required  quantities:  Of  rain  water,  1  gal.;  alum,  sal-soda, 
-sulphate  of  copper,  of  each  IV^  ozs.;  of  nitrate  of  potassa 
(saltpetre),  1  oz.,  and  of  chloride  of  sodium  (salt),  6  ozs. 
These  quantities  and  proportions  are  stated  as  being 
what  I  regard  as  practically  the  best,  but  it  is  manifest 
that  they  may  be  slightly  changed  without  departing 
trom  the  principles  of  my  invention." 


193 


IWPORTANT  ITEMS  CONCERNING  OCEAN  TRAVEL. 

Number  of  Steamers.— There  are  about  10,000 
steamers  at  present  afloat  on  the  various  great  rivers, 
seas  and  oceans. 

Mail.  Steamships.— The  Cunard  Line  has  carried  th© 
ocean  mails  since  1840.  The  earlier  steamers  of  this 
line,  for  several  years,  were  all  side-wheelers. 

A  Knot.— In  sailor  phrase  a  knot  is  a  nautical  mile,  and 
includes  6,080  feet.  By  United  States  surveyors'  rneas* 
ure  a  mile  includes  5,280  feet. 

First  Ocean  Propeller.— The  method  of  moving  ves- 
sels by  screw  propulsion,  was  invented  by  Ericsson,  in 
1836,  and  was  practically  applied  on  the  Great  Britain, 
which  made  the  trip  from  Liverpool  to  New  York  in  14 
days,  21  hours,  in  1845. 

First  Steamer  Crossing  Ocean.— The  Savannah,  380 
tons,  launched  at  Corlear's  Hook,  New  York,  in  1818,  wae 
the  first  vessel  using  steam  to  cross  the  ocean,  the  jour- 
ney from  Savannah  to  Liverpool  being  made  in  1819  in 
25  days,  using  steam  18  days. 

Fog.— The  passenger  should  not  grumble  at  fog.  It 
should  be  understood  that  this  dense  mist  is  the  method 
pursued  by  Nature  in  taking  up  moisture  from  the  ocean 
mto  the  atmosphere  to  be  wafted  into  clouds  thousands 
of  miles  inland,  to  fall  upon  the  earth  in  refreshing  rain. 

Crossing  Ocean— Time  in  1838.— The  Great  Western, 
750  tons,  the  largest  steamer  at  that  time,  made  the  jour» 
ney  from  Bristol,  England,  to  New  York  in  15  days, 
April,  1838;  brought  over  7  passengers;  carried  back  66 
passengers,  and  made  return  trip  in  14  days.  Coal  con- 
sumed on  westward  trip,  655  tons;  consumed  on  return 
trip,  392  tons. 

Speed  and  Danger.— Experience  has  proved  that  the 
greater  the  speed  the  greater  the  safety,  rapid  sailing 
vessels  being  able  to  escape  the  area  of  the  fog  and  storm 
more  quickly  than  the  slow  ship.  The  rapid  sailor  can 
be  more  easily  manoeuvred  than  the  slower  vessel,  and  if 
collision  becomes  unavoidable,  the  great  impetus  of  the 
rapid  sailing  ship  will  cause  it  to  cut  the  oppo.sing  vessel 
In  two,  with  but  little  damage  to  itself. 

The  Great  Eastern.— Designed  by  Brunei,  was  begun 
at  Millwall,  London,  in  1854,  and  was  launched  in  1858; 
was  680  feet  long,  83  feet  broad,  draught  of  25  feet;  had 
screw  engines  of  4,000  horse-  power,  and  paddle  engines 
of  2,600  horse-power.  Served  in  the  laying  of  the  Atlan- 
tic cable,  but  was  unfitted  for  ocean  use  in  competitioa 
with  the  more  rapid  sailing  vessels,  which  made  their 
Journeys  at  less  expense.  Was  sold  in  1887  for  $40,000^ 
and  was  broken  ugi 


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196 


QUESTIONS  ABOUT  SHIPS  ANSWERED. 

Speed  and  DiSTANCE.—The  rapidity  with  which  a  rapid 
sailing  propelling  steamer  travels  is  ascertained  by  the 
miinber  of  revolutions  or  movements  made  per  minute 
in  certain  portions  of  the  machinery.  It  is  also  learned 
by  the  dropping  of  an  object  attached  to  a  line  into  the 
water  at  the  side  of  the  stern  of  the  vessel,  which,  re- 
maining nearly  stationary,  allows  the  operator  to  know 
the  speed  by  the  number  of  knots  which  the  line  runs  out 
tn  a  certain  number  of  seconds.  The  drop  line,  called  the 
log  line,  contains  a  small  string  tied  into  a  knot  at  a  dis- 
tance of  every  47  feet  and  3  inches;  hence  the  name 
•*knot." 

Steamship  Names.— The  bow  is  the  extreme  forward 
part  of  the  ship.   The  stern  is  the  after  part.   Forward  is 
the  fore  part  of  the  vessel.   Aft  is  the  rear  part.  Amid- 
ships is  the  central  part  of  the  vessel.   Starboard  is  the 
right  side  of  the  ship,  looking  forward.   Port,  the  left 
side.   The  Index  Guide  gives  the  following  description  of 
sails,  namely:   That  the  masts  are  the  fore  mast,  main 
mast  and  mizzen  mast.   The  parts  of  the  masts  are  the 
fore  mast,  fore-top  mast,  fore-top  gallant  mast,  fore-royal 
mast,  and  similarly  for  the  other  masts;  thus,  main  mast, 
main-top  mast,  mizzen-top  mast,  etc.   Booms  are  round, 
heavy  wooden  spars  to  which  the  sails  are  attached— the 
Jib-boom  extending  from  the  bowsprit,  the  flying  jib- 
boom  being  attached  to,  but  extending  beyond,  the  jib- 
boom.   The  main  and  mizzen  booms  are  attached  to  the 
main  and  mizzen  masts,  the  spanker  boom  extends  affc 
from  the  mizzen  mast.   Yards  are  strong,  horizontal, 
wooden  spars,  extending  crosswise  the  ship,  to  which 
the  sails  are  attached  along,  up  the  masts.   The  principal 
sails  are  the  jib  and  flying  jib,  long  triangular  sails  ex- 
tending from  the  fore  mast  to  the  jib-booms,  and  along 
the  masts  upward  from  the  deck  to  the  try-sail,  the  fore- 
course  or  fore-sail,  or  fore-top  sail,  fore-top  gallant  sail, 
fore-royal  sail,  fore-sky  sail,  and  similarly  for  each  of  the 
other  masts;  thus,  main  try-sail,  main  sail,  main  top-sail, 
mizzen  top-sail,  etc.,  and  spanker,  the  stern-most  sail, 
extending  from  the  spanker  boom  to  the  gaff.  Tbe 
ensign  or  ship's  colors  are  attached  to  the  gaff.  Shrouds 
are  the  ropes  used  to  sustain  the  masts,  and  extend  from 
the  fore-top  to  the  sides  of  the  ship  (the  rope  ladders). 
The  other  ropes,  used  as  supports  to  the  masts,  are 
designated  stays,  and  are  named  from  that  part  of  the 
mast  to  which  to  which  they  are  attached,  as  fore-stay, 
mizzen-stay,  fore  royal-stay,  mizzen-top  gallant-stay,  etc. 
The  jib-boom,  flying  jib-boom  and  several  of  the  sails 
here  mentioned,  are  not  required  and  are  not  used  on  th© 
large  modern  steamers. 


197 


SIZES  OF  NEWSPAPER  SHEETS. 

We  herewith  present  a  Tabular  Statement  showing 

the  different  sizes  of  Newspaper  Sheets,  and  the  number 
of  columns  to  each  size : 

WIDTH  OF  COLUMN,  COLUMN 

13  KMS  PICA.                                                      PAPER.  RULES. 

5  Column  Folio  20x26  17^  incheai 

6  "     22x31  19^  " 

6  **         "    (wide  margin)  22x32  19^  '* 

7  '*   24x35  21^  " 

7  "             (wide  margin)                     24x36  21^  " 

8  "   26x40  23  X  " 

9  "         "   28x44  26  ** 

4      "   Quarto  22x31  13^  ** 

4  "         "    (wide  margin)  22x32  13^  '* 

5  "         "   26x40  17^  " 

6  "         "   30x44  193^ 

7  "   35x48  21^4  " 


SIZES  OF  FLAT  PAPER. 


Flat  Foolscap  13x16 

Cap  14x17 

Crown  15x19 

Demy  16x21 

Folio  Post  17x22 

Medium  18x23 

Double  Flat  Foolscap  16x26 

Royal  19x24 

Double  Cap  17x28 

Super  Royav   20x28 

Double  Demy   21x32 


Double  Demy  16x42 

Imperial  23x31- 

Double  Medium.  23x36 

Double  Medium  18x46 

Elephant   23x28 

Colombier   23x34 

Atlas  26x33 

Double  Royal  24x38 

Double  Elephant  27x40 

Antiquarian  31x53 


AN  AHERICAN  CIRCUS  IN  GERMANY. 

U.  S.  Consul  Brundage,  In  a  report  dated  Sept.  21, 
1900,  describes  the  effect  on  the  people  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 
of  an  American  circus.  The  bill  posting  was  a  revelation 
in  this  line  of  work,  both  in  magnitude  and  character; 
the  way  in  which  the  tents  were  erected  and  the  ground 
prepared  astonished  the  people:  and  when  the  circus 
arrived,  not  a  workman  went  to  the  factories;  the  spin- 
dles were  Mle  all  day.  At  every  performance,  the  tent 
was  full,  and  the  vague  antipathy  toward  the  United 
States  has  been  turned  into  respect  and  awe.  Doubtless, 
if  an  agent  for  American  goods  would  follow  in  the  wake 
of  the  circus,  these  would  find  a  ready  sale. 


198 


SALARIES  OF  UNITED  STATES  OFFICERS,  PER  ANNUM. 

President,  Vice-President  and  Cabinet.— President,  $50,000| 
Vice-President,  $8,000;  Cabinet  Officers,  $8,000  each. 

United  States  Senators.— $5,000,  with  mileage. 

Congress. — Members  of  Congress,  $5,000,  with  mileage. 

Supreme  Court.— Chief  Justice,  $10,500;  Associate  Justices, 
$10,000. 

Circuit  Courts.— Justices  of  Circuit  Courts,  $6,000. 

Hea'/S  of  Departments.— Supt.  of  Bureau  of  Engraving  and 
printing,  $4,500;  Public  Printer,  $4,500;  Supt.  of  Census,  $0,000; 
Supt.  of  Naval  Observatory,  $5,000;  Supt.  of  the  Signal  Service, 
$4,000;  Director  of  Geological  Surveys,  $0,000;  Director  of  the 
Mint,  $4,500;  Commissioner  of  General  Land  Office,  $4,000;  Com- 
njiBsioner  of  Pensions,  $5,000;  Commissioner  of  Labor,  $500; 
Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs,  $4,000;  Commissioner  of  Educa- 
tion, $3,000;  Commander  of  Marine  Corps,  $3,500;  Supt.  of 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  $6,000. 

United  States  Treasury.  —  Treasurer,  $6,000;  Register  of 
Treasury,  $4,000;  Comptroller  of  Customs,  $4,000. 

Post-Office  Department,  Washington.— Four  Assistant  Post- 
ffiaster-Generals,  $4,000:  Chief  Clerk,  $2,500. 

Postmasters. — Postmasters  are  divided  into  four  classes/  First 
class,  $3,000  to  $4,000  (excepting  New  Yoi'k  City,  which  is 
$8,000);  second  class,  $2,000  to  $3,000;  third  class,  $1,000  to 
$2,000;  fourth  class  less  than  $1,000.  The  first  three  classes  are 
#>rrpointed  by  the  President,  and  confirmed  by  the  Senate;  those  of 
toUrth  class  are  appointed  by  the  Postmaster-General. 

Diplomatic  Service.— Embassadors  at  $17,500:  France,  Ger- 
many, Great  Britain,  Mexico,  Russia;  at  $12,000  :  Italy.  Ministers 
Plenipotentiary:  at  $12,000,  Austria  Hungary,  Brazil,  China, 
Japan  and  Spain;  at  $10,000:  Argentine,  Belgium,  Guatemala, 
Chili,  Nicaragua,  Peru,  Colombia,  Venezuela,  Netherlands  and 
Turkey;  at  $7,500:  Denmark,  Hayti,  Paraguay  and  Uruguay, 
Sweden  and  Norway,  and  Switzerland;  at  $6,500:  Greece;  at 
$5,000  Bolivia  and  Ecuador.  Ministers  Resident  at  $7,500 :  Corea 
and  Siam;  at  $5,000  :  Persia ;  at  $4,000  :  Liberia.  Then  four  Con- 
suls-Generals at  $6,000;  three  at  $5,000;  six  at  $4,000;  and  eight 
at  $3,500  to  $2,000;  also  72  Consuls  at  $1,000  up  to  $3,400. 

ARMY  Officers.— General,  $13,500;  Lieut.-General,  $11,000; 
Msgor-General,  $7,500;  Brigadier-General,  $5,500,  Colonel,  $3,- 
500:  Lieut.-Colonel,  $3,000;  Major,  $2,500;  Captain,  mounted, 
$2,000;  Captain,  not  mounted,  $1,800;  Regimental  Adjutant, 
$1,800;  Regimental  Quartermaster,  $1,800;  1st  Lieutenant, 
mounted,  $1,600;  1st  Lieutenant,  not  mounted,  $1,500;  2d  Lieu- 
teziftnt,  mounted,  $1,500;  2d  Lieutenant,  not  mounted,  $1,400; 
Chaplain,  $1,500.^ 

NavyOfficers.— Admiral,  $13,500;  Rear-Admirals, $6,000;  Cap- 
tains, $4,500;  Commanders,  $3,500;  Lieut.-Commanders,  $2,800; 
Lieutenants.  $2,400;  Masters,  $1,800;  Ensigns,  $1,200;  Midship- 
men, $1,000;  Cadet  Midshipmen,  $500;aMates,  $900 ;  Medical  and 
Pay  Directors  and  Medical  and  Pay  Inspectors  and  Chief  Engineers, 
$4,400;  Fleet  Surgeons,  Fleet  Paymasters  and  Fleet  Engineers, 
$4^400;  Surgeons  and  Paymasters,  $2,800;  Chaplains,  $2,500. 


199 


POPULATION  OF  CITIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

CONTAINING  25,000  INHABITANTS  AND  OVER,  WITH  THEIR 
POPULATION  IN  1900,  IN  1890  AND  1880. 


CENSUS  OF  1900. 

1900.  1890.  1880. 

Akron,  0                                 42,728  27,601  16.512 

Albany,  N.  Y                            94.151  94,923  90,758 

Allegheny,  Pa  129,896  105,287  78,682 

Allentown,Pa                           85  416  25,228  18,063 

Altoona,  Pa                              88  973  80,837  19,710 

Atlanta,  Ga                               89  872  65,583  37,40^ 

Atlantic  City,  N.  J                     27.888  18.055  5,477 

Auburn,  N.Y                            80.845  25,858  21,925 

Augusta,  Qa                             89.441  33,800  21,891 

Baltimore,  Md  508.957  434,489  332,312 

Bay  City,  Mich                         27.628  27,839  20,693 

Bayonne,  N.  J                           32.722  19.088  9,872 

Bingharaton,  N.  Y                      89.647  85,005  17,317 

Birmingham,  Ala                       88  415  26,178  400 

Boston,  Mass                          560,892  448,477  362,839 

Bridgeport,  Conn                      70,996  48,866  27,643 

Brockton,  Mass                            40.063  27,294  13,608 

Buifalo,  N.  Y   852.887  255,664  155,134 

Butte  City,  Mont                      80,470  10,723  3,866 

Cambridge,  Mass                      91.886  70,028  52,669 

Camden,  N.J                            75  985  58,813  .  41,659 

Canton,  O                                80.667  26,189  ^  12,258 

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa                   25.656  18,126  10,104 

Charleston,  S.  C                        55,807  54,955  49,984 

Chattanooga,  Tenn                    82.490  29,100  12,892 

Chelsea,  Mass                           34  .072  27,909  21,782 

Chester,  Pa                              88.988  19,791  14,997 

Chicago,  111  1.698.575  1,099  850  508,185 

Cincinnati,  O  825,902  296,908  255,139 

Cleveland,  0  381,768  261'353  160,146 

Columbus,  0                           125.560  88,150  51,647 

Council  Bluffs,  loAva                  25,802  21,474  18:063 

Covington.  Ky                          42,938  37,371  29,720 

Dallas,  Tex                             42.638  38,067  10,858 

Davenport,  Iowa                       35.254  26,872  21.831 

Dayton,  O                                85,333  61,220  38,878 

Denver,  Colo                          138,859  106,713  35,629 

Des  Moines,  Iowa                      62,139  50,093  22,428 

Detroit,  Mich  285,704  205.876  116,340 

Dubuque,  Iowa                         86.297  30,811  22,254 

Duluth,  Minn                            52.969  33.115  5,415 

Easton,  Pa                              25,238  14,481  11,124 

E.  St.  Louis,  111                         29.655  15,169  9,185 

Elizabeth,  N.  J                          52.180  87,764  28,229 

Elmira,  N.  Y.                           35,672  30.893  20.541 

Erie,  Pa                                 52,733  40,634  27,737 


200 

Evansvillo  IikI 

59  007 

50  756 

29,280 

Fall  River  ]\Ia,ss  

 104,863 

74,398 

48  961 

Fitchburg  Mas-; 

31  531 

22'037 

12*429 

Fort  Wayne    I nd 

45  115 

35.392 

26  880 

Fort  Wortli  To\ 

26  688 

23^076 

6^663 

Galveston  T*'x 

37  789 

29084 

22^248 

26  121 

24  651 

19^329 

Grand  Rapid^^  Miob 

87  565 

60.278 

32,016^ 

Harrisburg  I^a 

50  167 

39,385 

30^762 

Hartford  (^orn 

79  850 

53.230 

42*015 

27  412 

18  472 

Hoboken  N  .J 

69  364 

43.648 

30*999 

Holyoke  Miss 

45  712 

35.637 

21915 

Houston  Tt)\' 

44  633 

27,557 

16*513 

169  164 

J.yj'J.^OyJ 

75  05ft 

Jacks  n^Miss 

25  180 

5.920 

5.204 

Jacksonville  F'a 

28,429 

17/201 

7,650 

Jersey  City   N  «J 

206  433 

163.443 

120,722 

35  936 

21.805 

8-380 

Joliet  111 

29  353 

23.264 

11,657 

Kansas  City  Mo 

163  752 

132. 716 

55^785 

51  418 

38-316 

3202 

Knoxville  Vcnii 

32  637 

22.535 

9,693 

La  Cro'?se  ^Vi'^ 

28  695 

25^090 

14,505 

41  459 

32.011 

25769' 

Lawrence  Jiii^s 

62  559 

54,654 

39  J51 

Lhicohi^Nel^^ 

26  369 

21.567 

16.655 

40  169 

55,154 

13,005 

Little  Rock  Ark 

38  307 

25^874 

13,138 

102  479 

50^395 

11,1 83 

LouisvUIe  Kv 

204  731 

I6lil29 

123"758 

L  well  M  ss 

94  969 

77!o96 

59  475 

T  irnn    IVT  « 

68  513 

55*727 

38.274 

ft"^,  .  '       lyj'  '.^ 

33  664 

23.031 

12017 

M      he' t  r  N  H   *  " " 

5(3  9^7 

44.126 

32,630 

McKeesDort  ^^^a 

34  227 

20^741 

8,212 

J-       ,  P   T  nn  * 

102  320 

64495 

33-592 

M"l       k'e  Wis        *  * 

285  315 

204.268 

115  587 

Minneapolis  Minn 

202  718 

164  733 

46  8g7 

Mobile  Ala 

38  469 

31.076 

29.132 

Montgome  y,  Ala  

30  346 

21^883 

16.713 

80  865 

76,168 

43,350 

-k  N  J 

246  070 

181,830 

136.501 

"W       "RpdrnrrJ   AT         "  *' 

62  442 

40^733 

26-845 

25  998 

19'007 

1 1 ,800 

wewca^t  e,  a  

28  339 

iiiooo 

g|41g 

108  027 

81,299 

62*882 

„  ^  n '  T 

287  104 

240,039 

216,090 

^ewpoi  )  •  

28  301 

24,918 

20,433 

33  587 

21,379 

16^995 

New  York  N  Y 

3  437  202 

1,515,301 

1  206  299 

Norfolk  Va 

46  624 

34,871 

'  21,966 

Oakland  Cal 

66  960 

48.862 

34^555 

 102,555 

140,452 

30,518 

  28,284 

22,836 

15,748 

  27,777 

13,028 

6,532 

201 


Paterson,  N.  J  105,171 

Pawtucket,  R.  1   39,231 

Philadelphia,  Pa  1.293,697 

Pittsburg,  Pa  321,616 

Portland,  Me   50,145 

Portland,  Ore   90,426 

Providence,  R.  1  175.597 

Pueblo,  Col   28,157 

Quincy,  111   36.252 

Racine,  Wis   29102 

Reading,  Pa   78,961 

Richmond,  Va   85.050 

Rochester,  N.  Y  162,608 

Rockford,  111   31,051 

Sacramento,  Cal   29.282 

Saginaw,  Mich   42.345 

Salem,  Mass   35.956 

Salt  Lake  City.  Utah   53.531 

San  Antonio,  Tex   .  53,321 

San  Francisco,  Cal  342,782 

Savannah.  Ga   54,244 

Schenectady,  N.  Y   31,682 

Scranton.  Pa  102.026 

Seattle,  Wash....,   80,671 

Sioux  City,  Iowa   33.111 

Somerville,  Mass   61,643 

South  Bend,  Ind   35,999 

South  Omaha,  Neb   26 .001 

Spokane,  Wash  ,   36,848 

Springfield,  111   34,159 

Springfield,  Mass   62.059 

Springfield, O     .  38,253 

St.  Joseph,  Mo  102,979 

St.  Louis,  Mo  575.238 

St.  Paul,  Minn  163,065 

Superior,  Wis..    31,691 

Syracuse,  N.  Y  108.374 

Tacoma,  Wash   37,714 

Taunton,  Mass   31,036 

Terre  Haute,  Ind   36,673 

Topeka,  Kans   33.608 

Toledo,  O  131.822 

Trenton,  N.  J   73.307 

Troy,  N.  Y   60,651 

Utica,  N.  Y   56,383 

Waltham,  Mass   33  481 

Washington,  D.  C  278,718 

Waterbury,  Conn   45.859 

Wheeling,  W.  Va   38,878 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa   51,721 

Williamsport,  Pa   28.757 

Wilmington,  Del   76.508 

Woonsocket,  R.  1   28.204 

Worcester,  Mass  118-421 

Yonkers,  N.  Y...   47.931 

York,  Pa   33.708 

Youngstown,  O   44.885 


78.347 

51,031 

27.633 

19,030 

1,046,964 

8-.7.170 

238.617 

156-389 

36,425 

33.ai0 

46,385 

17.577 

132,146 

104,857 

24,558 

3.217 

31,494 

27.268 

21,014 

16.031 

58,061 

43,278 

81.388 

66,600 

133.896 

89,366 

23,584 

13,129 

26,336 

21.420 

46.322 

10,525 

30,801 

27,563 

44.843 

20.768 

37,573 

20.550 

298.997 

233.959 

43,189 

30,709 

19,902 

13,655 

75.215 

45.850 

•42,837 

3.533 

37,806 

7,366 

40,152 

24  933 

21,819 

13,280 

8,062 

19.922 

350 

24.963 

19.743 

44,179 

33,340 

31,895 

20.730 

52.234 

32.431 

451,770 

350.518 

133,156 

41,473 

11,983 

.  655 

88,143 

51,792 

36.006 

1,098 

25.448 

21,213 

30,217 

26,042 

31007 

15.452 

81,434 

50,137 

57.458 

29.910 

60,956 

56.747 

44,007 

33,914 

18,707 

11.712 

188,932 

147.293 

28,646 

17.806 

34.552 

30;737 

37,718 

23,399 

27.132 

18.934 

61.431 

42,478 

20;830 

16.050 

84,655 

58  291 

32  033 

18  892 

20.793 

13,940 

33.220 

15  435 

202 


Summary  of  the  Above  List  of  169  Cities  with  25^000 
Inhabitants  or  Over. 

The  percentage  of  increase  in  population  from  1890  to 
1900  was  32.5,  as  against  49.5  for  the  same  cities  in  the 
previous  decade.  The  absolute  increase  in  the  popula- 
tion from  1890  to  1900  was  4,839,136,  or  82,426  less  than 
the  absolute  increase  from  1880  to  1890,  when  it  was 
4,921.562.  The  159  cities  combined  have  a  population 
in  1900  of  19,694.625,  against  14,855,489  in  1890,  and 
9,993,927  in  1880.  Of  these  159  cities,  divided  into  four 
classes;  19  had  200,000  and  over,  19  had  100,000  and 
under  200,000.  40  had  50,000  and  under  100,000,  and  81 
had  25,000  and  under  50,000. 

In  1880  there  were  only  20  cities  which  contained  more 
than  100,000  inhabitants,  but  in  1890  this  number  had 
increased  to  24  and  in  1900  to  38. 


Manufacturing  Increase.  1899—1901. 

The  activity  of  American  manufacturers  is  illustrated 
by  the  statistics  of  the  imports  of  manufacturers'  mater- 
ials and  exports  of  manufactured  goods.  In  the  eight 
months  ending  with  August,  1900,  imports  of  raw  mater- 
ials for  use  in  manufacturing  amounted  to  $200,000,000, 
against  a  little  over  $100,000,000  in  the  corresponding 
months  of  1896,  and  the  exports  of  manufactured  goods 
were  $304,000,000,  against  $163,000,000  in  the  corres- 
ponding months  of  1896.  Thus  in  both  importation  of 
raw  materials  for  use  in  manufacturing  and  in  export- 
ation of  the  finished  product,  the  figures  of  the  present 
year  are  nearly  double  those  of  1896. 

The  total  imports  of  the  eight  months  ending  September 
1900  exceeded  by  $93,000,000  the  imports  of  the  corres- 
ponding months  of  1896. 

The  following  table  shows  the  principal  exports  of  man- 
ufactures in  the  eight  months  of  1896  and  1900,  respect- 
ively : 

Eight  months  ended  Aug.  31. 
1886.  1900. 

Iron  and  steel  $20,957,090  $87,174,389 

Oils   37,329,246  45,635,660 

Copper   17,872,807  41,830.330 

Leather   12,635,358  17,697,762 

Cotton  manufactures   10,782,956  15,263,167 

Agricultural  implements          4,070,772  13,854,774 

Chemicals    5,889,797  9,188,129 

Wood  manufactures   5,037,265  7,899,857 

Scientific  implements   1,762,855  4,171,561 

Paper  and  mfr.  of   1,861,868,  4,508,766 


203 


U.  S.  CONGRESS. 
House  of  Representatives  Reapportionment. 

Under  the  terms  of  the  apportionment  bill  passed  by 
the  House  on  Jan.  8,  1901,  the  new,  total  membership  of 
386  goes  into  effect  after  the  3d  day  of  March,  1903.  The 
Congress  elected  November,  1900,  went  into  office  the- 
oretically on  March  4,  1901,  and  expires  by  limitation 
with  the  conclusion  of  the  3d  day  of  March,  1903.  That, 
which  is  the  Fifty-seventh  Congress,  of  course,  has  a 
membership  of  357.  The  Congress  to  be  chosen  under 
the  new  apportionment  of  386  will  be  elected  in  Novem- 
ber, 1902,  and  although  the  term  of  office  will  begin  on 
March  4,  1903,  the  first  regular  meeting  will  be  held  the 
first  Monday  in  December  following. 

The  number  of  336  is  arrived  at  by  taking  the  ratio  of 
one  representative  to  194,182.  This  gives  360  Represen- 
tatives on  an  even  division,  but  it  leaves  four  States  with 
no  Representatives  at  all  and  twenty-two  having  remain- 
ders which  are  more  than  one-half  of  the  ratio. 

These  are  added  so  as  to  make  the  total  membership 
386.  This  is  not  the  system  recommended  by  the  Census 
office.  It  is  what  is  known  as  the  compound  ratio,  which 
recognizes  all  majority  fractions  and  which  entirely 
eliminates  all  the  curio-.is  paradoxes  seen  in  the  Census 
office  method. 

The  official  membership  of  the  House  by  States  under 
the  new  apportionment  is  as  follows  : 


Alabama   9 

Arkansas   7 

California   8 

Colorado   3 

Connecticut   .5 

Delaware   1 

Florida   3 

Georgia  11 

Idaho   1 

Illinois  2o 

Indiana  13 

Iowa  11 

Kansas   8 

Kentucky  11 

Louisiana   7 

Maine    4 

Maryland     6 

Massachusetts  .14 

Michigan   12 

Minnesota   9 

Mississippi   8 

Missouri   16 

Montana   1 


Nebraska   6, 

Nevada   1 

New  Hampshire   2 

New  Jersey   ..10 

New  York  37 

North  Carolina  10 

North  Dakota   2 

Ohio  2  J 

Ore  R  on    2 

Pennsvlvania  32 

Rhode  Island   2 

South  Carolina   7 

South  Dakota    2 

Tennessee  10 

Texas  16 

Utah   1 

Vermont  ,   2 

Virginia   10 

Washington   3 

West  Virginia   5 

Wisconsin  11 

Wyoming   1 


204 


HAWAII. 

Hawaii,  or  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
annexed  Aug.  12,  1898  to  the  terriiory  of  the  United 
States,  were  discovered  in  1778  by  Captain  Cook,  and 
united  into  one  kingdom  under  King  Kamehameha  I.  A 
constitution  was  granted  to  th*e  people  by  King  Kame- 
hameha III,  in  1852.  On  the  death  of  King  Kalakua  he 
was  succeeded  January  20,  1891,  by  his  eldest  sister, 
Liliuokalini. 

A  disagreement  between  the  Queen  and  her  Cabinet  in 
January  1893.  was  taken  advantage  of  by  white  American 
residents  and  descendants  of  American  settlers,  who 
formed  a  Committee  of  Safety,  seized  the  government, 
deposed  and  imprisoned  the  Queen,  and  established  a 
provincial  government.  They  were  sustained  by  United 
States  Minister  Stevens,  who  caused  the  marines  from 
the  United  States  war  vessels  in  the  harbor  of  Honolulu 
to  be  landed,  ostensibly  for  the  protection  of  American 
Interests.  On  July  4,  1894  a  republic  was  proclaimed 
and  a  constitution  adopted.  But  the  annexation  agitation 
ended  as  above  stated.  April  30,  1900,  Hawaii  was  con- 
stiuted  as  a  regular  territory. 

The  area  of  the  several  islands  composing  the  group 
is  as  follows:  Hawaii,  4.210  square  miles:  Maui.  760; 
Oahu,  600;  Kauai,  590;  Molokai.  270;  Lanai.  250;  Nilhau, 
97;  Kahoolawe,  63.   Total,  6740  square  miles. 

At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  the  islands  by  Captain 
Cook  in  1778  the  native  population  was  about  200,000. 
This  has  steadily  decreased,  so  that  at  the  last  census  the 
natives  numbered  but  31.019,  which  was  less  than  that  of 
the  Japanese  and  Chinese  immigrants  settled  in  the  islands 
A  census  taken  early  in  1897  revealed  a  total  population 
of  109,020,  distributed  according  to  race  as  follows  : 


Males.  Females.  Total. 

Hawaiians....   16.399  14,620  31,019 

PartHawaiians   4,249  4,286  8,485 

Japanese   19,212  5,195  24,407 

Chinese   19,167  2,449  21,616 

Portuguese   8,202  6,898  15,100 

Americans   1,975  1,111  3,086 

British....  ^.  1,406  844  2,250 


The  remainder  were  German,  French,  Norwegians, 
South  Sea  Islanders,  and  representatives  of  other  nation- 
alities. The  American  population  was  2.78  of  the  whole. 
The  official  U.  S.  Census  of  1900,  declares  the  total  popu- 
lation to  be  154,001. 

There  are  71  miles  of  railroad  and  about  250  miles  of 
telegraph  in  the  islands.  All  forms  of  religion  were  tol- 
erated, but  nearly  all  the  natives  are  Christians.  Hono- 
lulu, the  capital,  with  a  population  of  39,306  (1900),  has 
most  of  the  local  features  of  an  American  city. 


205 


The  production  of  the  islands  are  sugar,  coffee,  tropical 
fruits  and  rice.  We  import  from  foreign  countries  more 
than  $200,000,000  of  this  class  of  goods  annually,  and 
while  the  quantity  produced  in  Hawaii  amounts  to  less 
than  one-tenth  of  this  sum,  it  may  be  materially  in- 
creased, and  our  expenditures  for  this  class  of  articles  be, 
in  future,  kept  within  our  own  borders. 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS. 

This  large  archipelego  is  lying  between  the  China  Sea 
on  the  west,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east.  It  was 
ceded  by  Spain  to  the  U.  S.  by  the  treaty  of  peace  of  Paris, 
Dec.  10.  1898;  consideration:  $20,000,000,  gold  and 
special  trade  conditions.  The  i.^lands  number  about 
2,000.  The  land  area  is  over  120,000  miles.  The  island 
of  Luzon,  on  which  the  capital  city  (Manilla)  is  situated, 
is  the  largest  of  the  group.  Mindaneo  is  nearly  as  large. 
A  conservative  estimate  of  the  population  is  8,000,000. 
Racially  the  inhabitants  are  piincipally  Malays.  The 
country  has  been  in  the  possession  of  Spain  since  1565, 
and  the  religion  introduced  by  the  proprietors  has  long 
been  that  of  the  natives  on  the  coast,  so  that  the  Roman 
church  has  been  a  strong  ruling  power.  There  is  also  a 
large  number  of  Mahometans. 

There  is  considerable  variety  in  the  climate,  and  for  the 
tropics  it  is  not  excessively  hot.  On  the  western  side  of 
Luzon  the  hot  season  is  from  March  to  June,  May  being 
the  hottest  month,  when  the  temperature  ranges  from  80 
to  100  degrees.  The  mean  temperature  for  the  month  is 
84  degrees,  2  degrees  above  the  Summer  temperature  of 
New  Orleans  and  9  degrees  above  the  hottest  month  in 
Washington.  Prom  October  to  March  is  a  cool,  dry  sea- 
son. There  is  but  one  railway  in  the  islands— from  Man- 
illa to  Dagupin— a  distance  of  123  miles.  It  is  single- 
track  and  well  built  and  has  paid  more  than  10  per  cent, 
per  annum  to  shareholders.  The  Compania  Transatlan- 
tica  (Manila-Liverpool)  maintains  a  monthly  service  to 
Europe;  there  are  four  lines  of  steamers  to  Hong  Kong, 
and  many  local  lines  plying  between  Manila  and  the 
provinces,  the  largest  having  twenty-eight  steamers  of 
25,000  tonnage. 

There  are  about  25,000  Europeans  resident  in  the 
islands,  of  course,  not  counting  the  troops  and  the  Amer- 
icans recently  attracted  to  Manila.  Some  12.000  are  es- 
tablished in  the  capital,  Manila.  English,  Spanish,  and 
German  houses  are  engaged  in  trade,  advancing  money 
to  the  natives  on  their  crops.  Such  business  methods  in- 
volve risks,  but  the  profits  are  immense.  The  land  is 
fertile.  Adaca  (manila  hemp)  is  one  of  the  chief  sources 
of  wealth-  Sugar  cane  does  not  give  as  satisfactory  re- 
turns.  The  average  production  is  175.186.96  tons.  The 


206 


cultivation  of  tobacco  is  one  of  the  most  important  in- 
dustries. The  native  coffee  has  a  fine  aroma.  Cocoa 
trees  grow  in  abundance,  and  the  oil  is  used  for  lighting 
houses  and  streets.  The  indigo  is  famous  for  its  superior 
Qualities.  Cotton  spinning  and  work  in  bamboo  are 
among  the  chief  industries.  Manila  hemp  is  perennial 
and  requires  little  cultivation.  About  a  million  bales  are 
exported  annually,  nearly  all  of  it  going  to  England  or 
coming  to  this  country,  and  our  importation  of  the  fibre 
has  been  increasing.  The  tobacco  is  as  well  known  in 
Europe  and  Asia  as  the  tobacco  of  Cuba  is  in  this  country; 
it  is  extensively  cultivated  and  its  manufacture  is  the 
staple  business  of  the  capital  city.  There  are  also  many 
kinds  of  fancy  woods  for  furniture,  etc.,  purposes. 

In  1891  the  Philippines'  exports  to  Spain  amounted  to 
$22,479,000  ($18,095,595  in  United  States  money).  In 
1891  the  Philippines'  imports  from  Spain  amounted  to 
$17,126,000  ($13,786,430).  The  total  exports  from  the 
Philippine  in  1892  consisted  of  95,016  tons  of  hemp; 
3,95r,060  plculs  (553.148,400  pounds)  of  sugar;  21,223 
piculs  (2.971,220  pounds)  of  coffee;  61,459  piculs 
(8,604,260  pounds)  of  samnanwood;  5,570  piculs  (779,800 
pounds  of  indigo;  254.428  quintals  (56.091,197  pounds) 
of  tobacco  leaf;  137.050,000  cigars.  The  total  exports 
in  1892  were  of  the  value  of  $33,479,000  ($23,803,569). 
Total  value  of  imports  in  1892  were  of  the  value  of 
$27,0000,000  ($19,197,000). 

PORTO  RICO. 

A  West  Indian  island  over  which  the  flag  of  the  United 
States  was  raised  on  October  18,  1898,  and  which  the 
Treaty  of  Paris  has  finally  awarded  us,  is  the  most  east- 
ern of  the  Greater  Antilles  and  separated  on  the  east 
from  the  island  of  St.  Thomas  by  a  distance  of  about 
fifty  miles,  and  from  Hayti  on  the  west  by  the  Mona  pas- 
sage, seventy  miles  wide. 

The  island  is  108  miles  from  E.  to  W,,  and  from  37  to 
43  miles  across;  the  area  3,600  square  miles.  The  popu- 
lation in  special  census  of  1899  was  953,243,  of  which 
3-5  were  white.  Most  of  the  population  is  situated  on  the 
lowlands  at  the  sea  front.  For  lack  of  roads,  the  interior 
is  accessible  only  by  mule  trails  and  it  is  covered  with 
vast  forests.  Forty-seven  very  considerable  rivers  have 
been  enumerated;  they  are  short  and  rapid.  The  moun- 
tains intercept  the  northeast  trade  winds  blowing  from 
the  Atlantic  so  that  the  rainfall  of  the  north  section  is 
very  copious.  South  of  the  mountains  severe  droughts 
occur  and  agriculture  demands  irrigation. 

The  climate  is  hot,  but  the  temperature  seldom  exceeds 
97  degrees  Fahrenheit  in  the  shade  during  the  hottest 
hours.  At  night  it  sinks  to  68  or  69  degrees.   The  mean 


207 


annual  average  rainfall  is  64i/4  inches.  The  prevailing 
diseases  are  yellow  fever,  elephantiasis,  tetanus,  marsh 
fever  and  dysentery. 

Porto  Rico  is  unusually  fertite,  and  its  dominant  in- 
dustries are  agriculture  and  lumbering.  There  are  more 
than  500  varieties  of  trees  found  in  the  forests,  and  the 
plains  are  full  of  palm,  orange  and  other  trees.  The 
principal  crops  are  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  cotton,  maize, 
bananas,  rice,  rice,  pineapples,  and  many  other  fruits. 

The  principal  mineral  found  in  Porto  Rico  are  gold, 
carbonates,  and  sulphides  of  copper  and  magnetic  oxide 
of  iron  in  large  quantities.  There  are  salt  works  at 
Guanica  and  Salinac  on  the  south  coast,  and  at  Cape  R030 
on  the  west,  and  these  constitute  the  principal  mineral 
industry  in  Porto  Rico. 

There  are  137  miles  of  railway,  with  170  miles  under 
construction,  and  470  miles  of  telegraph  lines.  Submar- 
ine cables  run  from  Sau  Juan  to  St.  Thomas  and  Jamaica. 

The  capital  of  Porto  Rico  is  San  Juan  Bautista,  found- 
ed by  Ponce  de  Leon.  It  is  situated  on  the  small  island 
of  Morro,  now  connected  with  the  mainland  by  the  San 
Antonio  Bridge.  The  district  of  its  name  contains  27,000 
,4  inhabitants.  Besides  the  capital.  San  Juan,  there  are 
some  sixty  or  seventy  towns  and  villages  of  considerable 
size  in  the  island.  Of  these  the  most  important  are  Ponco 
and  Arecibo,  each  with  a  larger  population  than  San 
Juan  (that  of  Ponce  being  about  35  000  or  40.000,  while 
that  of  San  Juan  is  estimated^ at  25,000);  Mayaguez  (also 
larger  than  the  capital)  and  Aguadilla,on  the  west  coast; 
Fajardo  and  Humacao,  on  the  east  coast;  Guanica  and 
Aroyo,  on  the  south,  and  Pepino  and  Cayey,  in  the 
interior. 

The  largest  article  of  export  from  Porto  Rico  is  coffee, 
which  is  over  63  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  The  next  largest 
is  sugar,  28  per  cent.  The  other  exports  are  tobacco, 
honey,  molasses,  cattle  timber,  and  hides. 


The  Preachers,  Doctors  and  Lawyers  of  the  Future. 

In  1901  there  were  23,778  young  men  in  the  medical 
colleges  of  the  United  States;  less  than  half  as  many— 
11.874 — in  the  law  schools,  and  only  about  one- third  as 
many— 8,261— in  the  theological  seminaries.  The  four 
states  having  the  largest  number  of  professional  students 
are  New  York,  Illinois,  Pennsylvania  and  Missouri,  as 
follows  : 


New  York  

Illinois  

Pennsylvania 
Missouri  


Theology.  Law. 


Medicine.  Total. 

2,449  5,665 

2,909  5.454 

2,505  3,834 

2,212  3,15a 


978  2,228 

1,117  1,279 

742  587 

567  371 


208 


U.  S.  Army  and  Navy  Pensions  for  1901—1902. 
The  pension  bill  calls  for  $145,245,230,  of  which 
$145,245,230,  of  which  $144,000,000  goes  for  pensions 
and  the  remainder  for  the  expense  of  paying  them.  There 
iiie  now  933,529  pensioners  on  the  roll  who  receive  an 
average  annual  pension  of  $132.39.  During  the  last  year 
40,645  claims  were  allowed  and  51,964  new  claims  were 
filed.  The  pension  list  was  never  so  long  as  to-day.  It 
has  increased  abont  2,000  names  since  1899. 


Gold  and  Silver  Production  in  500  Years— 
 (1380—1880.)  


Countries. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Tons 

Value. 

Ra- 
tio. 

Tons 

Value. 

Ra- 
tio. 

740 
1,840 

460 
1,040 

$  520,000.000 
1,290,000,000 
325.000,000 
725,000,000 

7.1 
17.8 

4.4 
10.0 

Australia  

7,930 

$  305,000,000 

4  1 

8,470 
78,600 
72,000 

3,200 

325,000,000 
3,040,000,000 
2,770,000,000 

120.000,000 

4.4 
40.7 
37.3 

1.7 

Spanish  Am. . 
United  States 
Others  

1,235 
2,220 
2,042 
778 

865,000,000 
1,550.000,000 
1,430.000,000 

535,000,000 

12.0 
21.5 
19.7 
7.5 

11,600 
11,200 

445,000,000 
430,000,000 

6.0 

5.8 

The  World, 

10,355 

$7,240,000,000 

100.0 

193,000 

S7,435,000,000 

100.0 

The  Correct  Thing  in  Correspondence. 

To  fold  and  direct  a  letter  neatly,  and  to  put  on  a  stamp 
evenly,  and  in  the  right-hand  corner. 

To  put  on  as  many  stamps  as  the  weight  of  the  letter  or 
parcel  demands. 

To  enclose  a  stamp  when  writing  to  a  stranger  on  your 
own  business. 

To  use  postal  cards  for  business  communications  only. 
To  write  legibly  and  straight. 
To  spell  correctly. 

To  write  numbers,  dates,  and  proper  names  with  special 
care  and  distinctness. 

To  date  a  letter  at  the  beginning,  on  the  right-hand  side, 
l)ut  a  note  at  the  end  on  the  left-hand. 

To  give  one's  full  address  when  writing  to  a  person  who 
does  not  know  it,  and  from  whom  an  answer  is  desired. 

To  sign  a  letter  with  the  full  name,  or  with  the  last 
name  and  initials. 

To  write  "Rev.  and  Mrs.  J.  T.  Sawyer,"  or  "Dr.  and  Mrs. 
Paul  Jones. 


209 


15  Rules  for  Running  an  Automobile. 
I.— General  Road  Rules. 

1.  Remember  that  the  front  wheel  of  an  auto  jio  not 
work  like  those  of  an  ordinary  carriage.  They  turn  more 
sharply,  therefore  go  slowly,  or  the  machine  might  turn 
over.  Too  short  a  turn  is  liable  to  strip  the  tires. 

2.  Asuddea  stop  is  liable  to  throw  one  over  the  dash° 
board  and  to  damage  the  rear  tires.  A  motor  vehicle  can 
be  stopped  far  more  quickly  than  a  horse  vehicle,  but  it 
is  foolhardy  to  indulge  in  high  speeds  where  a  violent 
stop  may  be  necessary. 

3.  When  you  meet  a  timid  horse,  stop  the  machine  and 
try  to  have  the  horse  led  quietly  up  to  it. 

4.  Carry  a  spare  tire.  Tools  should  never  be  neglected, 
A  steam  carriage  should  have  one  or  two  spare  gauge 
glasses. 

5.  Observe  the  rules  of  the  road.  Don't  forget  that 
pedestrians  and  horse  owners  are  entitled  to  some  rights 

II.  ~RuLEs  For  An  Electric  C^lRriage. 

6.  Watch  the  curreht-indicating  instruments.  Don't 
discharge  the  batteries  to  a  voltage  of  1.8  volts  per  cell, 
as  this  will  damage  the  battery. 

7.  If  you  need  to  go  as  far  as  possible  on  one  charge, 
run  at  a  moderate  speed  and  avoid  stopping  and  starting 
frequently. 

8.  Inspect  the  batteries  frequently,  testing  the  density 
of  the  solution  in  each  cell  with  a  hydrometer,  and  fol- 
lowing the  maker's  directions  as  to  the  density  to  be 
maintained. 

9.  Don't  reverse  the  electric  motor  except  in  extreme 
emergency,  as  it  is  liable  to  injure  the  motor. 

III.  — Rules  For  A  Gasoline  Carriage. 

10.  Be  sure  that  the  igniting  apparatus  is  in  order  and 
inspect  it  whenever  in  doubt. 

11-  Be  sure  that  the  mixture  of  gasoline  vapor  and  air 
is  correctly  proportioned.  A  good  vaporizer  is  less  liable 
to  get  out  of  order  than  the  igniting  apparatus,  but  noth- 
ing but  experience  will  make  you  master  of  your  partic- 
ular form  of  vaporizer. 

12.  Inspect  the  machinery  often.  The  mechanism  of  a 
gasoline  v'ehicle  is  more  complex  than  that  of  thejelectric 
or  steam  vehicle,  and  it  demands  some  mechanical  know- 
ledge of  its  ope;ator.  The  oil  cups  should  be  kept  filled, 
the  pump  should  be  watched,  and  the  nuts,  screws,  etc., 
should  be  looked  after. 

IV— Rules  For  A  Steam  Carriage. 

13.  See  that  your  gasoline  tank  and  pipes  do  not  leak. 
As  there  is  an  exposed  flame  (under  the  boiler)  on  all 
these  carriages,  any  leaking  gasoline  Is  liable  to  take 
fire  and  perhaps  blow  up  the  tank. 


210 


14.  Watch  the  water  level  in  your  boiler.  If  your 
boiler  runs  dry  while  the  burner  is  alight  it  is  ruined» 

15.  Avoid  the  use  of  hard  or  dirty  water  in  the  boiler. 
Clean  rain  water  is  the  best.  Don't  doctor  the  feed  water 
except  under  competent  advice,  as  you  may  do  more 
harm  than  good. 

World's  Production  of  G-old  and  Silver  in  1898» 


Countries. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


United  States  

Mexico  

Canada,  Newf'l'd,. 

Africa  

Australasia  

Russia  

Austria-Hungary . 

German  

Norway  

Sweden  

Italy  

Spain  

Greece  

Turkey   

France   ... 

Great  Britain  

Argentina  

Bolivia  

Chile  

Colombia   ... 

Brazil  

Venezuela  

Guiana  (British) . . 
Guiana  (Dutch) . . . 
Guiana  (French) . . 

Peru  

Central  America . . 

Japan   

China  

Korea  

India  (British) 
East  Indies  (Brit.) 


Oz.  fine 
3,118.398 
4li;i87 
669,445 
3,890,704 
3,137,644 
1,231,791 
89,954 
3,561 


4,044 
8,027 
n,833 


t353 


321 
6,661 
16,617 
16,482 
109,483 
76,613 
*51,151 
99,105 
27,532 
79,547 
*30.380 
22,917 
38.253 
294.059 
*49,350 
376,431 
31,973 


Dollars. 
64,463,000 

8.500,000 
13,838,700 
80,428.000 
64,860,800 
25,463.400 

1,859,500 
73,600 


Oz.  fine, 
54,438,000 
56,738,000 
4,452,333 


83,600 
165,900 
37,900 


7,300 


6,600 
*137,700 
*343,500 
*340,700 
2,263,200 
1,583,700 
1,057,400 
2,048.700 
569,100 
1,644.400 
628,000 
473,700 
790,800 
6,078,700 
1,020,200 
7,781,500 
660,900 


12,021 
278 
1,814 
5,571 
173 
65 
804 
*5,957 
981, 
t225. 
*542. 
211, 
383, 
8,204, 
2,591, 
5,483, 


,682 
492 
,294 
516 
,321 
345 
512 
965 
356 
225 
913 
347 
479 
568 
998 
717 


1,951.240 
716,008 
1,659,856 


Dollars. 
70,384,500 
73.358,200 

5,756,500 


15,543,200 
360,100 
2,345,700 
7,203,600 
224,100 
84,500 
1,040,200 
7,703,200 
1,268,800 
291.200 
701,900 
273.300 
*495,800 
*10,607,900 
3,351.300 
7,090,100 


*2,522.800 
925,700 
2,146,100 


Fine  oz.  of  gold,  $20.671834-1-;  of  silver,  $1.292929-1-,  coining 
rate  in  U.  S.  silver  dollars.    *1897.  +1896. 

The  London  "Statist"  estimates  the  production  of  the  Transvaal 
gold  mines  from  1897  to  1898  inclusive  at  $382,440,240. 

The  Railway  Mileage  of  Europe 
Has  increased  from  83,680  miles  in  1875  to  167,439 
miles  in  1899.  The  increase  has  been  the  largest  in 
Russia,  amounting  to  no  less  than  15,142  miles;  then 
comes  Germany,  14,666  miles;  and  France  with  12,990 
miles;  while  England  has  added  only  5,089  miles. 


211 


Standard  Table  Showing  Velocity  and  Force  of  Winds. 


Description. 

Mi.  per 
Hour. 

Feet  per 
Minute. 

Feet  per 
Second. 

Force  in  lbs. 
per  Sq.  Foot. 

Very  high  wind   

2 
3 

5 
10 
15 
20 

.  25 
30 

i  35 
40 

.  45 
50 
60 
70 
80 
100 

.176 
.264 
.352 
.440 
.880 
1.320 
1.760 
2.200 
2.640 
3,080 
3,520 
3,960 
4,400 
5,280 
6,160 
7,040 
8,800 

2.93 
4.4 
5.87- 
7.33 
14.67 
22.0 
29.3 
36.6 
44.0 
51.3 
58.6 
66.0 
73.3 
88.0 
102.7 
117.3 
146.6 

.000 
.044 
.079 
.123 
.492 
1.107 
1.968 
3.075 
4.428 
6.027 
7.872 
9.963 
12.300 
17,712 
24,108 
31,488 
49.200 

THE  nURDERER. 

(AN  UNPUBLISHED  POEM  BY  EDGAR  ALLEN  POE.) 

Ye  glittering  stars  I  how  fair  ye  shine  to-niglit. 
And  O,  thou  beauteous  moonl  thy  fairy  light 
Is  peeping  thro'  those  iron  bars  so  near  me. 
How  silent  is  the  night— how  clear  and  brightl 
I  nothing  hear,  nor  aught  there  is  to  hear  me 
Shunned  by  all,  as  if  the  world  did  fear  me; 
Alone  in  chains  I   Ah,  me  I  the  cursed  spell 
That  brought  me  here.  Heaven  could  not  cheer  me 
Within  these  walls— within  this  dark  cold  cell. 
This  gloomy,  dreary,  solitary  hell. 

And  thou,  so  slow,  O  Timet  so  passing  slow; 
Keeping  my  soul  in  bondage,  in  this  woe 
So  torturing— this  uncontrollable  pain; 
Was  I  CO  blame?  I  was  they  say.   Then  s<» 
Be  it.   Will  this  deep,  sanguinary  stain 
Of  my  dark  crime  forever  haunt  my  brain? 
Must  I  Jive  here  and  never,  never  hear 
The  sweetness  of  a  friendly  voice  again? 
Must  1  this  torture  feel  year  after  year? 
Live,  die  in  hell,  ana  Paradise  so  near? 

Am  I  dead  to  Thee.  O  Christ?  Thou  who  sought 
The  prisoner  in  his  lonely  cell;  taught 
Him  to  feel  the  enchantment  of  Thy  loye— 
Am  I  dead  to  Thee?  Canst  Thou  not  be  brought 
By  prayer  from  Thy  celestial  throne  above 
Into  this  darkened  cell?  Dost  Thou,  too,  recrov^ 


212 


My  soul?  Thou,  too,  doom  it  to  endless  misery 

Am  I  so  hardened  that  1  cannot  move 

The  divine,  forgiving  love  in  Thee? 

Canst  Thou  be  Christ  and  have  no  love  for  me? 


What  I  lost  am  I?  ne'er  will  I  feel  the  bliss 

Of  heaven?  Ne'er  feel  the  joys  above  this 

World  of  sin?   What  I  never?  Is  my  destiny 

Hell?  Into  that  dark,  fathomless  abyss 

Of  sin  and  crime?   Into  that  misery 

Eternal?   Into  that  unquenchable  sea 

Of  fire?  Is  there  my  future— is  it  there? 

Ah!   It  comes  before  my  eyes.   Seel  seel  Ye 

Infernal  fiends  1    Why  come  ye  here.   How  dare 

Ye  come?  Away  I  mock  me  not  with  your  stare! 

Away  ye  fiends!   Why  at  me  now?  Am  I 

Not  hardened  yet?  Am  I  not  fit  for  hell?  Why 

Test  me  again?  O  horrors,  hear  the  groans 

Of  tortured  victims!   Ah!  see  them  lie 

Bleeding  and  in  chains!   Hear  the  mocking  moans 

Of  the  madden'd  demons,  in  deep,  wild  tones! 

See  them  hurl  their  victims  into  the  hot  mire! 

Now  see  the  devils  dance!   What!  are  they  stones? 

Have  they  no  hearts,  no  love,  no  kind  desire? 

Fearfully  reveling  'midst  Jehovah's  fire! 

Cries,  cries!  horrible  cries  assail  my  ears! 

I  see  her !   My  murdered  victim  now  appears 

Before  me!   Hear  her  pleading  for  mercy; 

Ah!  see  her  stare,  with  eyes  swollen  with  tears; 

Horrors!  see  her  white  arms  outstretched  to  me 

Begging  for  life  1   O  woe !   O  misery ! 

Take  me  demons!  take  me  out  of  this  cell; 

Satan,  I'm  thine!   Hear,  hear,  I  call  on  thee; 

Torture  me— rack  me  with  the  pains  of  hell; 

Do  what  thou  wilt,  but  break  this  madd*ning  spell. 

Listen!    What's  that?  My  soul,  they  come,  they  come? 

The  demons  come  to  take  thee  to  thy  home! 

See,  see!   No,  no!    O  heavens!    What  brought  this 

Pale  skelton  here!    Speak!  speak!    What!  dumb? 

And  hast  thou  naught  to  say?   What  is  thy  office? 

Away  fiend!    What!  move  not  for  me  1   What  is 

Thy  want?   Speak,  devil,  speak!   Come,'Come,  unsheatla 

Thy  tongue.    Com'st  thou  from  the  dark  abyss 

Of  sin?   Hold,  hold!    I  know  thee— my  breath  I 

Ha!  ha!    I  know  thee  now— 'tis  Death!  'tis  Death! 


313 


VALUABLE  FORMULAS. 

How  TO  Cleanse  Brushes.— The  best  method  of  cleansing 
watchmakers'  and  jewelers'  brushes  is  to  wash  them  out  in  a 
strong  soda  water.  When  the  backs  are  wood,  you  must  favor 
that  part  as  much  as  possible ;  for  being  glued, the  water  may 
injure  them. 

How  TO  Write  Inscriptions  on  Metals. — Take  5^  lb.  of  nit- 
ric acid  and  1  oz.  of  muriatic  acid.  Mix,  shake  well  together, 
and  it  is  ready  for  use.  Cover  the  place  you  wish  to  mark  with 
melted  beeswax;  when  cold,  write  your  inscription  plainly  in 
the  wax  clear  to  the  metal  with  a  sharp  instrument;  then  apply 
the  mixed  acids  with  a  feather,  carefully  fiUing  each  letter. 
Let  it  remain  from  1  to  20  minutes,  according  to  appearance 
desired;  then  throw  on  water,  which  stops  the  process  and  re- 
moves the  wax. 

Rules  for  Accidents  on  Water. — When  upset  in  a  boat  or 
thrown  into  the  water  and  unable  to  swim,  draw  the  breath  in 
well ;  keep  the  mouth  shut  tight;  do  not  struggle  and  throw  the 
arms  up,  but  yield  quietly  to  the  water ;  hold  the  head  well  up, 
and  stretch  out  the  hands  only  below  the  water ;  to  throw  the 
h*ands  or  feet  up  will  pitch  the  body  below  the  water  and  cause 
the  whole  person  to  go  down  immediately.  Keep  the  head 
above  and  everything  else  under  water. 

Every  one  should  learn  to  swim;  no  animal,  aquatic  fowl,  or 
reptile,  requires  to  be  taught  this,  for  they  do  it  naturally.  Few 
persons  exist  who  have  not  some  time  or  other  seen  a  bullfrog 
perform  his  movements  in  the  water,  and  it  Would  detract  from 
no  one's  dignity  to  take  a  few  lessons  from  him.  In  learning, 
the  beginner  mightsustainhimself  byaplank,  a  blockof  wood, 
an  attachment  composed  of  cork,  an  inflated  bladder,  a  flying 
kite,  or  a  stout  cord  attatched  to  a  long  rod  held  by  an  assist- 
ant on  land.    Learn  to  swim,  cost  what  it  will. 

Trichina  is  the  term  applied  to  a  minute,  slender  and  trans- 
parent worm,  scarcely  l-20th  of  an  inch  in  length,  which  has 
recently  been  discovered  to  exist  naturally  in  the  muscles  of 
swine,  and  is  frequently  transferred  to  the  human  stomach  when 
pork  is  used  as  food.  Enough  of  these  filthy  parasites  have 
been  detected  in  a  half  pound  of  pork  to  engender  30,000,000 
more,  the  females  being  very  prolific,  each  giving  birth  to  from 
60  to  100  young,  and  d^ing  soon  after.  The  young  thread-like 
worm  at  first  ranges  freely  through  the  stomach  and  intestines, 
remaining  for  a  short  time  within  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
intestines,  causing  irritation,  diarrhea,  and  sometimes  death, 
if  present  in  sufficient  numbers.  As  they  become  stronger,  they 
begin  to  penetrate  the  walls  of  the  intestines  in  order  to  efifect 
a  lodgment  in  the  voluntary  muscles,  causing  intense  muscu- 
lar pain  and  severe,  enduring  cramps,  and  sometimes  tetanic 
symptoms.  After  four  weeks'  migration  they  encyst  themselves 
permanently  on  the  muscular  fibre,  and  begin  to  secrete  a  del- 
icate sac  which  gradually  becomes  calcareous.  In  this  torpid 
state  they  remain  during  the  person's  lifetime. 


214 


THE  RELATIVE  RANK  OF  OUR  LARGEST  CITIES. 
(Census  of  1900.) 

In  1880  there  was  but  one  city,  New  York,  which  had  a  popula- 
tion in  excess  of  a  million.  In  1900  there  were  three,  New  York, 
Chicago  and  Philadelphia,  and  there  would  have  been  four  if  Brook- 
lyn had  not  been  merged  into  Greater  New  York. 

In  1880  there  were  but  twenty  cities,  each  containing  more  than 
100,000  inhabitants.  In  1890  this  number  had  increased  to  twenty- 
eight,  and  in  1900  to  thirty-eight. 

The  number  and  l  elative  rank  of  cities  having  a  population  of 
100,000  or  more  at  the  date  of  each  of  these  censuses  are  set  forth 
in  the  following-  table : 

'     CITIES  BY  NAME 


1900 

New  York,  N.  Y  . . . 

Chicago,  111  

Philadelphia,  Pa  . . 

St.  Louis,  Mo  

Boston,  Mass  

Baltimore,  Md  

Cleveland,  O   • 

Buffalo,  N.  Y  

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Cincinnati,  O  

Pittsburg,  Pa  

New  Orleans,  La. . . 

Detroit,  Mich   . 

Milwaukee,  Wis  . . . 
Washington, D.  C. . 

Newark,  N.  J  

Jersey  City,  N.  J. . . 

Louisville,  Ky  

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Providence,  R.  I . . . 
Indianapolis,  Ind. . 
Kansas  City,  Mo. . . 
St.  Paul,  Minn. .  .. 

Rochester,  N.  Y  

Denver,  Colo  

Toledo,  O  

Allegheny,  Pa. . . 

Columbus,  O  

Worcester,  Mass. . . 

Syracuse,  N.  Y  

New  Haven,  Conn  . 

Paterson,  N.  J  

Fall  River,  Mass. .. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo. .  .. 

Omaha,  Neb  

Los  Angeles,  Cal . . . 

Memphis,  Tenn  

Scranton,  Pa  


1890 


New  York,  N.  Y.... 

Chicago,  111  

Philadelphia,  Pa. . . 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.... 

St.  Louis,  Mo  

Boston,  Mass  

Baltimore,  Md  

San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Cincinnati,  Chio... 

Cleveland,  O  

Buffalo,  N.  Y  

New  Orleans,  La. . . 

Pittsburg,  Pa  

Washington,  D.  C. . 

Detroit,  Mich  

Milwaukee,  Wis  

Newark,  N.  J  

Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Jersey  City.  N.  J. . . 

Louisville,  Ky  

Omaha,  Neb  

Rochester,  N.  Y  

St.  Paul,  Minn  

Kansas  City,  Mo... 
Providence,  R.  I. ,  . 

Denver,  Col  

Indianapolis,  Ind.. 
Allegheny,  Pa  


1880 

New  York,  N.  Y,. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Chicago,  111. 
Boston,  Mass. 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Washington,  D.  C. 
Newark,  N.  J. 
Louisville,  Ky. 
Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Detroit,  Mich, 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Providence,  R.  I. 


215 


THE  NEW  COPYRIGHT  LAW. 

PASSED  MARCH  4,  1891. 

The  author,  inventor,  designer,  or  proprietor  of  any  book,  map, 
chart,  dramatic  or  musical  composition,  engraving.,  cut,  print,  or 
photograph  or  negative  thereof,  or  of  a  painting,  drawing,  chromo, 
statue,  statuary,  and  of  models  or  designs  intended  to  be  perfected 
as  works  of  the  fine  arts,  and  the  executors,  administrators,  or 
assigns  oi'  any  such  person  shall,  upon  complying  with  the  provi- 
sions of  this  chapter,  have  the  sole  liberty  of  printing,  reprinting, 
publishing,  completing,  copying,  executing,  finishing,  and  vending 
the  same;  and  in  the  case  of  dramatic  composition,  of  publicly 
performing  or  representing  it  or  causing  it  to  be  performed  or 
represented  by  others;  and  authors  or  their  assigns  shall  have  ex- 
clusive right  to  dramatize  and  translate  any  of  their  works  for 
which  copyright  shall  have  been  obtained  under  the  laws  of  the 
United  States. 

The  author,  inventor,  or  designer,  if  he  be  still  living,  or  his 
widow  or  children,  if  he  be  dead,  shall  have  the  same  exclusive 
right  continued  for  the  further  term  of  fourteen  years,  upon  re- 
cording the  title  of  the  work  or  description  of  the  article  so  se- 
cured a  second  time,  and  complying  with  all  other  regulations 
in  regard  to  original  copyrights,  within  six  months  before  the  ex- 
piration of  the  first  term ;  and  such  persons  shall,  within  two 
monjths  from  the  date  of  said  renewal,  cause  a  copy  of  the  record 
thereof  to  be  published  in  one  or  more  newspapers  printed  in  the 
United  States,  for  the  space  of  four  weeks. 

No  person  shall  be  entitled  to  a  copyright  unless  he  shall,  on  or 
before  the  daj^  of  publication  in  this  or  any  foreign  country,  de- 
hver  at  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  or  deposit  in  the 
mail  within  the  United  States,  addressed  to  the  Librarian  of  Con- 
gress, at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  a  printed  copy  of  the 
title  of  the  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  composition, 
engraving,  cut,  print,  photograph,  or  chromo,  or  a  description  of 
the  painting,  drawing,  statue,  statuary,  or  a  model  or  design  for  a 
work  of  the  fine  arts  for  which  he  desires  a  copyright,  nor  unless 
he  shall  also,  not  later  than  the  day  of  the  publication'thereof  in 
this  or  any  foreign  country,  deliver  at  the  office  of  the  Librarian 
of  Congress,  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  or  deposit  in 
the  mail  within  the  United  States,  addressed  to  the  Librarian  of 
Congress,  at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  two  copies  of 
such  copyright  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  composi- 
tion, engraving,  chromo,  cat,  print  or  photograph,  or  in  case  of  a 
painting,  drawing,  statue,  statuary,  model,  or  design  for  a  work 
of  the  fine  arts,  a  photograph  of  the  same:   Provided,  that  in  thf 


216 


case  of  a  book,  photograph,  chromo,  or  lithograph,  the  two  ooplM 

©f  the  same  required  to  be  delivered  or  deposited  as  above  shall 
be  printed  from  type  set  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  er 
from  plates  made  therefrom,  or  from  negatives,  or  drawings  on 
stone  made  within  the  limits  of  the  Unitecl  States,  or  from 
transfers  made  therefrom.  During  the  existence  of  such 
copyright  the  importation  into  the  United  States  of  any  book, 
chromo,  lithograph,  or  photograph,  so  copyrighted,  or  any  editiea 
or  editions  thereof,  or  any  plates  of  the  same  not  made  from  type 
set,  negatives  or  drawings  on  stone,  made  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be,  and  it  is  hereby  prohibited,  except  in  th« 
cases  specified  in  paragraphs  512  to  260  inclusive,  in  section  2  of 
the  act  entitled  "An  act  to  reduce  the  revenue  and  equalize  the 
duties  on  imports  and  for  other  purposes,"  approved  Oct.  1,  1890; 
and  except  in  the  case  of  persons  purchasing  for  use  and  n«t  for 
Bale,  who  import,  subject  to  the  duty  thereon,  not  more  than  two 
copies  of  such  book  at  any  one  time,  and  except  in  the  case  of 
newspapers  and  magazines  not  containing,  in  whole  or  in  part, 
matter  copyrighted  under  the  provisions  of  this  act,  unauthorized 
by  the  author,  which  are  hereby  exempted  from  prohibition  ©f 
Importation:  Provided,  nevertheless,  that  in  the  case  of  foreign 
languages,  of  which  only  translations  in  English  are  copyrighted, 
the  prohibition  of  importation  shall  apply  only  to  the  translations 
of  the  same,  and  the  importation  of  the  books  in  the  original  lan- 
guage shall  be  permitted. 

The  Librarian  of  Congress  shall  receive  from  the  persons  to 
whom  the  services  designated  are  rendered,  the  following  fees: 

First.  For  recording  the  title  or  description  of  any  copyright 
book  or  article,  fifty  cents. 

Second.  For  every  copy  under  seal  of  such  record  actuallp 
given  to  the  person  claiming  the  copyright,  or  his  assigns,  fifly 
cents. 

Third.  For  recording  and  certifying  any  instrument  of  writing 
for  the  assignment  of  a  copyright,  one  dollar. 

Fourth.  For  every  copy  of  an  assignment,  one  dollar. 

All  fees  so  received  shall  be  paid[  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United 
States:  Pro^^ided,  that  the  charge  for  recording  the  title  or  de- 
Bcription  of  any  article  entered  for  copyright,  the  production  of  a 
person  not  a  citizen  or  resident  of  tjie  United  States,  shall  be  one 
dollar,  to  be  paid  as  above  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States, 
to  defray  the  expenses  of  lists  of  copyrighted  articles  as  herein- 
after provided  for. 

And  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  to 
furnish  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  copies  of  the  entries  of 
titles  of  all  books  and  other  articles  wherein  the  copyright  has 


217 


been  completed  by  the  deposit  of  two  copies  of  such  booK  prlQted 
from  type  set  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  provisions  of  this  act  and  by  the  deposit  of  two 
copies  of  such  other  article  made  or  produced  in  the  United 
States;  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  hereby  directed  to 
prepare  and  print,  at  intervals  of  not  more  than  a  week,  cata- 
logues of  such  title  entries  for  distribution  to  the  collectors  of 
customs  of  the  United  States  and  to  the  postmasters  of  all  jiost- 
oflSces  receiving  foreign  mails,  and  such  weekly  lists,  as  they  are 
issued,  shall  be  furnished  to  all  parties  desiring  them,  at  a  sum 
not  exceeding  five  dollars  per  annum ;  and  the  Secretary  andl  the 
Postmaster-General  are  hereby  empowered  and  required  to  make 
and  enforce  such  rules  and  regulations  as  shall  prevent  tho  im- 
portation into  the  United  States,  except  upon  the  conditions 
above  specified,  of  all  articles  prohibited  by  this  act. 

The  proprietor  of  every  copyright  book  or  other  article  shall 
deliver  at  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  or  deposit  iji  the 
mail,  addressed  to  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washin^^ton, 
District  of  Columbia,  a  copy  of  every  subsequent  edition  wherein 
any  substantial  changes  shall  be  made:  Provided,  however,  that 
the  alterations,  revisions  and  additions  made  to  books  by  foreign 
authors,  heretofore  published,  of  which  new  editions  shall  appuar 
subsequently  to  the  taking  effect  of  this  act,  shall  be  held  and 
deemed  capable  of  being  copyrighted  as  above  provided  for  in  this 
act,  unless  they  form  a  part  of  the  series  in  course  of  publication 
at  the  time  this  act  shall  take  effect. 

Section  4963.  Every  person  who  shall  insert  or  impress  such 
notice,  or  words  of  the  same  purport,  in  or  upon  any  book,  map, 
chart,  dramatic  or  musical  composition,  print,  cut,  engraving,  or 
photograph,  or  other  article,  for  which  he  has  not  obtained  a 
copyright,  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  of  one  hundred  dollars,  re- 
coverable one-half  for  the  person  who  shall  sue  for  such  penalty 
and  one-half  to  the  use  of  the  United  States. 

Every  person  who,  after  the  recording  of  the  title  of  any  book 
and  the  depositing  of  two  copies  of  such  book,  as  provided  by  this 
act,  shall,  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  within  the  term 
limited,  and  without  the  consent  of  the  proprietor  of  the  copy- 
right first  obtained  in  writing,  signed  in  presence  of  two  or  more 
witnesses,  print,  publish,  dramatize,  translate,  or  import,  or 
knowing  the  same  to  be  so  printed,  published,  dramatized,  trans- 
lated, or  imported,  sell  or  expose  to  sale  any  copy  of  such  book 
shall  forfeit  every  copy  thereof  to  such  proprietor,  and  shall  also 
forfeit  and  pay  such  damages  as  may  be  recovered  in  a  civil  ac- 
tion by  sucli  proprietor  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction. 

If  any  person,  after  the  recordhig  of  the  title  of  any  map,  chart, 


218 


dramatic  or  musical  composition,  print,  cut,  engraving,  or  photo- 
graph, or  chromo,  or  of  the  description  of  any  painting,  drawing, 
statue,  statuary,  or  model  or  design  intended  to  be  perfected  and 
executed  as  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  as  provided  by  this  act,  shall 
within  the  term  limited,  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
and  without  the  consent  of  the  proprietor  of  the  copyright  first 
obtained  in  writing,  signed  in  presence  of  two  or  more  witnesses, 
engrave,  etch,  work,  copy,  print,  publish,  dramatize,  translate,  or 
import,  either  in  whole  or  in  part,  or  by  varying  the  main  design 
with  intent  to  evade  the  law,  or,  knowing  the  same  to  be  so 
printed,  published,  dramatized,  translated,  or  imported,  sliall  sell 
or  expose  to  sale  any  copy  of  such  map  or  other  article  as  afore- 
said, he  shall  forfeit  to  the  proprietor  all  the  plates  on  which  the 
same  shall  be  copied,  and  every  sheet  thereof,  either  copied  or 
printed,  and  shall  further  forfeit  one  dollar  for  every  sheet  of  the 
same  found  in  his  possession,  either  printing,  printed,  copied,  pub- 
lished, imported,  or  exposed  for  sale,  and  in  case  of  a  painting, 
statue,  or  statuary,  he  shall  forfeit  ten  dollars  for  every  copy  of 
the  same  in  his  possession,  or  by  him  sold  or  exposed  for  sale; 
one-half  thereof  to  the  proprietor  and  the  other  half  to  the  use  of 
the  United  States. 

Every  person  who  shall  print  or  publish  any  manuscript  what- 
ever without  the  consent  of  the  author  or  proprietor  first  ob- 
tained, shall  be  liable  to  the  author  or  proprietor  for  all  damages 
occasioned  by  such  injury. 

Sec.  11.  That  for  the  purpose  of  this  act  each  volume  of  a  book 
in  two  or  more  volumes,  when  such  volumes  are  published  sepa- 
rately, and  the  first  one  shall  not  have  been  issued  before  this  act 
shall  take  effect,  and  each  number  of  a  periodical,  shall  be  con- 
sidered an  independent  publication,  subject  to  the  form  of  copy- 
righting as  above. 

Sec.  12.  That  tliis  act  shall  go  into  effect  on  the  first  day  of 
July,  anno  Domini  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-one. 

Sec.  13.  That  this  act  shall  only  apply  to  a  citizen  or  subject  of 
a  foreign  state  or  nation  when  such  foreign  state  or  nation  per- 
mits to  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  America  the  benefit  of 
copyright  on  substantially  the  same  basis  as  its  own  citizens,  or 
when  such  foreign  state  or  nation  is  a  party  to  an  international 
agreement  which  provides  for  reciprociiy  in  the  granting  of  copy- 
right, by  the  terms  of  which  agreement  the  United  States  of 
America  may,  at  its  pleasure,  become  a  party  to  such  agreement. 
The  existence  of  either  of  the  conditions  aforesaid  shall  be  deter- 
mined by  the  President  of  the  United  States  by  proclamation 
made  from  time  to  time  r!s  the  purposes  of  this  act  may  require. 


219 

"  OSTLER  JOE.'' 

The  recitation  of  the  following  poem  by  Mrs.  James 
Brown  Potter  before  a  large  and  cultured  audience  at 
Washington,  D.C.,  was  the  inspiration  and  starting  point 
of  that  distinguished  lady's  career  as  an  actress: 
I  stood  at  eve  as  the  sun  went  down,  by  a  gre  ve  where  a 
woman  lies, 

Who  lured  men's  souls  to  the  shores  of  sin  with  the  light 

of  her  wanton  eyes; 
Who  sang  the  song  that  the  siren  sang  on  the  treacherous 

Lurley  height, 
Whose  face  was  as  fair  as  a  summer  day,  and  whose  heart 

was  as  black  as  night. 

Yet  a  blossom  I  fain  would  pluck  to-day  from  the  garden 

above  her  dust- 
Not  the  languorous  lily  of  soulless  sin,  nor  the  blood-red 

rose  of  lust. 

But  a  sweet  white  blossom  of  holy  love  that  grew  in  the 

one  green  spot 
In  the  arid  desert  of  Phryne's  life,  where  all  was  parched 

and  hot. 

In  the  summer,  when  the  meadows  were  aglow  with  blue 
and  red, 

Joe,  the  'ostler  of  the  Magpie,  and  fair  Annie  Smith  were 
wed. 

Plump  was  Annie,  plump  and  pretty,  with  a  cheek  as 

white  as  snow; 
He  was  anything  but  handsome,  was  the  Magpie's  'Ostler 

Joe. 

But  he  won  the  winsome  lassie.   They'd  a  cottage  and  a 
cow 

And  her  matronhood  sat  lightly  on  the  village  beauty's 
brow, 

Sped  the  months  and  came  a  baby— such  a  blue-eyed  baby 
boy! 

Joe  was  working  in  the  stables  when  they  told  him  of  his 
joy. 

He  was  rubbing  down  the  horses,  and  he  gave  them  then 
and  there 

All  a  special  feed  of  clover,  just  in  honor  of  the  heir. 
It  had  been  his  great  ambition,  and  he  told  the  horses  so, 
That  the  Fate?  would  send  a  baby  who  might  bear  the 
name  of  Joe. 

Little  Joe  the  child  was  christened,  and,  like  babies,  grew 
apace : 

He'd  his  mother's  oyes  of  azure,  and  his  father's  honest 
face. 


220 

Swift  the  h  ippy  .yen  s  went  over,  years  of  blue  and  cloud- 
less sky, 

Love  v/as  Lord  of  that  small  cottage,  and  the  tempest 
passed  them  by. 

.*assed  them  by  for  years,  then  swiftly  burst  in  fury  o'er 
their  home. 

Down  the  lane  by  Annie's  cottage  chanced  a  gentleman  to 
roam; 

Tin  rice  he  came  and  found  her  sitting  by  the  window  with 
her  child, 

Arid  he  nodded  to  the  baby,  and  the  baby  laughed  and 
smiled. 

S<>  at  last  it  grew  to  know  him— Little  Joe  was  nearly 
four; 

He  woald  call  the  "pretty  gemplin"  as  he  passed  the  open 
doo?; 

And  ono  clay  he  ran  and  caught  him,  and  in  child's  play 
pullv^^  him  in; 

And  tha  jaby  Joe  had  prayed  for  brought  about  the 
moth/'t 's  sin. 

'Twas  the   ame  old  wretched  story,  that  for  ages  bards 
have  ss^Ag, 

'Twas  a  woman  weak  and  wanton,  and  a  villian's  tempt- 
ing tongue; 

'Twas  a  picture  deftly  painted  for  a  silly  creature's  eyes 
Of  the  Babylonian  wonders,  and  the  .joy  that  in  them  lies. 

Annie  listened  and  was  tempted;  she  was  tempted  and 
she  fell, 

A.S  the  angels  fell  from  heaven  to  the  blackest  depths  of 
hell; 

She  was  promised  wealth  and  splendor,  and  a  life  of 
guilty  sloth, 

Yellow  gold  for  child  and  husband,  and  the  woman  left 
them  both. 

Home  one  eve  came  Joe  the  'Ostler  with  a  cherry  cry  of 
"Wife  I" 

Finding  that  which  blurred  forever  all  ths  story  of  his 
life. 

/  She  had  left  a  silly  letter— through  the  cruel  scrawl  he 
spelt; 

Then  he  sought  the  lonely  bedroom,  joined  his  hands  and 
knelt. 

"Now,  O  Lord,  O  God,  forgive  her,  for  she  ain't  to 

blame,"  he  cried; 
"For  I  owt  t'  a  seen  her  trouble,  and  'a  gone  awav  and 

died. 


221 

Why,  a  wench  like  her— God  bless  herl— 'twasn"t  likely  as 
her 'a  rest 

With  her  bomiy  head  forever  on  a  'ostler's  ragged  vest.  % 

*'It  was  kind  o'  her  to  hear  me  all  this  long  and  happy 
time; 

So,  for  my  sake  please  to  bless  her,  though  you  count  her 
deed  a  crime. 

If  so  be  I  don't  pray  proper,  Lord,  forgive  me;  for  you 
see, 

I  can  talk  all  right  to  'osses,  but  I'm  nervous  like  with 
Thee." 

Never  a  line  came  to  the  cottage  from  the  woman  who 
had  flown. 

Joe,  the  baby,  died  that  winter,  and  the  man  was  left 
alone. 

Ne'er  a  bitter  word  he  uttered,  but  in  silence  kissed  the 
rod. 

Saving  what  he  told  the  horses,  saving  what  he  told  his 
God. 

Far  away  in  mighty  London  rose  the  woman  into  fame, 
For  her  beauty  won  men's  homage,  and  she  T)rospered  in 
ber  shame; 

Quick  from  lord  to  lord  she  flitted,  higher  still  each  prize 
she  won, 

And  her  rival  paled  beside  her  as  the  stars,  beside  the  sun. 

Next  she  made  the  stage  her  market,  and  she  dragged 

Art's  temple  down. 
To  the  level  of  a  sbow-place  for  the  outcasts  of  the  town. 
And  the  kisses  she  had  given  to  poor  'Ostler  Joe  for 

nought 

With  their  gold  and  costly  jewels  rich  and  titled  lovers 
bought. 

Went  the  years  with  flying  footsteps  while  the  star  was 
at  its  height; 

Then  the  darkness  came  on  swiftly,  and  the  gloaming 

turned  to  night. 
Shattered  strength  and  faded  beauty  tore  the  laurels 

from  her  brow; 
Of  the  thousands  who  had  worshiped  never  one  came  near 

her  now. 

Broken  down  in  health  and  fortune,  men  forgot  her  very 
,  name, 

'Till  the  news  that  she  was  dying  woke  the  echoes  of  her 
fame; 

And  the  papers  in  their  gossip  mentioned  how  an 
"actress"  lay 

Sick  to  death  in  humble  lodgings,  growing  weaker  every 
day. 


222 

One  there  was  who  read  the  story  in  a  f ar-ofl  country 
place, 

that  night  the  dying  woman  woke  and  looked  upon 
his  face; 

Cince  again  the  strong  arms  clasped  her  that  had  clasped 
her  long  ago, 

And  the  weary  head  lay  pillowed  on  the  breast  of  'Ostler 
Joe. 

All  the  past  had  he  forgotten,  all  the  sorrow  and  the 
shame; 

He  had  found  her  sick  and  lonely,  and  his  wife  he  now 
could  claim. 

Since  the  grand  folks  who  had  known  her  one  and  all  had 
slunk  away. 

He  could  clasp  his  long-lost  darling,  and  no  man  can  say 
him  nay. 

In  his  arms  death  found  her  laying,  in  his  arms  her  spirit 
fled; 

And  his  tears  came  down  in  torrents  as  he  knelt  beside 
her  dead. 

Never  once  his  love  had  faltered  through  her  base  unhal- 
lowed life; 

And  the  stone  above  her  ashes  bears  the  honored  name 
of  wife. 

That's  the  blossom  I  fain  would  pluck  to-day  from  the 

garden  above  her  dust; 
Not  the  languorous  lily  of  soulless  sin  or  the  blood -red 

rose  of  lust; 

But  a  sweet,  white  blossom  of  holy  love  that  grew  in  the 

one  green  spot 
In  the  arid  desert  of  Phryne's  life,  where  all  was  parched 

and  hot.  George  R.  Sims. 


Valuable  Suggestions  to  Clerks  and  Workingmen.— Never 
consider  time  wasted  that  is  spent  in  learning  rudiments.  In 
acquiring  a  knowledge  of  any  art  or  handicraft  the  greatest  dif- 
ficulty is  experienced  at  the  beginning,  because  our  work  then 
poeeesses  httle  or  nothing  of  interest.  Our  first  lessons  in  drawing 
or  music,  or  wxth  tools,  are  very  simple;  indeed  so  simple  are  they 
that  we  are  disposed  to  undervalue  their  importance.  The  tempta- 
tion is  to  skip  a  few  pages  and  begin  further  on  in  the  book  But 
such  a  course  is  fatal  to  success.  To  learn  principles  thoroughly 
is  to  succeed  Be  content  to  learn  one  thing  at  a  time,  whether  it 
be  to  push  a  plane  square  and  true,  or  draw  a  straight  line^  What- 
ever you  learn,  learn  it  absolutely,  without  possible  question. 
This  will  enable  you  to  advance  steadily,  step  by  step,  year  ^tcr 
year,  and  some  day  you  will  wonder  why  you  have  been  enabled 


223 


to  distance  the  geniuses  who  once  seemed  so  far  in  advance  o§ 
you. 

Set  your  heart  upon  what  you  have  in  hand.  Valuable  knowl- 
edge is  acquired  only  by  intense  devotion.  You  must  give  your 
entire  mind  to  whatever  you  undertake,  otherwise  you  fail,  or  suc- 
ceed indifferently,  which  is  but  little  better  than  failure. 

Learn,  therefore,  to  estimate  properly  the  value  of  what  is  called 
leisure  time.  There  is  entirely  too  much  of  this  in  the  world.  Do 
not  mistake  our  meaning.  Rest  is  necessary  and  play  is  well  in 
hs  place,  but  young  men  who  hope  to  do  something  in  life  must 
not  expect  to  play  one-third  of  their  time. 

While  you  resolve  to  acquire  a  thorough  knowledge  of  your  art» 
be  equally  as  anxious  to  know  something  beyond  it.  A  craftsman 
ought  to  be  ashamed  of  himself  who  knows  nothing  but  the  use  of 
his  tools.  Having  the  time  to  acquire  it,  be  careful  to  properly 
estimate  the  value  of  knowledge.  Remember  ®f  what  use  it  wiU 
be  to  you  in  ten  thousand  instances  as  you  go  along  in  life,  and  be 
as  conscientious  in  learning  rudiments  here  as  elsewhere.  Leam 
to  spell  correctly,  to  write  a  good  plain  hand,  and  to  punctuate 
your  sentences. 

Do  not  dress  beyond  your  mean^^  never  spend  your  last  dollar, 
unless  for  food  to  keep  yourself  or  some  one  else  from  starving. 
You  will  always  feel  better  to  keep  a  little  money  in  your  pocket- 
At  the  earliest  possible  opportunity  save  up  a  few  dollars  and 
place  the  amount  in  a  savings  bank.  It  will  serve  as  a  magnet  to 
attract  other  money  that  might  be  foolishly  spent. 

Just  as  soon  as  you  can  command  the  means,  buy  a  piece  oJ 
ground.  Do  not  wait  until  you  have  saved  enough  to  pay  all 
down,  but  begin  by  paying  one-third  or  one-quarter.  Do  not  be 
afraid  to  go  in  debt  for  land,  for  it  increases  in  value. 

Save  a  Little. — Every  man  who  is  obliged  to  work  for  his  liv- 
ing should  make  a  point  to  lay  up  a  little  money  for  that  "rainy 
day"  which  we  are  all  liable  to  encounter  when  least  expected. 
The  best  way  to  do  this  is  to  open  an  account  with  a  savings  bank. 
Accumulated  money  is  always  safe ;  it  is  always  ready  to  use  when 
needed.  Scrape  together  five  dollars,  make  your  deposit,  receive 
your  bank  book,  and  then  resolve  to  deposit  a  given  sum,  small 
though  it  be,  once  a  month,  or  once  a  week,  according  to  circum- 
stances. Nobody  knows  without  trying  it,  how  easy  a  thing  it  is 
to  save  money  when  an  account  with  a  bank  has  been  opened. 
With  such  an  account  a  man  feels  a  desire  to  enlarge  his  deposit 
It  gives  him  lessons  in  frugality  and  economy,  weans  him  frona^ 
habits  of  extravagance,  and  is  the  very  best  guard  in  the  world 
against  inteinperance,  dissipation  and  vice.  Refer  to  page  277  for 
a  table  showing  the  time  required  by  money  to  double  itself  when 
loaned  at  interest. 

^  Symbolic  Meaning  of  Colors. — White  was  the  emblem  of 
ligjht,  religious  purity,  innocence,  faith,  joy  and  life.  In  the  judge» 
it  indicates  integrity;  in  the  sick,  humility;  in  the  woman,  chastity. 

Red,  the  ruby,  signifies  fire,  divine  love,  heat  of  the  creative 
power,  and  royalty.  White  and  red  roses  express  love  and  wis- 
dom. The  red  color  of  the  blood  has  its  origin  in  the  action  of  ^e 
heart,  which  corresponds  to,  or  symbolizes  love.  In  a  bad  SCOM^ 
fed  corresponds  to  the  infernal  love  of  evil,  hatreds  etc 


224 


Blue,  or  thj  sapphire,  expresses  he* van,  the  firmament,  tfutb 
from  a  celestial  origin,  constancy  and  fidelity. 

Yellow,  or  gold,  is  the  symbol  of  the  sun,  of  the  goodness  of 
God,  of  marriage  and  faithfulness.  In  a  bad  sense  yellow  signi* 
fies  inconstancy,  jealousy  and  deceit. 

Green,  the  emerald,  is  the  color  of  the  spring,  of  hope,  particu- 
larly of  the  hope  of  immortality  and  of  victory,  as  the  color  of  die 
laurel  and  palm. 

Violet,  the  amediyst,  signifies  love  and  truth,  or  passion  and 
suffering.  Purple  and  scarlet  signify  things  good  and  true  from  a 
celestial  origin. 

Black  corresponds  to  despair,  darkness,  earthliness,  mourning, 
negation,  wickedness  and  death. 

Durability  of  a  Hokse. — A  horse  will  travel  400  yard.s  in  4^ 
minutes  at  a  walk,  400  yds.  in  2  minutes  at  a  trot,  and  400  yds.  in 
X  minute  at  a  gallop.  The  usual  work  of  a  horse  is  taken  at 
22,500  lbs.  raised  i  foot  per  minute,  for  8  hours  per  day.  A  horse 
will  carry  250  lbs.  25  milcG  per  dajr  of  8  hours.  An  average 
draught-horse  will  draw  1,600  lbs.  23  miles  per  day  on  a  leve.l  road» 
weight:  of  wagon  included.  The  average  weight  of  a  horse  is 
x,ooo  lbs. ;  his  strength  is  equal  to  that  of  5  men.  In  a  horse  mill 
moving  at  3  feet  per  second,  track  25  feet  diameter,  he  exertti  witii 
the  machine  the  power  of  4^  horses.  The  greatest  amount  a  horse 
can  pull  in  a  horizontal  line  is  900  lbs. ;  but  he  can  onljr  do  this 
momentarily,  in  continued  exertion,  probably  half  of  this  is  the 
limit.  He  attains  his  growth  in  5  yeairs,  will  live  25,  average  16 
years.  A  horse  will  live  25  days  on  waier,  without  solid  food,  17 
days  without  eating  or  drinking,  but  orJy  5  days  on  solid  food* 
without  drinking. 

A  cart  drawn  by  horses  over  an  ordiii.'Jjy  road  will  travel  i,  t  miles 
per  hour  of  trip.  A  4-horse  team  will  haul  from  25  to  36  cubic  feet 
of  lime  stone  at  each  load.  The  time  expended  in  loading,  unload- 
ing, etc.,  including  delays,  averages  35  minutes  per  trip.  The  cost 
of  loading  and  unloading  a  cart,  using  a  horse  cram  at  the  quarry, 
and  unloading  by  hand,  when  labor  is  $1.25  per  day,  and  a  horse 
75  cents,  is  25  cents  per  perch=24.75  cubic  feet.  The  work  done 
by  an  animal  is  greatest  when  the  velocity  with  which  he  moves  is 
5^  of  the  greatest  with  which  he  can  move  when  not  impeded,  and 
the  force  then  exerted  .45  of  the  utmost  force  the  animal  can  exert 
at  a  dead  pull. 

Comparative  Cost  of  Fretcht  by  Water  and  Rail.  —  It 
has  been  proved  by  actual  test  that  a  single  t-ow-boat  can  trans- 
port at  one  trip  from  the  Ohio  to  New  Orleans  29,000  tons  of  coal^ 
loaded  in  barges.  Estimating  in  this  way  the  boat  and  its  tow, 
worked  by  a  few  men,  carries  as  much  freight  to  its  destination  as 
3,000  cars  and  100  locomotives,  manned  by  600  men,  could  trans- 
port. 

Cost  of  a  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Passenger  Car.  —  De- 
tailed cost  of  constructing  one  first-class  Standard  Passenger  Car, 
at  thK)  Altoona  shops  of  the  Pennsylvania  R.  R.,  the  total  cost 
being  $4,42.^.75.    The  principal  items  are  as  follows  : 


225 


Labor  $1,263  94 

Proportion  of  Fuel  and 

Stores    28  61 

•,480  feet  Poplar   86  80 

3,434  feet  Ash   12708 

I, zoo  feet  Pine   20  90 

t,35o  feet  Yellow  Pine.  7050 

500  feet  Oak  ........  10  00 

450  feet  Hickory   13  50 

700  feet  Mich.  Pine. .  4900 

400  feet  Cherry   16  00 

439  feet  Maple  veneer  24  14 
4  pairs  Wheels  and 

Axles   332  85 

2  pairs  Passenger 

Car  Trucks   533  62 

13  gallons  Varnish.  .  52  34 

45  lbs.  Glue   14  33 

3,925  lbs.  Iron   87  75 

792  lbs.  Castings  ....  16  99 

Screws   51  88 

Gas  Regulator 

and  Guage   25  25 

2  Two-Light  Chan- 
deliers  50  72 

'2  Gas  Tanks   84  00 

SSHble,  showing  the 

MONTH  TO 


1  Air  Brake,  complete    131  79 

57  Sa-sh  Balances   44  61 

61  Lights  Glasses  ....     65  83 

2  Stoves   77  56 

25  Sets  Seat  Fixtures.      50  50 

3  Bronze  Lamps   13  50 

2  Bronze  Door  Locks 

Butts  and  Hinges. . 

13  Basket  Racks  

12  Sash  Levers  , 

61  Bronze  Window 
Lifts  

61  Window  Fasteners. 

238  Sheets  Tin   41  44 

273  lbs.  Galvanized  Iron     25  31 

96  yards  Scarlet  Plush 

44  yards  Green  Plush. 

61  yards  Sheeting  .... 
243  lbs.  Hair   72  95 

12  Springs   22  96 

12  Spiral  Elliptic 

Springs   20  29 

1  Head  Lining   80  63 

2  packets  Gold  Leaf.      14  58 
Various  small  items    261  44 


IS  20 

15  58 
77  35 
42  00 

24  40 

16  47 


228  87 
109  99 
10  30 


$4,423-75 

NUMBER  OF  DAYS  FROM  ANY  DAY  IN  ONE 
THE  SAME  DAY  IN  ANOTHER, 


From 


To 


1  Jan. 

1  Feb. 

•Mar. 

April. 

^  May. 

June. 

1  July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

ft 

365 

31 

59 

90 

120 

151 

181 

212 

243 

273 

304 

334 

334 

365 

28 

59 

89 
61 

120 

150 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

306 

337 

365 

31 

92 

122 

153 

184 

214 

245 

275 

275 

306 

334 

365 

30 

61 

91 

122 

153 

183 

214 

244 

245 

276 

304 

335 

365 

31 

61 

92 

123 

153 

184 

214 

214 

245 

273 

304 

334 

365 

30 

61 

92 

122 

153 

183 

184 

215 

243 

274 

304 

335 

365 

31 

62 

92 

123 

153 

153 

184 

212 

243 

273 

304 

334 

365 

31 

61 

92 

122 

122 

153 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

334 

365 

30 

61 

91 

92 

123 

151 

182 

212 

243 

273 

304 

335 

365 

31 

61 

61 

92 

120  151 

181 

212 

242 

273 

304 

334 

365 

30 

31 

62 

90 

121 

151 

182 

212 

243 

274 

304 

335 

36s 

January  

February. . . 

March  

April  

May  

June  

July  

August  

September., 

October  

November  . 
December , . 


Explanation. — To  find  the  number  of  days  from  January  20  to 
Dec.  20,  follow  the  horizontal  line  opposite  January  until  you  reach 
the  column  headed  by  December,  when  you  will  find  334,  repre- 
senting the  required  number  of  days,  and  so  on  with  the  other 
months.  During  leap  year,  if  February  enters  into  the  calculation, 
add  one  day  to  the  result. 


226 


Z2  cost 

$X  CO 

$1  25 

$1  50 

$1  73 

$2  00 

$2  25 

$250 

IX  cost 

I  15 

I  38 

I  60 

183 

2  06 

2  29 

to  cost 

83 

X  04 

I  25 

X  46 

I  67 

X  88 

2  08 

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75 

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I  13 

X  29 

X  50 

X  69 

X  88 

8  cost 

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83 

I  00 

1 17 

I  33 

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7  cost 

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73 

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X  02 

X  17 

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6  cost 

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03 

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3  cost 

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17 

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29 

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X  cost 

105^ 

12K 

14^ 

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of  Articles  by  the  Piece,  from  i  to  i  Dozen. 


92  cost 

$2  75 

$3  CO 

$3  25 

$3  50 

$3  75 

$4  00 

$4  25 

sx  cost 

2  52 

2  75 

2  98 

3  21 

3  44 

3  67 

389 

•ocost 

2  29 

2  50 

2  73 

2  92 

3  13 

3  33 

3  54 

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2  44 

2  63 

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138 

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X63 

X  75 

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136 

X  46 

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4  cost 

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I  00 

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X  17 

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3  cost 

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75 

82 

88 

94 

X  00 

X06 

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46 

50 

55 

58 

67 

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X  cost 

23 

25 

28 

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31K 

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$4  75 

$5  00 

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$5  50 

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4  13 

4  23 

4  58 

4  81 

5  04 

5  27 

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•ecost 

3  75 

3  96 

4  17 

4  38 

458 

4  79 

5  00 

9  cost 

338 

3  56 

3  75 

3  94 

4  13 

4  3X 

4  50 

8  cost 

3  00 

3  17 

3  33 

3  50 

3  67 

383 

4  00 

7  cost 

2  63 

2  77 

2  92 

3  06 

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3  35 

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2  34 

2 

2  63 

2  75 

2  87 

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1  98 

2  08 

2  19 

2  29 

2  40 

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3  cost 

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6  19 

6  42 

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4  17 

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4  93 

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365 

3  79 

3  94 

4  08 

4  23 

438 

4  52 

6  cost 

3  X3 

325 

338 

3  50 

3  63 

3  75 

388 

5  cost 

2  60 

2  71 

2  81 

2  92 

3  02 

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2  08 

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2  33 

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258 

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229 


Gold  and  Silver  Produced  in  the  United 

States. 

The  following  estimate  of  the  gold  and  silver  produced 
in  the  United  States,  since  the  discovery  of  gold  in 
California,  is  compiled  from  the  official  reports  of  th& 
Director  of  the  United  States  Mint : 


$40,ooo,(X)0 
50,000,000 
55,000,000 
60,000,000 
65,000,000 
60,000,000 
55,000,000 
55,000,000 
55,000,000 
50,000,000 
50,000,000 
46,000,000 
43,000,000 
39,200,000 
40,000,000 
46,100,000 
53,225,000 
53,500,000 
51,725,000 
48,000,000 
49,500,000 
50,000,000 
43,500,000 
36,000,000 
36^000,000 
33.490,902 
33,467,856 
39,429,166 

46,89;, jyo 


$50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 
50,000 

500,000 

roo,ooo 
150,000 
2,000,000 
4,500,000 
8,500,000 
11,000,000 
11,250,000 
10,000,000 
13,500,000 
12,000,000 
12,000,000 
16,000,000 
23,000,000 
28,750,000 
35J5O5OOC 

37»  324*594 
31,727,560 
38,783,016 
39J93>573 


230 


COLD  AND  SILVER  PRODUCED— (Continued) 


GOI,D. 


SIIyVB^R. 


TOTAI.. 


51,206,360 
38,899,858 
36,000,000 
34,700,000 
32,500,000 
30,000,000 
30,800,000 
31,800,000 
35,000,000 
33,000,000 
33,167,500 
32,967,000 
32,845,000 
33,175.000 
33,000,000 
35,955,000 
39,500,000 
46,610,000 
53,088,000 
57,363,000 
63,463.000 
71,053,000 


45,281,385 
40,812,132 
38,450,000 
43,000,000 
46,800,000 
46,200,000 
48,800,000 
51,600,000 
51,000,000 
53,357,000 
59,206,700 
64,768,730 
57,225,000 
57,630,000 
55,563,000 
46,800.000 
31,422,000 
36,445,000 
39,655,000 
32,316,000 
32,118,000 
32,858,000 


96,487,745 
79,711,990 
74,450,000 
77,700,000 
79,300,000 
76,200,000 
79,600,000 
83,400,000 
86,000,000 
86,357,000 
92,374,200 
97,735,730 
90,070,000 
90,815,000 
90.805,000 
82,755,000 
70,922,000 
83,055,000 
97,743,000 
19,679,000 
96,581,000 
103,912,000 


Total  to  1900. 
Grand  Total. 


2,204,728,432  1,245,337,420 


896,337,100 


Effect  of  Incandescent  Light  on  the  Eyes. 

The  medical  faculty  of  the  University  of  Heidelberg 
(Germany),  has  made  a  very  interesting  report  on  the 
effect  of  incandescent  light  (gas  or  electrical)  on  the  eyes. 
After  having  carefully  weighed  all  the  pros  and  cons  on 
the  question,  the  verdict  is  that  the  incandescent  light  is 
not  harmful.  For  lighting  large  halls  or  places  of  enter- 
tainment, electricity  is  especially  recommended  from 
hygienic  points  of  view. 


231 


Lumber  and  Log  Measurement  at  Sight 

Showing  net  proceeds  (fractions  of  feet  omitted)  of 
logs  in  I  inch  boards,  deducting  saw  kerf  and  slabs.  If 
the  required  dimension  is  not  in  the  table,  unite  two 
or  three  suitable  numbers  together.  The  length  will  be 
found  in  the  left  hand  column  and  the  diameter  in  inches 
on  the  head  of  the  other  columns. 


Length, 
Feet 

§  2 
5 

d 

5 

2  1-4 
Q 

Q 

Q 

g 

S  ^ 

5  ^ 
Q 

•Q 

5  ^ 

Q 

23 

31 

40 

50 

62 

|5 

90 

105 



122 

25 

34 

44 

55 

69 

83 

99 

116 

135 

27 

37 

48 

61 

75 

91 

108 

126 

147 

13  

29 

40 

52 

66 

Si 

98 

''I 

137 

159 

14  

32 

43 

56 

71 

88 

106 

126 

148 

171 

15  

^ 

46 

60 

76 

94 

113 

135 

158 

184 

16  

36 

49 

64 

81 

100 

121 

144 

169 

196 

17  

38 

52 

68 

86 

1 06 

128 

153 

179 

208 

41 

55 

72 

9J 

112 

136 

162 

190 

220 

19  

43 

58 

76 

96 

119 

143 

171 

20I 

232 

46 

61 

80 

lOI 

125 

151 

180 

211 

24* 

48 

64 

84 

106 

131 

158 

189 

222 

257 

50 

67 

88 

III 

137 

166 

198 

232 

269 

52 

70 

92 

u6 

144 

174 

207 

243 

281 

74 

96 

122 

150 

181 

2l6 

254 

294 

77 

100 

127 

156 

189 

225 

264 

308 

26  

59 

80 

104 

132 

163 

196 

234 

274 

318 

61 

83 

108 

137 

169 

204 

243 

285 

330 

P 

86 

112 

142 

175 

212 

252 

296 

342 

29  . 4  

65 

89 

116 

147 

182 

219 

261 

306 

68 

92 

120 

152 

188 

226 

270 

316 

IS 

380 

31  

70 

95 

124 

157 

193 

234 

279 

327 

72 

98 

128 

162 

200 

242 

288 

338 

39« 

33  

74 

lOI 

132 

169 

206 

249 

297 

348 

404 

77 

104 

136 

172 

212 

256 

306 

416 

79 

107 

140 

177 

219 

265 

315 

369 

428 

81  1 

1 10 

144 

182 

224 

272 

324 

380 

440 

UJMBER  AND  LOG  MEASUREMENT— (Cont'ec^, 


Length, 
Feet. 

C3 

Co  ^ 

Q 

rj 

cJ  ^ 

Q 

A 

1  <^ 

s 

1  ^ 

3 

. 

s 

A 

s 

. 

i  ^ 

(5 

•S  CI 

Q 

140 

160 

180 

202 

225 

250 

275 

302 

154 

176 

198 

223 

248 

275 

302 

333 

363 

169 

192 

217 

243 

271 

300 

331 

363 

0^1 

183 

208 

235 

263 

293 

325 

358 

393 

430 

197 

224 

253 

283 

313 

350 

386 

433 

463 

211 

240 

271 

303 

336 

375 

413 

453 

496 

i6  ...... . 

225 

256 

289 

324 

359 

400 

441 

484 

530 

17  

239 

272 

307 

344 

383 

425 

468 

514 

563 

I8.  ..... 

253 

288 

325 

364 

406 

450 

496 

544 

y 

267 

304 

343 

384 

429 

475 

523 

574 

630 

20  

280 

320 

361 

404 

452 

500 

550 

605 

21  

293 

336 

379 

425 

473 

525 

579 

63s 

22  

309 

352 

397 

445 

496 

550 

605 

720 

323 

368 

415 

465 

519 

575 

632 

695 

760 

338 

3M 

433 

486 

54^ 

600 

662 

726 

794 

25  

351 

400 

451 

506 

562 

625 

689 

756 

827 

26 

366 

416 

370 

526 

586 

650 

716 

786 

860 

27  

380 

432 

488 

546 

606 

675 

744 

826 

891 

28  

394 

44S 

506 

566 

626 

700 

772 

866 

920 

20  

408 

464 

524 

586 

649 

725 

799 

886 

•JO  

422 

480 

542 

606 

672 

750 

826 

906 

992 

31  

436 

496 

560 

627 

695 

775 

S54 

937 

1026 

32  

450 

648 

718 

800 

S82 

968 

1060 

33  

464 

528 

596 

668 

742 

825 

909 

998 

1093 

34....... 

478 

544 

614 

688 

766 

850 

936 

1028 

1 126 

35....... 

492 

560 

632 

708 

789 

875 

964 

1058 

36  

506 

57^^ 

650 

728 

812 

900 

992 

1088 

II92 

THE  COMMOfj  SCHOOLS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(Cen^;i?s  of  1890). 

Population  62.(322,250 

Enrolled  Pui^:   12.(397,196 

Averay:c  I)-..   8.144,938 

Averatre  Lci  1 .  i  <  1  ;ii   1  o4  days. 

Salaries  of  Sh,)li  iuk  :  and  Teachera  $91,683,338 

Total  Expenditures  for  Public  Schools  $140,277,484 

Percentagre  of  Population  Enrolled  20.27 

Expended  Per  Capita  of  Population  $2.24 


233 

tUMBER  AND  LOG  MEASUREMENT— (Cont'ed). 


f  cel. 

§  CO 

.2  N 
Q 

i  On 

.2 

.2  ^ 
Q 

S  M 

.2  ^ 

.2 
Q 

i  <^ 
.2  ^ 

Q 

.2  ^ 

300 

391 

422 

450 

490 

?78 

502 

396 

430 

405 

502 

539 

57^ 

615 

432 

469 

507 

547 

555 

631 

675 

400 

500 

549 

592 

627 

004 

731 

Ta 

504 

547 

501 

v»OU 

73° 

701 

540 

550 

633 

003 

735 

759 

8/1  /I 
544 

625 

yjJyJ 

729 

754 

900 

6 

664 

718 

774 

^33 

<^95 

95" 

703 

761 

Ron 

ooz 

946 

684 

♦7/1 

005 

931 

999 

1069 

720 

545 

912 

90U 

1052 

1 12^ 

SI 

820 

887 

957 

1029 

II81 

••••••• 

792 

oUL> 

930 

1004 

IfJ/O 

1150 

*  J  

828 

898 

93^ 

iU4y 

1 127 

1209 

*4  

0U4 

IOI4 

1094 

1 176 

1262 

^350 

!|  

900 

977 

AO50 

1 139 

1225 

I3I5 

'936 

1016 

1098 

I  104 

1274 

1305 

1462 

972 

1 140 

1230 

1323 

1420 

I5I5 

lOOo 

1094 

IIo2 

1276 

1372 

1472 

1574 

1044 

1 133 

1224 

I32I 

142 1 

1525 

163  [ 

lOoO 

1 1 72 

1266 

1366 

1470 

157^ 

lOOO 

III6 

1211 

I4I2 

T  T/l  /I 

32  

II52 

1250 

1352 

1458 

1568 

1684 

1800 

1 188 

1289 

1394 

1503 

1617 

1737 

1856 

1224 

1328 

1436 

1548 

1666 

1790 

I912 

35  

1260 

1367 

1479 

1594 

I715 

I84I 

1968 

?^  : 

1 2961  1406 

1522 

1640 

1764 

1892 

2024 

.2 
Q 

601 
66i 
721 
781 
841 
901 
961 
102 1 
1081 
1 141 
1202 
1261 
1322 
1381 
1442 
1501 
1562 
1622 
1682 
1742 
1802 
1862 
1922 
2 

2042 
2102 
2162! 


1% 


640 
704 
768 
332 
896 
960 
1024 
1088 
1 152 
1216 
1280 

1344 
140? 
147} 
1536 
1600 
1664 
1728 
1792 
1856 
1920 
1984 
2C48 
2112 
2176 
2240 
2304 


LICK  OBSERVATORY. 

On  Mt.  Hamilton,  Cal. ;  founded  by  James  Lick,  1877; 
had  formerly  the  largest  telescope  in  the  world,  with  a 
36-inch  lens;  a  40-inch  lens  has  been  made  for  Chicago, 
given  by  Charles  Yerkes.  A  50  inch  lens  has  been  cast 
for  the  gigantic  telescope  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  1900, 
which  has  shown  the  moon  as  if  only  40  miles  away 
from  us. 


LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE. 

Sq'iiare  timber  and  scantling  brought  down  to  i  indk 
board  measure.  Example :  To  find  the  number  of  feet 
in  a  beam  6xio  and  24  feet  in  length,  consult  the  tables 
and  opposite  24  and  under  6x10  you  will  find  120,  tint 
correct  number  of  feet. 


DIMENSIONS  EACH  WAY  IN  INCHES. 


2x4 


2x5 


2x6 


2x7 


2x8 


3x4 


4. 

4.8 

5  4 
6. 
6. 
7.4 


9.4 
10 

10.8 

11.4 

12. 

12.8 

13.4 

14.8 

15.4 

16 

j6.8 

20. 

22.8 

26.8 

28. 

29.4 


.6 

.4 
.2 

10 
.8 
.6 

•  4 
2 

.10 
8 
6 
4 


6. 

7. 

8 

9. 
10. 
II. 
12. 
13 
14. 
15 
i6. 

17. 
18. 

19. 
20. 

21. 

22. 
23. 
24. 

30. 
34. 
40. 
42. 
44. 


7. 

8.2 

10. 0 

II. 8 

12.10 

14 

_  .2 
16.4 
17.6 
18.8 
19.10 
21. 
22.2 

23.4 
24.6 
25.8 
26.10 
28. 
29.2 
35. 
39.3 
46.8 

49. 
51.4 


9 
10 

I2\ 
13 
14. 
16. 

17. 
18. 
20. 
21 . 
22. 
24. 

25. 
26. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
32. 
33. 
40. 
45. 
53. 
56. 


.4 


.5 


5.3 

6 

6.9 
7.6 
8.3 
9. 

10.6 
12 

12.9 
13.6 
14.3 
IS 

15.9 
16.6 

18 

18.9 
22.6 
25.6 

31.6 

33 


6. 

7. 
8. 

9. 

10. 
II. 
12. 
13. 
14. 

17. 
18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 
22. 

23. 
24. 
25. 
30. 
34. 
40. 
42. 


235 

LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE--(Contmued). 


Feet 


DIMENSIONS  EACH  WAY  IN  INCHES. 


3x8 


4x4 


4x6 


4x7 


4x8 


4x9 


I::: 

9... 
10. . . 
II... 
12. . . 
13... 
14. .  • 

51::: 

19.... 

90  

31..., 
22  

23  ... 

24  .. 
25..., 
30.... 

34.-.. 
40..., 
42..., 
44..- 


10.6 
12.3 
14. 

17.6 

19.3 
21. 
22.9 
.6 


28 
29 
31 
33 

36.9 
38.6 

40.3 
42 

43.9 
52.6 

59.6 

73.6 
77 


12. 

14. 
16. 
18 
20. 
22. 

24. 
26. 
28. 

30. 
32. 

36. 
38. 
40. 
42. 
44. 
46. 
48. 
50. 
60. 

68. 
80. 
84. 


8. 

9.4 
10. 
12. 

13.4 
14.8 
16 

17.4 
18.8 
20.0 
21.4 
22.8 

24. 
24.4 
26.8 
28 

29.4 
30  8 
32 

33  4 

40. 

45.4 

56. 
58.8 


10. 
II. 8 
13.4 

ills 

18.4 

20. 

21.8 

23.4 

25 

26,8 
28.4 

31.8 

33-4 

^§  o 
36.8 

38.4 

41.8 
58.8 

66.8 
73.6 


12. 

14. 
16. 
18. 

20. 
22. 

24. 
26. 
28. 
30 
32. 
34. 
36. 
38. 
40. 
42. 
44. 
46. 
48. 
50. 
60. 
68, 
80. 

84. 
88. 


14 

16.4 
18.8 
21 

23  . 
25.8 
28. 
30.4 

32  " 
35 

37-4 
39  8 
42. 
44-4 
46. S 

49. 

51.4 

53.8 

56 

58.4 

70. 

79.4 

93.4 

102.8 


16 

18.8 

21 .4 

24. 

26.8 

29.4 

34.8 

37.4 
40 
42.8 
45.4 

50.8 
53.4 
56 

58.8 

61 .4 

64 

66.8 

80. 

90.8 
106.8 
112 
117. 4 


18. 
21. 
24. 
27. 
30. 
33. 
36. 
39. 
42. 
45. 
48. 
51- 
54. 

60. 

63. 
66. 

69. 

72. 

75. 

90. 
102. 
120. 
126. 
132. 


12.6 

14.7 
16.S 
18.9 
20.  IG 
22.11 

25.  ! 

27.1 
29.2 
31.3 
33.4 
35.5 
37.^ 
39.7 
41.8 

43.9 

45.  w 

47." 

50. 

52.1 

62.6 

70.  ic 

83.4 
87.6 
90.8 


First  American  Coins.— The  first  coins  minted  in  North 
America  were  produced  in  Mexico  in  1535,  and  the 
coinage  of  the  colonies  that  afterward  became  the  United 
States  used  the  Mexican  dollar  as  the  standard  of  value. 

Cholera  Remedies — There  are  said  to  be  1,142  patent, 
remedies  for  cholera  in  the  list  at  the  United  State? 
Patent  Office. 


236 

IimBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE— {Continued). 


DIMENSIONS  EACH  WAY  IN  INCHES. 


5x0 

5x5 

oxu 

6x7 

0x0 

0X9 

OXLt? 

0  

15- 

17 

6 

20. 

lo . 

21 

24. 

27. 

30 

1  

17 .6 

20 

c 

23-4 

21 . 

2d. 

6 

2o. 

^6 

35 

0  

20. 

21 

A 
4- 

20 . 0 

24. 

28 

11 

40 

9.  e   .  .  . 

22 .0 

26 

30- 

27. 

11 

6 

30- 

40.0 

45 

•JO.. .  .  .  . 

25. 

2Q 

2 

33-4 

30. 

IC 

40. 

45. 

50 

:!  1 .  ,  .  .  . 

27 . 0 

12 

I 

30.5 

^6' 

18 

6 

44. 

49.0 

J  » .  . 

1^ 
OJ 

40. 

3^- 

45. 

54- 

00 

1(3.,,.  . 

32.6 

1 1 

43-4 

39- 

to 

6 

52. 

55.0 

05 

35- 

4.0 

10 

40  .  0 

42. 

03- 

70 

15,  

37-^ 

Q 

45- 

^2 

O'^ 

6 

00. 

07 .0 

i6..,.. 

40, 

8 

53-4 

45. 

c;6 
0" 

04. 

72. 

oO 

^7  

42 . 6 

7 

50.5 

6 

Do . 

/D .  0 

io.    . . . 

45- 

52 

6 

DO . 

54. 

63 

72. 

Oi  . 

90 

29  

^0. , . , , 

47.6 

5 

03.4 

57. 

66 

6 

76. 

55.0 

95 

58 

4 

00.0 

DO. 

70 

oO. 

100. 

. .  .  .  . 

52.6 

61 

3 

70. 

63. 

73 

6 

84. 

94.6 

105. 

^2 .  c  •  •  . 

3  J  • 

64 

2 

/  3  •4 

66 

77 

88. 

OQ 

1 10 

24  

57.6 

67 

I 

76.8 

69. 

80 

6 

92. 

103.6 

liS 

60. 

70 

80. 

72. 

84 

96. 

108. 

120, 

|Cu  .  .  .  . 

62.6 

72 

II 

83.4 

75. 

87 

6 

100. 

112. 6 

125- 

75. 

87 

6 

100. 

90. 

105 

120. 

135. 

150 

99 

2 

113. 4 

102. 

119 

136. 

153. 

170, 

40  

100. 

116 

8 

133.4 

120. 

140 

160. 

180. 

200 

42  

105. 

122 

6 

X40. 

126. 

147 

168. 

189. 

210 

44. . . , . 

no. 

128 

4 

£46.8 

132. 

154 

176. 

198. 

220 

The  Farmers  of  America.— In  1860  the  farms  of  the 

United  States  were  valued  at  $9,854,000,000,  now  they 
are  worth  $200,958,000,000;  in  1860  the  live  stock  was 
valued  at  $246,000,000,  now  it  is  worth  $550,000,000; 
in  1860  the  farmers  o^^Tied  household  furniture  to  the 
amount  of  $1,089,000,000,  now  they  own  $2,418,000,000 
worth:  in  1860  the  farm  implements  in  use  aggregated 
V  6. ;>45. 000,000,  now  the  total  is  *1  .'5.110.000.000 


237 


LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  AT  SIGHT, 

ONH  INCH  BOARD  MEASURE. 

For  Plank,  double  or  treble  the  product,  as  may  bt 
required.  If  a  board  or  plank  is  longer  or  wider  thatt 
the  dimensions  here  given,  add  two  suitable  numbeni 
together.  The  left-hand  column  contains  the  lei^th  in 
feet ;  the  width  in  inches  heads  each  column. 


H  6 
«  S 

6in  W 

7in  W 

Sin  W 

9  in  W 

loin  W 

II  in  W 

lalnW 

ft. 

in. 

ft.  m. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft. 

in. 

8... 

4 

0 

4  8 

5 

4 

6 

0 

6  8 

7  4 

8 

0 

9... 

4 

6 

5  3 

6 

0 

6 

9 

7  6 

8  3 

9 

0 

lo. . . 

5 

0 

5  10 

6 

8 

7 

6 

8  4 

9  2 

10 

0 

II. . . 

5 

6 

6  5 

7 

4 

8 

3 

9  2 

10  I 

II 

0 

12,  .  . 

6 

0 

7  0 

8 

0 

9 

0 

10  0 

11  0 

12 

0 

13... 

6 

6 

7  7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10  10 

II  II 

13 

0 

14... 

7 

0 

8  2 

9 

4 

10 

6 

II  8 

12  IC 

14 

0 

15... 

7 

6 

8  9 

10 

0 

II 

3 

12  6 

13  9 

15 

0 

16... 

8 

0 

9  4 

10 

8 

12 

0 

13  4 

14  8 

16 

0 

17... 

8 

6 

9  II 

II 

4 

12 

9 

14  2 

15  7 

17 

0 

18... 

9 

0 

10  6 

12 

0 

13 

6 

15  0 

16  6 

18 

0 

19... 

9 

6 

II  I 

12 

8 

14 

3 

15  10 

17  5 

19 

0 

20.  .  . 

10 

0 

II  8 

13 

4 

15 

0 

^6  8 

18  4 

20 

0 

21 .  .  . 

10 

6 

12  3 

14 

0 

15 

9 

17  6 

19  3 

21 

0 

22.  .  . 

II 

0 

12  10 

14 

8 

16 

6, 

18  4 

20  2 

22 

0 

23... 

II 

6 

13  5 

15 

4 

17 

3 

19  2 

21  I 

23 

0 

24... 

12 

0 

14  0 

16 

0 

18 

0 

20  0 

22  0 

24 

0 

25... 

12 

6 

14  7 

16 

8 

18 

9 

20  10 

22  II 

^1 

0 

26... 

13 

0 

15  2 

17 

4 

19 

6 

21  8 

23  10 

26 

0 

13 

6 

15  9 

18 

0 

20 

3 

22  6 

24  9 

27 

0 

2o.  .  . 

14 

0 

16  4 

18 

8 

21 

0 

23  4 

25  8 

28 

0 

29... 

14 

6 

16  II 

19 

4 

21 

i 

24  2 

26  7 

29 

0 

30... 

15 

0 

17  6 

20 

0 

22 

25  0 

27  6 

30 

0 

31... 

15 

6 

18  I 

20 

8 

23 

3 

25  10 

28  5 

31 

0 

32... 

16 

0 

18  8 

21 

4 

24 

0 

26  8 

29  4 

32 

33... 

16 

6 

19  3 

22 

0 

24 

t 

27  6 

30  3 

33 

34... 

17 

0 

19  10 

22 

8 

28  4 

31  2 

34 

0 

35... 

17 

6 

20  5 

23 

4 

26 

3 

29  2 

32  I 

0 

36... 

18 

0 

21  0 

24 

0 

27 

0 

30  0 

33  0 

11 

0 

238 

LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  AT  SIGHT. 

( Continued. ) 


i3in  W 

14  in  W 

15  in  W 

i6inW 

17  in  W 

i8mW 

xginW 

w  o 

ft  in. 

ft  in. 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft  in. 

ft 

in. 

ft  in. 

8. . . 

0  <? 
0  0 

^  \ 

10 

0 

10 

8 

II  4 

12 

0 

12  IS 

9... 

9  9 

10  0 

II 

3 

12 

0 

12  9 

13 

c 
0 

14  3 

10. 

10  10 

II  o 

12 

13 

4 

14  2 

15 

0 

15  10 

II . 

II  II 

12  10 

13 

9 

14 

8 

15  7 

16 

6 

17  5 

I2**. 

13  0 

14  0 

15 

0 

10 

0 

17  0 

_o 
15 

0 

19  0 

13,., 

14  I 

15  2 

16 

? 

17 

Q 

18  5 

19 

r 

20  7 

14..- 

15  2 

_  /- 

10  4 

17 

0 

15 

19  10 

21 

0 

22  3 

16  3 

17  0 

lo 

9 

20 

0 

21  3 

22 

/r 
0 

23  9 

16.  •. 

17  4 

lo  0 

20 

0 

21 

4 

22  0 

24 

0 

25  4 

17... 

1 

19  10 

21 

3 

22 

0 

24  I 

25 

r 

26  II 

18. •• 

19  0 

21  0 

22 

0 

24 

0 

25  0 

27 

0 

25  0 

19.- 

20  7 

22  2 

23 

9 

25 

4 

26  1 1 

2a 

30  I 

20-.. 

21  0 

23  4 

% 

0 

20 

0 
0 

2.0  4 

30 

31  ^ 

21 

22  9 

24  6 

20 

3 

25 

0 

29  9 

31 

33  3 

22. 

23  10 

25  0 

27 

r 

29 

4 

31  2 

33 

34  10 

23... 

24  1 1 

26  lo 

25 

9 

30 

5 

32  7 

34 

0 

36  5 

24-- 

26  0 

2o  0 

30 

32 

0 

34  0 

36 

35  0 

25... 

27  I 

29  2 

31 

1 

33 

4 

35  5 

37 

6 

39  7 

26... 

25  2 

30  4 

32 

6 

^1 

5 

36  10 

39 

41  2 

27... 

29  3 

9 

2P 

0 

38  3 

40 

6 

42  9 

28... 

30  4 

32  5 

0 

4 

39  8 

42 

44  4 

29... 

33  10 

36 

3 

3^ 

8 

41  I 

43 

6 

45  II 

30... 

32  0 

35  0 

37 

6 

40 

0 

42  0 

0 

47  6 

31..- 

33  7 

36  2 

^8 
3^ 

y 

A  I 

4* 

6 

44  0 

t 

4" 

49  0 

32... 

34  8 

37  4 

40 

0 

42 

6 

45  6 

48 

0 

50  6 

•  •  • 

38  6 

41 

3 

44 

0 

46  6 

49 

6 

i;2  0 

34... 

36  10 

39  8 

42 

6 

45 

6 

48  0 

51 

0 

54  0 

35... 

37  II 

40  10 

43 

9 

46 

6 

49  6 

52 

6 

55  6 

36,.. 

39  0 

42  0 

45 

0 

48 

0 

51  0 

54 

0 

57  0 

Value  of  Alaska  to  the  United  States. 


Alaska  cost  the  Umted  States  $7,000,000,  and  the  fur  seal  com- 
pany has  already  paid  our  government  over  $8,000,000  for  the 
privileges  it  enjoys  of  taking  seals  from  the  territorial  waters. 


239 

LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  AT  SIGHT. 


( Continued. ) 


20  in  W 

21  in  W 

22  in  W 

23  in  W 

24  in  "W 

'  25  in  W 

Feet  Long. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft.  in. 

• 

13 

4 

14 

0 

14  8 

15  4 

16 

0 

16  8 

9  

15 

0 

15 

9 

10  0 

17  3 

18 

0 

18  9 

16 

8 

17 

6 

15  4 

19  2 

20 

0 

20  10 

18 

4 

19 

3 

20  2 

21  I 

22 

0 

22  II 

12. . . ,  ,  ,    .  . 

20 

0 

21 

0 

22  0 

23  0 

24 

0 

25  0 

13  

21 

8 

22 

9 

23  10 

24  II 

26 

0 

27  I 

14  

23 

4 

24 

6 

25  0 

26  10 

28 

0 

29  2 

IS  

25 

0 

26 

3 

27  0 

25  9 

30 

0 

31  3 

26 

8 

28 

0 

29  4 

30  8 

32 

0 

33  4 

28 

4 

29 

9 

31  2 

32  7 

34 

0 

\ 

30 

0 

31 

6 

33  0 

34  6 

36 

0 

37  0 

19 

31 

8 

33 

3 

34  10 

30  5 

38 

0 

39  7 

.   

33 

4 

0 

<? 

^0  /; 

38  4 

40 

0 

41  8 

35 

0 

36 

9 

38  6 

40  3 

42 

0 

43  9 

22  

^6 

8 

38 

6 

40  4 

42  2 

44 

0 

45  10 

38 

4 

40 

42  2 

44  I 

46 

0 

47  " 

24  

40 

0 

42 

0 

44  0 

46  0 

48 

0 

50  0 

25  

41 

8 

4^ 

45  10 

47  II 

0 

52  I 

26  

*+ 

4^? 

6 

47  8 

49  10 

0 

54  2 

27  

0 

47 

49  6 

51  9 

^54 

0 

56  3 

28  

46 

8 

40 

0 

51  4 

53  8 

';6 

0 

58  4 

29  

48 

4 

50 

9 

53  2 

55  7 

58 

0 

60  5 

30  

50 

0 

51 

6 

55  0 

57  6 

60 

0 

62  6 

31  

51 

6 

54 

0 

57  0 

59  6 

62 

0 

64  6 

53 

6 

56 

0 

50  0 

01  0 

64 

0 

00  0 

33  

55 

0 

57 

6 

60  6 

63  0 

66 

0 

68  4 

34  

56 

6 

59 

6 

62  6 

65  0 

68 

0 

70  6 

35  

58 

6 

61 

0 

64  0 

67  0 

70 

0 

73  0 

36  

60 

0 

63 

0 

66  0 

69  0 

72 

0 

75  0 

The  Highest  Railroad  in  the  United  States. 

The  highest  railroad  in  the  United  States  is  the  Denver  &  Rio 
Grande,  Marshall  Pass,  10,853  feet. 


240 

LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE. 


Square  Timber  and  Scantling — Measurement  at  Sight. 
Dimensions  in  inches  head  each  column,  and  the  length 
will  be  found  in  the  left-hand  column.  If  the  required 
dimensions  cannot  be  found  in  the  table,  add  two  lengths 
or  breadths  together,  or  take  part  of  some  length  or 
breadth,  as  the  case  may  require. 


Dimensions  Each  Way  in  Inches. 


[  Fkei 

6.  iij6. 12 

7.7 

7.8 

7.9 

7. 10 

7. II 

7.12 

8.8 

6 

33. 

36. 

24.  6 

28 

31.6 

35. 

38. 

6 

42. 

^2. 

7 

38.6 

42. 

28.  7 

32 

8 

^6.0 

40. 

10 

41. 

II 

4-0. 

Of  *T 

8 

44. 

48. 

^2.  8 

37 

4 

42. 

46. 

8 

55. 

4 

56. 

42.8 

9 

49.6 

54. 

42 

52. 

6 

57. 

9 

6^ 

48. 

10 

55- 

60. 

40. 10 

46 

8 

52.6 

58. 

4 

64. 

2 

7o 

DO  *T 

II 

60.6 

66. 

4.0.  II 

4 

■^7  Q 

64. 

2 

70. 

7 

77. 

58.8 

12 

66. 

72. 

40. 

63 

70. 

77. 

84. 

64. 

13 

71.6 

78. 

53.  I 

60 

8 

68.3 

l^' 

10 

5 

91. 

69.4 

14 

77. 

84. 

57-  2 

65 

4 

73-6 

81. 

8 

89. 

10 

98. 

74.8 

15 

82.6 

61.  3 

70 

78.9 

87. 

6 

96. 

3 

105. 

80. 

16 

88. 

96. 

64.  4 

74 

8 

84. 

93. 

4 

102. 

8 

112. 

85.4 

17 

93.6 

102. 

69.  5 

79 

4 

89.3 

99. 

2 

109. 

I 

119. 

90.8 

18 

99. 

108. 

73.  6 

84 

94.6 

105. 

115- 

6 

126. 

96. 

19 

104.6 

114. 

77.  7 

88 

8 

99-9 

no. 

10 

121 . 

II 

133- 

IOI.4 

20 

110. 

120. 

81.  8 

93 

4 

116. 

8 

128. 

4 

140. 

106.8 

21 

115.6 

126. 

85.  9 

98 

1 10. 3 

122. 

6 

134. 

9 

147. 

112. 

22 

121 . 

132. 

89. 10 

102 

8 

115. 6 

128. 

5 

141, 

2 

154. 

117.4 

23 

126.6 

138. 

93.11 

107 

4 

120.9 

134. 

2 

147. 

7 

i6i. 

122.8 

24 

132. 

144. 

112 

126. 

140. 

154. 

168. 

128. 

26 

143. 

156. 

106.2 

121 

4 

136.6 

151. 

8 

166. 10 

182. 

138.8 

28 

154. 

168. 

114. 4 

130 

8 

147. 

163. 

179. 

8 

196. 

148.8 

30 

165. 

180. 

122.6 

140 

157-6 

175. 

192. 

6 

210. 

160. 

32 

176. 

192. 

128.8 

149 

4 

168. 

186. 

8 

205. 

4 

224. 

170.8 

241 

LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE, 

( Continued. ) 


Dimensions  Each  Way  in  Inches. 


r  ££1. 

8.9 

8.10 

8. II 

8.12 

9-9 

9. 10 

9. II 

9.1a 

6  

36. 

40 

44. 

48. 
56. 



40.6 

45. 

49.6 

7  

42. 

46 

8 

51.4 

47-3 

52.6 

57.9 

63. 

8  

48. 

53 

4 

58.8 

64. 

54. 

60. 

66. 

72. 

9  

54. 

60 

66. 

72. 

60.9 

67.6 

81. 

lO  

60. 

66 

8 

73-4 

80. 

67.6 

75. 

82.6 

90. 

99^ 

II  

66. 

73 

4 

80.8 

88. 
96. 

74.3 

82.6 

90.9 

12  

72. 

80 

88. 

81. 

90. 

99. 

108. 

13  

78. 

86 

8 

95.4 

104. 

87.9 

97.6 

107.3 

117. 

14  

84. 

93 

4 

102.8 

112. 

94.6 

105. 

115. 6 

126, 

15  

90. 

100 

no. 

120. 

101.3 

112. 6 

123.9 

135. 

i6  

96. 

106 

8 

117. 4 

128. 

108. 

120. 

132. 

144. 

17........ 

102. 

113 

4 

124.8 

136. 

114. 9 

127.6 

140.3 

153. 

i8  

108. 

120 

132. 

144. 

121 .6 

135.^ 

148.6 

162. 

19  

114. 

126 

8 

139.4 

152. 

128.3 

142.0 

156.9 

171, 

20  

120. 

133 

4 

146.8 

160. 

135. 

150. 

165. 

180. 

21  

126. 

140 

154. 

168. 

141. 9 

157.6 

173.3 

189. 

22  

132. 

146 

8 

161 .4 

176. 

148.6 

181. 6 

198. 

23  

138. 

153 

4 

168.8 

184. 

155.3 

172.0 

189.9 

207. 

24  

144. 

160 

176. 

192. 

162. 

180. 

198. 

216. 

26  

156. 

173 

4 

190.8 

208. 

175.6 

195.2 

214.6 

234^ 

28  

168. 

186 

8 

205.4 

224. 

189. 

210. 

231. 

252. 

30  

180. 

200 

220. 

240. 

202.6 

225. 

247.6 

270. 

32  

192. 

213 

8 

234.8 

256. 

216. 

240. 

264. 

288. 

Strength  of  Ice  of  Various  Thicknesses. 

Ice  two  inches  thick  will  bear  men  to  walk  on. 
Ice  four  inches  thick  will  bear  horses  and  riders. 
Ice  six  inches  thick  will  bear  teams  with  moderate 
loads. 

Ice  eight  inches  thick  will  bear  teams  with  very  heavy 
loads 

^Ice  ten  inches  thick  will  sustain  a  pressure  of  i,OCX) 
pounds  per  square  foot. 


242 

LUMBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE. 
( Continued. ) 


Feet 


Dimensions  Each  Way  in  Inches. 


10. 10 

10.  II 

10. 12 

II .  II 

II .  12 

12. 12 

12.  I"^ 

12.14 

6... 

50. 

55. 

60. 

60.6 

66. 

72. 

78. 

84. 

7... 

58.4 

64. 

2 

70. 

70.7 

77. 

84. 

01 . 

98 

66.8 

l^- 

4 

80. 

80.8 

88. 

q6 

104. 

112. 

9... 

75. 

86. 

6 

QO. 

90.9 

OQ. 

108. 

117. 

126. 

lo... 

8^.4. 

91. 

8 

100. 

loo. 10 

no. 

120. 

1^0. 

I40. 

II. . . 

QJ.8 

ICX). 

10 

no. 

no.  n 

121 . 

1^2 

14.^. 

I«*4.. 
168. 

12.  .  , 

too. 

no. 

120. 

121. 

1^2. 

144. 

n;6. 

108.4 

119. 

2 

I'^O 

i^i  I 

14.^ 

160 

182. 

14.  .  . 

116. 8 

128. 

4 

140, 

141 .2 

154. 

168. 

182. 

iq6. 

15... 

125. 

137. 

6 

150. 

151 .3 

165. 

180. 

195. 

210. 

16... 

133  4 

146. 

8 

160. 

161 .4 

176. 

192. 

208. 

224. 

17.  . 

141 .8 

155- 

10 

170 

171  k 

187 

204. 

221 . 

2^8 

18.  .  . 

165. 

180. 

i8i.6 

iq8 

216. 

19.  .  . 

158.4 

174. 

2 

190. 

191 .7 

209. 

228.' 

247. 

266. 

20.  .  . 

166.8 

183. 

4 

200. 

201 .8 

220. 

240. 

260. 

280. 

21 .  .  . 

175. 

192. 

6 

210. 

211 .9 

231. 

252. 

273. 

294. 

22.  .  . 

183.4 

2c: . 

8 

220. 

221 . 10 

242. 

264. 

286. 

308. 

23... 

191. 8, 

210. 

10 

230. 

231. II 

253. 

276. 

299. 

322. 

24... 

46... 

2CX). 

220. 

240. 

242. 

264. 

288. 

312. 

336. 

216. 8| 

238:  4 

260. 

262.2 

286. 

312. 

338. 

364. 

28... 

233. 81 

256. 

8 

280. 

282.4 

308. 

336. 

364. 

392. 

30... 

250.  I275. 

6 

300. 

302.6 

330. 

370. 

390. 

420. 

32... 

266.8 

293- 

4 

320. 

322.8 

352. 

384. 

416. 

448. 

A  Waterproof  Blacking  which  will  give  a  fine  polish 
without  rubbing,  and  will  not  injure  the  leather:  18 
parts  bees  wax.,  6  parts  spermaceti,  66  parts  oil  of  tur* 

rmtine,  5  parts  asphalt  varnish,  1  part  powdered  borax, 
parts  Frankfort  black,  2  parts  Prussian  blue,  1  part 
nitro-benzol.  ^Melt  the  wax,  add  the  powdered  borax, 
and  stir'until  a  kind  of  jelly  has  been  formed.  In  another 
pan  melt  the  spermaceti,  add  the  asphalt  varnish,  previ- 
ously mixed  with  the  oil  of  turpentine,  stir  well,  and 
add  to  the  wax.  Lastly  add  the  color,  previously  mbbed 
smooth  with  a  little  of  the  mass  - 


243 

Timber  Measunement  Table, 

Sowing  the  cubical  contents  (fractions  of  feet  omitted) 
of  round  logs,  masts,  spars,  etc.  Length  of  log  is 
skown  [in  left-hand  column.  Diameter  is  shown  at 
the  head  of  column.  If  the  desired  dimensions  are 
not  shown,  double  some  numbers. 


L.  ft. 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

'  

8... 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

10 

II 

12 

14 

16 

9... 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

II 

12 

14 

16 

18 

10... 

5 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

II... 

6 

7 

8 

10 

12 

13 

16 

17 

19 

22 

12. . . 

6 

8 

9 

II 

13 

i| 

17 

19 

21 

^ 
26 

13... 

7 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

23 

14... 

7 

9 

II 

13 

15 

17 

19 

22 

25 

28 

15... 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

30 

16... 

9 

II 

12 

14 

17 

20 

22 

25 

28 

3« 

17... 

9 

II 

13 

16 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

18... 

10 

12 

14 

16 

19 

22 

25 

28 

32 

35 

19... 

10 

13 

15 

17 

21 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

20. . . 

II 

13 

16 

18 

21 

25 

28 

31 

35 

39 

21. . . 

II 

14 

16 

19 

22 

26 

29 

33 

37 

41 

22. . . 

12 

15 

17 

20 

23 

27 

31 

35 

39 

43 

23... 

12 

16 

18 

21 

24 

28 

32 

3^ 

41 

45 

24... 

13 

16 

19 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

47 

25... 

14 

17 

20 

23 

27 

31 

35 

39 

44 

49 

26... 

14 

17 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

41 

46 

51 

27... 

15 

18 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

48 

53 

28... 

15 

18 

22 

26 

30 

35 

39 

44 

49 

55 

29... 

16 

19 

23 

27 

31 

36 

41 

45 

51 

57 

30... 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

37 

42 

47 

53 

59 

31... 

17 

20 

24 

29 

33 

38 

43 

48 

55 

61 

32 

17 

21 

25 

29 

34 

40 

45 

50 

57 

P 

33... 

18 

22 

26 

30 

41 

46 

52 

58 

34... 

19 

22 

27 

31 

36 

42 

48 

53 

60 

i9 

23 

28 

32 

37 

43 

49 

55 

62 

69 

H::: 

20 

24 

28 

331 

39 

44 

50 

57 

64! 

71 

244 


TIMBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE— (Contm.  -d). 


T  "Ct- 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

20 

27 

28 

o 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

32 



9  

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

31 

33 

36 

3^ 

22 

24 

20 

29 

31 

34 

37 

40 

43 

24 

20 

29 

32 

37 

41 

43 

47 

26 

29 

32 

34 

38 

41 

44 

47 

Vk 

"3  

28 

31 

34 

37 

41 

44 

48 

51 

H  

31 

34 

37 

40 

44 

48 

52 

55 

00 

H  

33 

36 

40 

43 

47 

51 

55 

59 

64 

35 

38 

42 

46 

50 

55 

63 

68 

»7  

37 

41 

45 

49 

53 

58 

63 

68 

73 

39 

43 

48 

52 

57 

61 

66 

72 

77 

»9  

41 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

81 

20  

44 

48 

53 

58 

% 

68 

74 

85 

21  .  .  .  .  c.  . 

46 

50 

55 

61 

66 

71 

V 

90 

48 

53 

5^ 

64 

69 

75 

81 

87 

94 

50 

55 

61 

66 

72 

78 

85 

91 

98 

24  •  

52 

5^ 

69 

75 

82 

88 

95 

102 



54 

60 

66 

72 

85 

99 

107 

57 

63 

69 

75 

82 

89 

96 

103 

III 

59 

P. 

71 

78 

85 

92 

99 

107 

"5 

61 

67 

74 

81 

00 
55 

95 

103 

III 

I2Q 

29  ......  . 

P. 

70 

77 

84 

91 

99 

107 

115 

124 

30  

65 

72 

79 

86 

94 

102 

no 

119 

128 

31  

68 

75 

82 

89 

98 

106 

114 

123 

132 

32  

70 

77 

85 

92 

100 

109 

lr8 

127 

137 

72 

79 

^7 

95 

104 

112 

121 

130 

141 

34  

74 

82 

90 

98 

107 

116 

125 

135 

145 

35  

76 

84 
86 

93 

lOI 

no 

119 

129 

139 

149 

36  

79 

95 

104 

113 

123 

133 

143 

154 

Greatest  Known  Depth  of  the  Ocean. 

The  greatest  depth  which  has  been  ascertained  by 
sounding  is  25,720  feet,  or  4,620  fathoms.  The  average 
depth  between  60  degrees  north  and  60  degrees  south  is 
ftlmost  three  miles. 


U5 

TIMBER  MEASUREMENT  TABLE— (Conttoueaii 


T  T?4- 

29 

30 

3' 

32 

33 

34 

35 

J7 

o 

37 

39 

42 

45 

48 

50 

00 

41 

44 

47 

53 

57 

00 

64 

67 

46 

49 

52 

50 

59 

67 

7' 

^1 

50 

53 

01 

65 

6n 

^3 

77 

o2 

55 

58 

02 

67 

7' 

70 

50 

^5 

90 

00 

03 

00 

72 

77 

52 

57 

92 

97 

00 

73 

78 

83 

55 

94 

105 

11  

69 

73 

78 

84 

89 

95 

100 

loo 

112 

73 

7^ 

^3 

89 

95 

loi 

107 

"3 

114 

7^ 

^3 

89 

95 

lOI 

107 

114 

121 

127 

mQ 

o2 

cc 
00 

94 

100 

106 

"4 

120 

125 

'34 

»7 

93 

99 

106 

112 

120 

127 

'35 

142 

9^ 

'05 

112 

T  T  Q 

I  lo 

126 

'34 

142 

149 

96 

103 

III 

117 

124 

132 

140 

'49 

loi 

1 09 

IIO 

123 

130 

'39 

'47 

104 

'05 

'13 

121 

I2o 

136 

'45 

'54 

103 

172 

24  

III 

Ho 

127 

'34 

'43 

'5' 

I  DO 

170 

'79 

^5  

IlD 

I23 

'31 

'39 

'49 

'5^ 

107 

TI-rQ 
175 

187 

120 

l2o 

'37 

'45 

'54 

I  04 

'74 

185 

194 

'33 

142 

160 

170 

ISO 

1 92 

202 

129 

136 

'47 

'50 

100 

'77 

157 

195 

209 

1 34 

'43 

'53 

ID2 

172 

'94 

206 

217 

13^ 

140 

105 

177 

159 

200 

213 

224 

'43 

'52 

103 

173 

Io2 

'95 

207 

220 

232 

1 40 

'57 

109 

178 

1 60 

202 

214 

227 

239 

162 

\1  A 

*/4 

184 

iy4 

208 

220 

•**o4 

34  

157 

167 

179 

190 

200 

214 

227 

241 

254 

35  

161 

172 

182 

196 

205 

220 

234 

248 

261 

36  

166 

177 

190 

201 

212 

227 

240 

255 

269 

The  following  shows  weight  required  to  tear  asunder 
bars  one  inch  square  of  the  following  material  : 

Oak,  5^  tons;  Fir,  5^  tons;  Cast  Iron,  7|4f  tonsj 
Wrought  Iron,  10  tons;  Wrought  Copper,  15  tons;  Eng- 
lish Bar  Iron,  25  tons;  American  Iron,  37 %  tons;  Bl5» 
tered  Steel,  59>|  tons. 


Reduced  to  Running  Board  Measure*  LogB 
9edii^c^  to  One  Inch  Board  Measure. 


If  the  log  is  longer  than  is  contained  in  the  table,  take  any  tWO 
leagths. 

The  first  column  on  the  left  gives  the  length  of  the  log  in  fcc^ 
The  figures  under  D  denote  the  diameters  of  the  logs  in  inches. 
Fractional  parts  of  inches  are  not  given. 

The  diameter  of  timber  is  usuall>r  taken  20  feet  from  the  butt 
AH  ioes  short  of  20  feet,  take  the  diameter  at  the  top  or  small  end. 

To  find  the  number  of  feet  of  boards  which  a  logjwill  produce 
Wlaen  sawed,  take  the  length  of  feet  in  the  first  column  on  the  left 
band,  and  the  diameter  at  the  top  of  the  page  in  inches. 

Suppose  a  log  12  feet] long  and  24  inches  in  diameter.  In  the 
left  hand  column  is  the  length,  and  opposite  12  under  24  is  300^ 
$Sbc  number  of  feet  of  boards  in  a  log  of  that  length  and  diameter. 


1% 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

J) 

D. 

J) 

12 

13 

X4 

IS 

16 


ri7 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

10* . 

^"54 

66 

76 

93 

— 
107 



137 



154 

179 



237 

256 

St.. 

59 

72 

83 

102 

114 

131 

151 

169 

196 

213 

231 

261 

270 

St. 

64 

78 

90 

III 

124 

143 

164 

.184 

213 

232 

252 

285 

300 

13-. 

69 

84 

97 

120 

134 

154 

177 

199 

231 

251 

273 

308 

327 

74 

90 

104 

129 

144 

166 

191 

214 

249 

270 

293 

332 

350 

79 

96 

III 

138 

154 

177 

204 

229 

266 

289 

314 

355 

376 

84 

102 

118 

146 

164 

189 

217 

244 

284 

308 

335 

379 

401 

Ji:: 

89 

108 

126 

155 

173 

200 

231 

259 

301 

327 

356* 

4O2 

426 

94 

114 

133 

164 

183 

212 

244 

274 

319 

346 

377 

426 

if- 

99 

121 

140 

173 

193 

223 

257 

289 

336 

365 

398 

449 

477 

#0.. 

104 

127 

147 

182 

203 

236 

271 

304 

354 

384 

419 

473 

501 

ac. 

109 

133 

154 

191 

213 

247 

284 

319 

371 

403 

440 

497 

527 

at.. 

114 

139 

161 

200 

223 

259 

297 

334 

389 

422 

461 

520 

552 

»3' 

119 

145 

168 

209 

233 

270 

3" 

349 

407 

441 

481 

542 

568 

M" 

124 

151 

176 

218 

243 

282 

325 

364 

424 

460 

502 

568 

613 

n  • 

129 

157 

183 

227 

253 

293 

337 

379 

442 

479 

523 

591 

628 

a6.. 

134 

163 

190 

236 

263 

305 

350 

394 

459 

498 

544 

615 

653 

139 

169 

197 

245 

273 

316 

363 

409 

477 

517 

565 

639 

678 

at.. 

144 

175 

204 

254 

283 

328 

376 

424 

494 

536 

586 

663 

703 

a9- 

149 

181 

211 

263 

293 

339 

389 

439 

512 

555 

607 

687 

728 

3D.. 

154 

187 

218 

272 

303 

351 

402 

454 

529 

574 

628 

711 

753 

31  • 

159 

193 

225 

281 

313 

362 

415 

469 

547 

593 

649 

735 

778 

If  we're  right  we  can't  be  hurt  by  the  truth,  and  if  we  ain't  right 
we  ouyht  to  be  hurt  righteously. 

You  show  me  a  man  who  keeps  the  Sabbath  day  holy  and  IH 
iShow  you  a  man  that's  a  Christian,  all  the  week 


247 

IOCS  RBDUCBD  TO  RUNNING  BOARD  MBASURB,  BTC. — ConHnU4€L 


s  ^ 

D. 

D. 

D. 

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25 

20 

27 

2o 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

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283 

309 

339 

359 

377 

407 

440 

450 

486 

496 

XI.. . 

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340 

374 

396 

415 

447 

484 

502 

535 

546 

12. . . 

340 

371 

408 

432 

453 

489 

528 

548 

584 

596 

053 

088 

746 

13.-. 

369 

404 

442 

469 

491 

530 

572 

594 

633 

646 

708 

14... 

397 

435 

47b 

505 

529 

571 

618 

640 

682 

696 

761s 

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IS-- 

42c 

465 

511 

541 

567 

612 

662 

686 

731 

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861 

16. . . 

455 

496 

545 

578 

605 

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706 

732 

780 

796 

072 

919 

17... 

403 

527 

579 

014 

043 

094 

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829 

846 

927 

976 

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512 

550 

613 

681 

735 

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024 

878 

896 

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870 

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598 

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796 

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82. . . 

627 

684 

750 

790 

834 

900 

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lOOo 

1074 

1096 

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83- 

655 

715 

784 

833 

872 

941 

IOI7 

1054 

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1 146 

1255 

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24... 

684 

746 

818 

889 

910 

982 

1061 

IICX5 

1172 

1 196 

I3IO 

1376 

85... 

777 

853 

906 

948 
986 

1023 

1 105 

II46 

1221 

2246 

1365 

X43# 

86... 

742 

808 

887 

942 

1064 

1 149 

II92 

1270 

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149s 

87... 

771 

839 

921 

970 

1024 

1 105 

"93 

1238 

1319 

1346 

1475 

1550 

88... 

800 

870 

955 

1015 

1062 

1 146 

1237 

1284 

1368 

1396 

1530 

160S 

89... 

829 

901 

989 

1052 

1 100 

1 187 

1281 

1330 

1417 

1446 

1585 

1666 

30... 

858 

932 

1023 

1088 

1138 

1228 

1325 

1376 

1466 

1496 

1640 

31.. 

887 

963 

1057 

II25 

1176 

1269 

1369 

1422 

1515 

1546 

1695 

I7«t 

Stock  Brokers*  Technicalities. 


A  Bull  is  one  who  operates  to  depress  the  value  of  stockf^  tbaC 
lie  may  buy  for  a  rise. 

A  F>EAR  IS  one  who  sells  stocks  for  future  delivery,  whidt  he  doof 
not  own  at  the  time  of  sale. 

A  Corner  is  when  the  Bears  cannot  buy  or  bclroMr  die  stock  to 
deliver  in  fulfillment  of  their  contracts. 

Overloaded  is  when  the  Bulls  cannot  take  and  pay  for  the  stodc 
they  have  purchased. 

Short  is  when  a  person  or  party  sells  stock*  when  they  have 
none,  and  expect  to  buy  or  borrow  in  time  to  deliver. 

Long  is  when  a  person  or  partjr  has  a  plentiful  supply  of  stocks. 
^  A  Pool  or  Ring  is  a  combination  formed  to  control  prices. 

A  broker  is  said  to  carry  stocks  for  his  customer  when  he  has 
bought  and  is  holding  it  for  his  account, 

A  Wash  is  a  pretended  sale  by  special  agreement  between  buyer 
end  seller,  for  the  purpose  of  getting  a  quotatioja  reported. 

A  Put  AND  Call  i%  when  a  person  gives  so  iauch  pev  eent.  lor 
QC^n  of  buying  or  selling  so  much  stock  on  a  certain  dny*  at  0 
finoe  fixed  the  day  the  option  is  £W«a. 


248 

Board  and  Plank  Measurement  at  Sight. 


This  table  gives  the  Sq.  Ft.  and  In.  in  Board  from  6  to  25  inchei 
wide«  and  from  8  1036  feet  iong.  If  a  board  be  longer  than  36  fti. 
nnite  two  numbers.  Thus,  if  3.  board  is  40  ft.  long  and  16  in.  wide, 
fdd  30  and  10  and  yoii  have  5;i  ft.  4  in.  For  2  in.  plank  doubl* 
the  product. 


6  in, 
W. 

ft.  in. 

4  c 

4  e 

5  c 

5  e 

6  c 

6  6 

7  o 

7  6 

8  o 

8  6 

9  6 


7  in, 
W. 

ft.  in. 

4  ^ 

5  3 

5  10 

6  5 
7 

7 
8 

8  9 

9  4 
9  " 

0  6 

1  I 

11  8 
3 

12  10 


12  8 
13 
14 
14 

II    613    515  4 
1 14   o  16 

614  716 

615  9 
<  16  4 

616  II 

1 17  6 
618 

118  8|2I 
6 19  3  22 

I  19  lOi22 
)20  523 

o  24 


8  in, 
W. 


ft  in, 


5 
6 

6  8 

7  4 


9  4 

[Q  O 
ID  8 


9  m, 
W. 


ft.  ir 


13 
14 
15 
15 
16 
17 
.18 
8  18 


823 
424 
o  24 
825 
4  26 
o  27 


io<ia  I II  im. 


W. 
ft.  in. 


6 

7  6 

8  4 
9 


10  10 

11  8 

12  6  13 

13  4 
9  14 
615 

15  10 

16  818 

17  6  19 
6 18  4 

3  19 


W. 


12  m.ji3  in. 
W.  W. 


.Ift.  in.  ft.  in, 


11 


13 

14 
915 
8  16  o 

.  17 
6  18  o 
519  o 
4 


20  10  22 

21  8  23 

22  6  24 

23  425 
924 

625  ^  . 

325  10128 

26  829 

927  630 

628  431 

329  232 

30  0  33 


14  m.  15  m. 
W.  I  W. 


.  ft.  in.  ft  in. 


889 
9  910 

10  10  I 

11  II  ] 
13 


23 
24 

25 

26 
927 
828 
729 
630 
531 
432 
3  33 
34 
35 
36 


823 
22    9  24 


23  10 

24  II 
26 
27 
28 

29  331 

30  432 

31  5  33 

32  635 

33  736 

34  837 

35  938 

36  1039 

37  "40 
39  042 


515 
>  16 
[  17 
ji8 


223  9 

4J25  o 

626  3 

827  6 

10  28  9 

o  30  O 

231  I 

432  6 

633  9 

835  o 

1036  3 

037  6 

238  9 

440  o 

641  3 

842  6 

1043  9 

045  o 


The  infidelity  that  hurts  is  the  infidelity  of  the  man  who  makes 
out  that  he*s  on  God's  side,  and  then  won't  live  up  to  it. 

Find  me  a  man  preparing  himself  to  hear  the  gospel  and  I  Ctt 
fibow  you  a  man  that  is  going  to  be  benefited  by  the  gospeL 


249 


BOARD  AND  PLANK  MEASUREMENT. — ConttftUed. 


16  in. 

17  m. 

18  in. 

19  in. 

20  in. 

21  in. 

22  in. 

2^in. 

24  in. 

252n> 

Feet 

W. 

w. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W. 

W, 

- 

Long. 

ft. 

ft  tflU 

 la 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.  in. 

ft.'in. 

m. 

ft.  m. 

ft.  in. 

10 

8 

II 

4 

12 

0 

12 

8 

13 

4 

14 

0 

14 

8 

15 

4 

16 

0 

16  g 

9  

12 

0 

12 

9 

13 

6 

14 

3 

15 

0 

15 

9 

16 

6 

17 

3 

18 

0 

18  9 

13 

4 

14 

2 

15 

0 

13 

10 

16 

8 

17 

6 

18 

4 

19 

2 

20 

0 

20  10 

14 

8 

15 

7 

16 

6 

17 

5 

18 

4 

19 

3 

20 

2 

21 

I 

22 

0 

22  It 

16 

0 

17 

0 

18 

0 

19 

0 

20 

0 

21 

0 

22 

0 

23 

0 

24 

0 

25  0 

13  

17 

4 

18 

5 

19 

6 

20 

7 

21 

8 

22 

9 

23 

10 

24 

II 

26 

0 

27  s 

18 

8 

19 

10 

21 

0 

22 

2 

23 

4 

24 

6 

25 

8 

26 

10 

28 

0 

29  s 

15  

20 

0 

21 

3 

22 

6 

23 

9 

25 

0 

26 

3 

27 

6 

28 

9 

30 

0 

31  3 

16  

21 

4 

22 

8 

24 

0 

25 

4 

26 

8 

28 

0,29 

4 

30 

8 

32 

0 

33  4 

17  

22 

8 

24 

I 

25 

6 

26 

II 

28 

4 

29 

931 

2 

32 

7 

0 

35  5 

24 

0 

25 

6 

27 

0 

28 

6 

30 

0 

31 

6 

33 

0 

34 

6 

36 

0 

37  0 

19...... 

25 

4 

26 

II 

28 

6 

30 

I 

31 

8 

33 

334 

10 

36 

5 

38 

0 

39  1 

26 

8 

28 

4 

30 

0 

31 

8 

33 

4 

35 

0 

36 

8 

38 

4 

40 

0 

41  8 

28 

0 

29 

9 

31 

6 

33 

3 

35 

0 

36 

9 

38 

6 

40 

3 

42 

43  9 

29 

4 

31 

2 

33 

0 

34 

10 

36 

8 

38 

640 

4 

42 

2 

44 

0 

45  10 

23  

30 

8 

32 

7 

34 

6 

36 

5 

38 

4 

40 

3 

42 

2 

34 

I 

46 

0 

47  i« 

33 

0 

34 

0 

36 

0 

38 

0 

4'-> 

0 

42 

0 

44 

0 

4t» 

4I48 

0 

50  0 

34 

4 

35 

5 

37 

6 

39 

7 

41 

8 

43 

9 

45 

10 

47 

11/50 

0 

52  « 

35 

8 

36 

10 

39 

0 

41 

2 

43 

4 

45 

6 

47 

8 

49 

1052 

0 

54  « 

36 

0 

38 

3 

40 

6 

42 

9 

45 

0 

47 

3 

49 

6 

51 

954 

0 

56  3 

37 

4 

39 

8 

42 

0 

44 

4 

46 

£ 

49 

0 

51 

4 

53 

«,56 

0 

58  4 

»9  

38 

8 

41 

I 

43 

6 

45 

II 

48 

4 

50 

9 

53 

2 

55 

758 

0 

60  1 

40 

0 

42 

45 

0 

47 

6 

50 

0 

51 

6 

55 

0 

57 

6160 

0 

62  i 

GENIUS  OF  VOUTH. 


Handel  had  produced  an  opera  before  he  was  15. 
Corneille  had  planned  a  tragedy  before  he  was  10. 
Auber  wrote  an  operetta  for  the  stage  before  he  was  14. 
Pitt  was  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer  befofe  he  was  25. 
Schiller  was  widely  known  as  a  poet  before  the  age  of  20. 
Kaulbach  at  17  was  pronounced  the  first  artistic  genius 
in  Germany. 

Kent  began  his  philosophical  and  metaphysical  specu- 
lations before  the  age  of  18. 

Goethe  had  produced  a  considerable  number  of  poems 
and  several  dramas  before  he  was  20. 

Raphael  showed  his  artistic  abilities  at  the  early  age  of 
12,  when  he  was  widely  known  as  an  artist  in  oil. 


250 

WOOD  AND  BARK  MEASUREMENT  AT  SIGHT. 


The  Cord  of  Wood  or  Bark  is  8  feet  long,  4  feet  high, 
and  4  feet  wide,  as  established  by  law  in  most  of  the 
States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  If  the  Wood  is 
8  feet  long,  double  the  product.  Fractions  of  feet 
are  omitted  in  the  Table.  Price  will  be  found  heading 
the  columns,  number  of  feet  in  the  left-hand  column. 


Ft. 

$1  KO 

$1  75 

$2  00 

$2  25 

$2  50 

$2  'T'i 

$300 

$3  25 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

02 

02 

02 

2 

02 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

05 

3 

"J 

04 

04 

05 

06 

06 

07 

07 

ji 
't 

06 

06 

07 

08 

00 

09 

10 

10 

c 

07 

08 

09 

10 

I J 

12 

13 

Is 

07 

08 

09 

II 

12 

T  '5 

14 

15 

I 

08 

10 

II 

12 

14 

16 

17 

00 
uy 

II 

12 

14 

16 

18 

19 

20 

21 

M\f 

s 

22 

25 

28 

31 

40 

A1 

7^ 

9A 
*4 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

56 

61 

32 

38 

44 

56 

63 

69 

75 

81 

87 

47 

55 

63 

70 

78 

86 

94 

I 

02 

I  09 

1 

f 

66 

75 

84 

94 

I  03 

I 

12 

I 

22 

I  31 

61 

77 

88 

98 

I 

09 

I  20 

I 

13 

I 

42 

I  53 

25 

88 
98 

I 

00 

I 

13 

I 

25 

I  38 

I 

50 

I 

62 

84 

I 

13 

I 

27 

I 

41 

I  55 

I 

69 

I 

83 

I  9I 

94 

I 

09 

I 

25 

I 

4i 

I 

f 

I  72 

I 

88 

2 

03 

2  18 

98 

I 

15 

I 

I 

48 

I 

64 

I  81 

I 

^ 

2 

13 

2  29 

88 

I  03 

I 

20 

I 

38 

I 

55 

I 

I  89 

2 

2 

23 

2  40 

I  08 

I 

26 

I 

44 

I 

62 

I 

80 

I  98 

2 

15 

2 

33 

96 

I  13 

I 

31 

I 

50 

I 

^9 

I 

88 

2  06 

2 

25 

2 

44 

2  62 

104 

I  22 

I 

42 

I 

63 

I 

83 

2 

03 

2  23 

2 

44 

2 

64 

2  8d 

112 

I  31 

I 

I 

^ 

I 

97 

2 

19 

2  41 

2 

62 

2 

84 

3  00 

120 

I  41 

I 

64 

I 

88 

2 

II 

2 

34 

2  58 

2 

81 

3 

05 

3  28 

ia8 

I  50 

I 

75 

2 

00 

2 

25 

2 

50 

2  75 

3 

00 

3 

25 

3  50 

251 

WOOD  AND  BARK  MEASUREMENT  AT  SIGHT. 
(  Continued. ) 


I 

2 

3 
4 

I 

7 
8 
i6 

24 


$400 

03 
06 

09 
12 

II 

21 

24 
49 
75 

3d  I  00 

1  25 

56  I  75 
64  2  00 
72  2  25 
80  2  50 

2  62 

2  75 
92  2  87 

3  00 
104  3  25 

3  50 
120  3  75 
128  4  00 


$4  5o$5oo 


03 
07 
10 
14 
17 
21 

24 
28 

t 

12 

40 
68 
96 
25 
53 
81 

95 
09 

23 
37 
65 
93 
21 

50 


$5  50  $6  00 


03 
07 
II 
15 
19 
23 
27 

62 

93 

56 
87 
18 
50 
81 

13 

28 

43 
59 
75 
4  OS 
4  38 

4  68 

5  00 


04 
08 
12 

17 
21 

25 
30 
34 
68 
I  03 

1  37 

2  06 
2  40 

2  75 

3  09 
3  43 
3  60 
3.78 

3  95 

4  12 

4  47 

4  80 

5  15 

5  50 


04 
09 
14 
18 

23 
28 

.32 
'  37 
74 
12 
50 
87 
25 
62 


3  00 
3  37 
3  74 

3  94 

4  12 

4  30 

4  49 
487 

5  24 

5  62 

6  00 


50  $7  00 


$7  5oJ8oo 


The  Wedding  Anniversary. 

Fifth  year  Wooden  Wedding 

Tenth  year  Tin  Wedding 

Fifteenth  year  Crystal  Wedding 

Twentieth  year  China  Wedding 

Twenty-fifth  year  Silver  Wedding 

Thirtieth  year  Pearl  Wedding 

Fortieth  year  o  Ruby  Wedding 

Fiftieth  year   • . .  .Golden  Wedding 

Seventy-fifth  year  <  .Diamond  Wedding 


252 

Table  for  Engineers  and  Machinists. 

AND  Strength  of  Cast  Iron  Columns.    Iron  i  in.  Thick. 


Height  in  Feet. 


4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

23 

24 

§1 

Q 

Load  in 

CWT. 

72 

60 

49 

40 

32 

26 

22 

18 

^3 

It 

119 

105 

91 

77 

65 

55 

47 

40 

34 

29 

as 

178 

143 

145 

128 

III 

97 

84 

73 

64 

56 

247 

232 

214 

191 

172 

156 

135 

HO 

106 

94 

89 

"a 

326 

318 

288 

266 

242 

220 

198 

if^ 

■  160 

144 

I3» 

418 

400 

379 

354 

327 

301 

275 

851 

229 

208 

iSg 

522 

501 

479 

452 

427 

394 

365 

337 

310 

28s 

263 

607 

592 

573 

550 

525 

497 

469 

440 

413 

386 

360 

1032 

1013 

989 
1289 

959 

924 

887 
1185 

848 

808 

765 

725 

686 

1  :::::::: 

1333 

1315 

1259 

1224 

1142 

1097 

1052 

1005 

959 

1716 

2697 

1672 

1640 

1603 

1561 

1515 

1461 

146T 

1364 

1311 

2119 

2100 

2077 

2045 

2007 

1964 

1916 

1865 

1811 

175^ 

^697 

2570 

2550 

2520 

2490 

2450 

2410 

2358 

2305 

2248 

2l8| 

2x27 

3050 

3040 

3020 

2970 

2930 

2900 

2830 

2780 

2730 

^2670 

260c 

WEIGHTS  OF  CORDWOOD. 


Lds.  Carbon, 

One  cord  of  Hickory c   4*468  loO 

»       Hard  Maple   2,864  58 

«       Beech  ^   ?  234  64 

"       Ash...e..   3,449  79  • 

«       Birch   2,368  49 

Pitch  Pine . . ,   1,903  43 

^       Canada  Pine   1,870  42 

Yellow  Oak.   2,920  Ol 

<•       White  Oak   1,870  81 

•  Lombardy  Poplsur.   I>77S  4£ 

•  Red  Oak   3,255 


253 


READY  RECKONER  TABLE. 

Foi  computing  Wages,  Rent,  Board,  etc.  The  sum  will  be 
^nd  heading  the  columns,  and  the  days  and  weeks  cm.  the  ex» 
trcme  left-hand  column.  If  the  desired  sum  is  not  in  the  table, 
'  :able  or  treble  two  or  three  suitable  numbers. 


Time. 

$2.50 

$2.75 

$3.00 

$3-25 

$3.50 

$3.75 

$4.00 

1 

$4-25j$4-5o 

$4-75 

I 

.36 

•39 

.43 

.44 

•50 

.53 

.57 

.61 

.64 

.68 

.2 

.72 

.78 

.86 

•93 

1 .00 

1 .07 

1. 14 

1.28 

1.36 

(A 

1.08 

1 . 17 

1 .29 

I  '39 

1 .50 

1. 61 

1 .71 

1 .82 

1  "93 

2 .07 

1.44 

1.56 

1.71 

1.86 

2.00 

2.14 

2.28 

2  -43 

2.57 

2.71 

1 .80 

I -95 

2.14 

2.32 

2.50 

2.68 

2 .86 

3*03 

3.2* 

3-39 

6 

2.15 

2-34 

2.57 

2.78 

3.00 

3.21 

3-43 

3*64 

3  .00 

4.07 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3-25 

3-50 

3-75 

4.00 

4-25 

4.50 

475 

5-09 

5-50 

6 .00 

6.50 

7 .00 

7-50 

8 .00 

8.50 

9-50 

7-50 

8.25 

9.00 

9-75 

10.50 

11.25 

12  .CO 

12 . 75 

13*50 

14-25 

10.00 

II  .00 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

15.00 

16 .00 

17.00 

18  .00 

19.00 

12.50 

13-75 

15.00 

16.25 

17.50 

18.75 

20.00 

21 .25 

22  .50 

23  -  75 

Time. 

$5.00 

$5.25 

$5.50 

$5.75 

^  1 

$6.5o 

$6.25 

$6.50 

$6.75 

$7.00 

$8.00 

I 

•71 

•75 

•79 

.82 

.86 

.89 
1.78 

•93 

.96 

1. 00 

1.14 

.2 

(A 

1.43 

1.50 

1.58 

1 .64 

1.72 

1.86 

1.92 

2.00 

2.28 

2.14 

2.25 

2^37 

2.46 

2.23 

2.67 

2.79 

2.88 

3. CO 

3-52 

2.86 

3.00 

3^15 

3.28 

3-44 

3-56 

3-72 

3.84 

4.00 

4.26 

^5 

3-57 

3-75 

3-94 

4.10 

4-30 

4-45 

4-65 

4.80 

5.00 

5.7a 

6 

4.28 

4-50 

4-73 

4.92 

5-i6 

5.34 

5^58 

•5-76 

6.00 

6.86 

5.00 

5-25 

5 -50 

5.75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

8  GO 

10.00 

10.50 

11.00 

31.50 

12 .00 

12.50 

13.00 

13-50 

14.00 

16 .00 

15.00 

15-75 

16.50 

17-25 

18.00 

18-75 

19.50 

20.25 

21  .00 

24.00 

• 

21, oe 

Sf:>Goi23.oo 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

32.00 

26.25 

27.50 

28.75 

30.00 

31-25 

32.50 

33-50 

35 -oo 

40.00 

WWL^m:  OF  LEAD  PIPE— DIFFERENT  SIZES. 


AAA 
Weight 
per  foot 

AA 
Weight 
per  foot. 

A 

Weight 
per  foot. 

B 

Weight 
per  foot. 

C 

Weight 
-^er  foot. 

D 

Weight 
per  foot. 

D  Light 
Weight 
per  foot. 

E 

Weight 
per  foot. 

lb.  oz. 

tb.  oz. 

tb.  oz. 

tb.  oz. 

tb.  oz. 

tb.  oz. 

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259 

NAVAL  STRENGTH  OF  GREAT  NATIONS. 

The  following  table  has  been  compiled  from  the  latest 
official  reports,  and  includes  all  vessels  built  or  ap- 
proaching completion.  As  the  value  of  torpedo  boats 
and  vessels  and  torpedo  boat  destroyers  has,  during  the 
war  with  Spain,  been  shown  to  be  problemctical,  they 
have  not  been  included  in  the  figures  in  the  column 
showing  the  totals.  Omitting  these  three  classes  of  vessels 
in  the  estimate  of  the  fighting  of  the  nations,  it  would 
show  that  Great  Britain  is  immensely  superior  to  any 
other  nation. 


Battleships. 

Armored 
Cruisers. 

1  Protected 
!  Cruisers. 

1  Unprotected 
Cruisers. 

Armored  Coast 
Defense  Vessels. 

Special  Vesssels.  { 

1  Torpedo  Boats 
1     (1st  class). 

1  Torpedo  Boat 
Destroyers. 

Torpedo  Boats 
(2d  class). 

Guns. 

Great  Britain 

70 

23 

22 

168 

13 

408 

44 

108 

123 

10,508 

France  

32 

25 

4 

63 

23 

216 

175 

14 

154 

5,020 

Russia  

23 

12 

11 

32 

16 

163 

98 

38 

98 

5,013 

17 

6 

6 

44 

8 

106 

85 

24 

56 

1,972 

Italy  

15 

8 

2 

37 

5 

124 

22 

13 

149 

2,368 

United  States 

18 

8 

27 

19 

138 

16 

37 

Japan  

1  8 

2 

5 

54 

3 

53 

'66 

16 

1,476 

NAVAL  MILITIA. 

The  Naval  Militia  is  now  organized  in  19  States  and  in 
the  Dist.  of  Columbia,  as  follows:  California,  Connecti- 
cut, Dist.  of  Columbia,  Florida,  Georgia,  Illinois,  Louisi- 
ana, Maryland,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  New 
Jersey,  New  York,  No.  Carolina,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Rhode  Island,  So.  Carolina,  and  Virginia, 

The  proper  duty  of  the  Naval  Militia  in  time  of  war  is 
to  man  the  coast  and  harbor  defense  vessels,  thus  leaving 
free  the  regular  force  to  carry  on  offeusive  operations 
at  sea. 

All  matters  relating  to  the  Naval  Militia  come  under 
the  cognizance  of  the  Asst.  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
Total  enlisted  force  of  petty  officers  and  men  on  January 
1,  1900,  5,309.  The  Navy  Department  transacts  all  its 
business  with  the  Naval  *Militia  through  the  Governors 
and  Adjutants-General  of  the  States. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  WAR  WITH  SPAIN,  1898. 

Feb.  15— Maine  blown  up  in  Havana  harbor;  2(56  killed. 
March  13— Senator  Proctor  tells  of  Cuban  horrors. 
March  25 — Official  report  says  a  mine  destroyed  the  Maine. 
April   4 — McKinley  declines  Pope's  intervention. 
April   9— General  Lee  and  Americans  leave  Havana. 
April  19 — Congress  recognizes  independence  of  Cuba. 
April  21— American  minister  in  Madrid  dismissed;  ultimatum  not 
presented. 

April  22 — North  Atlantic  Squadron  leaves  Key  West. 
April  23— President  issues  call  for  125,000  volunteers. 
April  24— Asiatic  Squadron  sails  for  the  Philippines. 
April  24 — Spain  declares  war. 

April  25 — Congress  declares  war  has  existed  since  April  21. 

April  27 — Batteries  at  Matanzas  bombarded. 

April  29 — Batta -  les  at  Cienfuegos  bombarded. 

April  30 — Bat  :  T ;cs  at  Cabanas  bombarded. 

May    1 — Spanish  fleet  at  Manila  destroyed. 

May   7 — Matanzas  forts  shelled. 

May   9 — Fight  off  Cardenas  between  Winslow  and  three  Spanish 

gunboats. 
Maj' 11— Attack  on  Cienfuegos. 
May  1 2— San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico  bombarded. 
May  12 — Cardenas  shelled. 

May  13 — Flying  Squadron  leaves  Hampton  Roads. 

May  18— Flying  Squadron  reaches  Key  West. 

May  18 — New  Spanish  cabinet  under  Sagasta.' 

May  19 — Cervera's  squadron  in  Santiago  harbor. 

May  25— President  issues  second  call,  for  75,000  voluntears. 

:\Iay  25— First  Manila  expedition  leaves. 

^lay  31 — Santiago  forts  bombarded. 

June   3 — Collier  Merrimac  sunk. 

June   6— Bombardment  of  Santiago  forts. 

June   8 — Shafter's  force  leaves  Tampa. 

'nne   8 — Caimanera  bombarded. 

June  10 — Marines  land  at  Guantanamo. 

June  11 — Fight  at  Guantanamo;  Spaniards  repulsed. 

June  14— Army  sails  from  Tampa. 

June  15 — Second  Manila  expedition  sails. 

June  15 — Spanish  defeat  at  Guantanamo. 


line  16*-- Fore  Caimaner A  <ieii.olished. 
June  16— Boiiibaidment  of  Santiago  forts. 
June  20 — Sliafter's  army  arrives  at  Baiquiri. 
June  21 — Charleston  captures  the  Ladrones. 
June  22  and  23 — Shafter's  army  lands. 
June  24 — Juragua  captured. 

June  24— Fight  at  La  Quasina ;  Spaniards  repulsed. 

June  26 — Cadiz  fleet  at  Port  Said. 

June  26— Shafter  occupies  Sevilla. 

June  28 — Third  Manila  expedition  sails. 

June  29 — First  expedition  arrives  at  3Ianila. 

June  30 — Caney  evacuated  by  Spaniards. 

July   1 — Outer  defenses  of  Santiago  taken. 

July   2 — San  Juan,  near  Santiago,  taken. 

July   3 — Sliafter  demands  surrender  of  Santiago. 

July   3 — Cervera's  fleet  destroyed. 

July   5 — Camara's  fleet  at  Suez. 

July   6 — Spanish  cruiser  Alfonso  XII.  destroyed. 

July   7 — Dewey  captures  Isla  Grande  and  1,300  prisoners. 

July   8— Camara's  fleet  ordered  to  return  to  Spain. 

July  10 — Bombardment  of  Santiago  resumed;  Linares  refuses  un* 

conditional  surrender. 
July  13— Truce. 
July  14— Santiago  surrenders. 

July  16 — General  Shafter  announces  terms  of  General  Toral's  sur- 
render. 

July  17 — American  flag  is  raised  over  Santiago  de  Cuba,  and  General 

McKibbin  made  military  governor. 
July  18 — War  council  orders  invasion  of  Porto  Rico;  Manzanillo 

bombarded. 

July  20 — Spanish  Cabinet  reported  as  agreed  to  ask  for  peace. 
July  21 — General  Garcia  withdraws  hi^  armyfrom  Shafter's  support. 
July  22 — General  Miles  sails  for  Porto  Rico  with  an  advance  guaid; 

American  lines  close  about  Manila;  General  Wood  is  appointed 

governor  of  Santiago. 
July  23 — Spaniards  continue  to  surrender;  Topeka  captures  Port 

Nipe. 

July  24 — Shafter  reported  active;  Empei  ov  Wilhelm  said  to  have 
asked  our  intentions  in  the  East. 

July  25 — General  Miles  lands  at  Guanica,  Porto  Rico. 

July  26 — Spain  formally  sues  for  peace  through  the  French  Ambas- 
sador. 

August  12— Peace  protocol  signed  at  4  :23  p.  m.  hy  fJocretai-y  of  Stato 
Day  for  the  United  States,  and  French  Amba^^.-auol  Cambon  for 
the  Spaiiifeh  government. 


282 


REC06NITI0N  OF  CUBAN  INDEPENDENCE. 


April  18th  the  following  Joint  Resolution  was  adopted 
in  Congress,  the  Senate  agreeing  by  a  vote  of 
42  to  35,  and  the  House  by  310  to  6. 

Joint  resolution  for  the  reoognition  of  the  independ- 
ence of  the  people  of  Cuba,  demanding  that  the  govern- 
ment of  Spain  relinquish  its  authority  and  government 
in  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and  to  withdraw  its  land  and  naval 
forces  from  Cuba  and  Cuban  waters,  and  directing  the 
President  of  the  United  States  to  use  the  land  and  naval 
forces  of  the  United  States  to  carry  these  resolutions 
into  effect. 

Whereas,  The  abhorrent  conditions  which  have  ex- 
isted for  more  than  three  years  in  the  Island  of  Cuba, 
so  near  our  own  borders,  have  shocked  the  moral  sense 
of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  have  been  a  disgrace 
to  civilization,  culminating,  as  they  have,  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  a  United  States  battleship,  with  266  of  its  oflficers 
and  crew,  while  on  a  friendly  visit  in  the  harbor  of  Ha- 
vana, and  cannot  longer  be  endured,  as  has  been  set 
forth  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  in  his  mes- 
sage to  Congress  ot  April  11,  1898,  upon  which  the 
action  of  Congress  was  invited ;  therefore 

.  Resolved,  First,  That  the  people  of  the  Island  of  Cuba 
are  and  of  right  ought  to  be  free  and  independent. 

Second,  That  it  is  the  duty  of  the  United  States  to 
demand,  and  the  government  of  the  United  States  does 
hereby  demand,  that  the  government  of  Spain  at  once 
relinquish  its  authority  and  government  in  the  Island 
of  Cuba  and  withdra^w  its  land  and  naval  forces  from 
Cuba  and  Cuban  waters. 

Third,  That  the  President  of  the  United  States  be. 
and  he  is  hereby  directed  and  empowered  to  use  the 
entire  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  United  States,  and 
to  call  into  actual  service  of  the  United  States  the  mil- 
itia of  the  several  States,  to  such  extent  as  may  be 
necessary  to  carry  these  resolutions  into  effect. 

Fourth,  That  the  United  States  hereby  disclaims 
any  disposition  or  intention  to  exercise  sovereignty, 
jurisdiction  or  control  over  said  island  except  for  the 
pacification  thereof,  and  asserts  its  determination, 
when  that  is  accomplished,  to  leave  the  government 
and  control  of  the  island  to  its  people. 


263 


Spanish-American  War  Tax,  1898 

In  Effect  July  ist,  1898 

Beer,  ale,  and  other  fermented  liquor,  per  bai-rel  $    2 . 00 

Tobacco — Manufactured,  per  pound   .12 

Cigars,  cigarettes,  over  3  lbs.,  per  1,000   1^  .60 

Cigars,  under  3  lbs. ,  per  1 ,000   1.00 

Cigarettes,  under  3  lbs.,  per  1,000   1.50 

Tea,  imported,  per  lb                                              ...  .10 

Bank  capital,  including  surplus,  over  $25,000.00   50.00 

For  each  $1,000  over  $25,000.00   2.00 

Brokers  in  negotiable  securities. .   50.00 

Pawnbrokers  ,  20.00 

Commercial  brokers   20  .00 

Custom  house  brokers   10.00 

Theatres,  museums,  concert  halls,  in  cities  of  over  25,- 

000  inhabitants ...    100.00 

Circuses   100.00 

Other  shows  and  exhibitions   10 .00 

Bowling  alleys,  billiard  rooms,  per  alley  or  table   5.00 

Tobacco— Dealers :  Leaf  tobacco,  sales  between  50,000 

and  100,000  lbs   12.00 

Sales  over  100.000  'lbs   24 . 00 

Manufacturers:  Sales  under  60.000  lbs   6.00 

Sales  between  50.000  and  100,000   12.00 

Sales  over  100,000   24 . 00 

Manufacturers  of  cigars :  Sales  under  100,000   0 .00 

Sales  botween  1 00 .000  and  200 ,000   1 2 . 00 

Sales  over  200,000   24 . 00 

Stocks,  bonds,  debentures,  certificates  of  indebtedness 

issued  after  July  1st,  1898,  per  $100  face  value   .05 

Transfers  of  stock,  per  $100  face  value   .02 

Sales  of  merchandise,  for  present  or  future  delivery  on 

exchanges,  per  $100   .01 

Bank  check  or  sight  draft  ^   .02 

Bills  of  exchange  inland),  time  draft  and  promissory 

note,  money  orders,  for  each  $100   .02 

Bills  of  exchange  (foreign),  letter  of  credit,  drawn 

singly,  per  $100   .04 

In  sets  of  two  or  more,  for  each  bill   .02 

Bill  of  lading  or  receipt  for  any  goods  to  be  exported. .  .10 
Bill  of  lading  to  be  issued  by  express  and  transporta 

tion  companies,  per  package   ,01 

Telephone  messages,  charges  at  15  cents  or  over   .01 

Surety  bonds     .50 

Certificates  of  profit,  memo,  showing  interest  in  corpo- 
ration, or  transfers  of  same,  per  $100  face  value   .02 

Certificates  of  damage  and  certificates  of  port  wardens 

or  marine  surveyors   .25 

Otber  certificates  not  specified  «   .10 


264 


War  Tax— Continued. 


Charter  party,  per  vessel  of  300  tons     $  8 .00 

Between  300  and  600  ,  5,00 

Exceeding  600   lo!oO 

Contract,  brokers'  notes  of  sale  or  exchange  of  goods, 

stocks,  bonds,  notes,  real  estate,  etc   .10 

Conveyances,  value  between  $100  and  $500   .50 

Telegraph  messages    „ . . .  .01 

Custom  house  entry,  not  over  $100   .25 

Between  one  and  three  years  and  $500   .50 

Over  $500   1.00 

Custom  house  entry  for  withdrawal   ,50 

Insurance  (life)  for  each  $100  of  policy   .08 

Industrial  weekly  payment  plan,  40  per  cent,  of  first 
weekly  payment. 

Leases,  for  one  year   .25 

Between  one  and  three  years   .50 

Over  three  years   1.00 

Manifest  for  custom  house  entry  or  clearance  for  for- 
eign port,  per  ship  of  300  tons     1 .00 

Between  300  and  600  tons  ,   3 . 00 

Exceeding  600  tons     5 .00 

Mortgage  between  $1,000  and  $1,500   .25 

For  each  $500  additional   .25 

Passage  ticket  to  foreign  port,  costing  not  over  $30. . .  1 .00 

Between  $30  and  $60   3.00 

Over  $60  „   5.00 

Power  of  attorney  to  vote   .10 

To  sell,  rent  or  collect   .25 

Protests  of  notes,  etc   .25 

Warehouse  receipts   .25 

Medicinal  proprietary  articles  and  perfumery,  cosmet- 
ics, etc.  ,per  package  of  5  cents,  retail  price  .    .00125 

Between  12  and  25  cents   .00625 

Chewing  gum,  per  package  of  $1.00  retail   .04 

Sparkling  or  other  wines,  per  pini  bottle.   .01 

Petroleum  and  sugar  refining  or  transporting  oil  or 
other  products  by  pipe  line,  excise  tax  on  gross  re- 
ceipts exceeding  $250,000,  .0025  percent. 

Palace  or  parlor  car  seats  or  berths,  per  seat  or  berth..  .01 
Legacies  between  $10,000  and  $25,000  to  lineal  de- 
scendant, or  brother  or  sister  of  testator,  per  $100 

clear  value   .75 

To  descendants  of  brother  or  sister  of  testator   1.50 

To  brother  or  sister  of  father  or  mother  of  testator, 

or  their  descendants   3.00 

To  brother  or  sister  of  grandparents  of  testator,  or 

their  descendants   4.00 

To  other  beneficiaries   5. CO 


Tax  on  legacies  between  $25,000  and  $100,000,  multi- 
plied by  one  and  one-half. 

Between  $100,000  and  $500,000,  multiplied  by  t-^vo. 
Between  $500,000  and  $1,000,000,  multiplied  by 


two  and  3ne-half. 
Over  $1 ,000,000,  multiplied  by  three. 

mxed  flour,  dealers,  per  annum   i2.00 

fer package,  imports  included,  bet.  98  and  196  lbs..  .04 


265 

tHE  MOST  IMPORTANT  FEATURES  OF  THE 

NATIONAL  BANKRUPTCY  LAW  OF  1898 

Fbom  Chap,  I.  (Definitions.) 
(1)  **A  person  against  whom  a  petition  has  been 
filed"  shall  include  a  person  who  has  filed  a  voluntary 
petition;  (2)  "adjudication"  shall  mean  the  date  of  the 
entry  of  a  decree  that  the  defendant,  in  a  bankruptcy 
proceeding,  is  a  bankrupt,  or  if  such  decree  is  appealed 
trom,  then  the  date  when  such  decree  is  finally  con- 
firmed; (3)  "appellate  courts"  shall  include  the  cirouit 
courts  of  appeals  of  the  United  States,  the  supreme 
courts  of  the  Territories,  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States;  (4)  ''bankrupt"  shall  include  a  person 
against  whom  an  involuntary  petition  or  an  appli- 
cation to  set  a  composition  aside  or  to  revoke  a  dis- 
charge has  been  filed,  or  who  has  filed  a  voluntary  pe* 
tition,  or  who  has  been  adjudged  a  bankrupt;  (5)  "cor- 
porations" shall  mean  all  bodies  having  any  of  the 
powers  and  privileges  of  private  corporations  not  pos* 
sessed  by  individuals  or  partnerships,  and  shallinclude 
limited  or  other  partnership  associations  organizec? 
under  laws  making  the  capital  subscribed  alone  re- 
sponsible  for  the  debts  of  the  association;  (6)  "cred- 
itor",shall  include  any  one  who  owns  a  demand  of 
claim  provable  in  bankruptcy,  and  may  include  his 
duly  authorized  agent,  attorney,  or  proxy;  (7)  A.'date  of 
bankruptcy,"  or  "time  of  bankruptcy,"  or  "commence- 
ment of  proceedings,"  or  "bankruptcy,"  with  reference 
to  time,  shall  m.ean  the  date  when  tlie  petition  was  filed; 
(8)  "debt"  shall  include  any  debt,  demand  or  claim 
provable  in  bankruptcy;  (9)  ''discharge"  shall  mean  the 
release  of  a  bankrupt  from  all  of  his  debts  which  are 
provable  in  bankruptcy,  except  such  as  are  excepted 
by  this  act;  (10)  "document"  shall  include  any  book, 
deed,  or  instrument  in  writing;  (11)  "holiday"  shall 
include  Christmas,  the  Fourth  of  July,  the  Twenty- 
second  of  February,  and  any  day  appointed  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States  or  the  Congress  of  tho 
United  States  as  a  holiday  or  as  a  day  of  public  fasting 
or  thanksgiving;  (12)  a  person  shall  be  deemed  insol- 
vent within  the  provisions  of  this  act  whenever  the 
.gi,'regate  of  his  property,  exclusive  of  any  property 
wiiich  he  may  have  conveyed,  transferred,  concealed  or 
r(3moved,  or  permitted  to  be  concealed  or  removed,  with 
int  mt  to  defraud,  hinder  or  delay  his  creditors,  shall 
not,  at  a  fair  valuation,  be  sufficient  in  amount  to  pay  his 
d.  bts;  (13)  "judge"  shall  mean  a  judge  of  a  court  of 
bankruptcy,  not  including  the  referee;  (14)  "oathfr-shall 
include  affirmation;  (15)  "officer"  shall  include  clerk, 
marshal,  receiver,  referee,  and  trustee,  and  the  impos* 
in<2r  of  a  duty  upon  or  the  forbidding  of  an  act  by  any 
o  f] '  r  shall  include  his  successor  and  any  person  am» 


266 

thorized  by  law  to  perfo  rn  the  duties  of  such  officer; 
(16)  **p(  T6onb"  shall  incjludo- corporations,  except  where 
otherwise  specified,  and  officers,  partnerships  and 
women,  and  when  used  with  reference  to  the  commis- 
sion of  acts  which  are  herein  forbidden  shall  include 
persons  who  are  participants  in  the  forbidden  acts,  and 
the  agents,  officers  and  members  of  the  board  of  di- 
rectors or  trustees,  or  other  similar  controlling  bodies 
of  corporations;  (17)  petition  shall  mean  a  paper  filed 
in  a  court  of  bankruptcy  or  with  a  clerk  or  deputy 
clerk  by  a  debtor  praying  for  the  benefits  of  this  act,  or 
by  creditors  alleging  the  commission  of  an  act  of  bank- 
ruptcy by  a  debtor  therein  named;  (18)  **referee"  shall 
mean  the  referee  who  has  jurisdiction  of  the  case  or  to 
whom  the  case  has  been  referred,  or  anyone -acting  in 
his  stead;  (19)  "conceal"  shall  include  secrete,  falsify, 
and  mutilate;  (20)  "secured  creditor"  shall  include  a 
creditor  who  has  security  for  his  debt  ui^on  the  prop- 
erty of  the  bankrupt  of  a  nature  to  be  assignable  under 
this  Act,  or  who  owns  such  a  debt  for  which  some 
indorser,  surety,  or  other  persons  secondarily  liable  for 
the  bankrupt  has  such  security  upon  the  bankrupt's 
assets;  (21)  "States"  shall  include  the  Territories,  the 
Indian  Territory,  Alaska,  and  the  District  of  Columbia; 
(22)  "transfer"  shall  include  the  sale  and  every  other 
and  different  mode  of  disposing  of  or  parting  with 
property,  or  the  possession  of  property,  absolutely  or 
conditionally,  as  a  payment,  pledge,  mortgage,  gift  or 
security;  (23)  "trustee"  shall  include  ail  of  the  trustees 
of  an  estate;  (24)  "wage-earner"  shall  mean  an  indi- 
vidual who  works  for  wages,  salary  or  hire,  at  a  rate  of 
compensation  not  exceeding  one  thousand  five  hundred 
dollars  per  year;  (25)  words  importing  the  masculine 
gender  may  be  applied  to  and  include  corporations, 
partnerships  and  women:  (26)  words  importing  the 
plural  number  may  be  applied  to  and  mean  only  a  single 
person  or  thing;  (27)  words  importing  the  singular 
number  may  be  applied  to  and  mean  several  persons  or 
things. 

From  Chap.  III.  (Bankrupts.) 
Sec.  3.  Acts  of  Bankruptcy.— (a)  Acts  of  bankruptcy 
by  a  person  shall  consist  of  his  having  (1)  conveyed, 
transferred,  concealed,  or  removed,  or  permitted  to  be 
concealed  or  removed,  any  part  of  his  property  with 
intent  to  hinder,  delay  or  defraud  his  creditors,  or  any 
of  them;  or  (2)  transferred,  while  insolvent,  any  portion 
of  his  property  to  one  or  more  of  his  creditors  with 
intent  to  prefer  such  creditors  over  his  other  creditors; 
or  (3)  suffered  or  permitted,  while  insolvent,  any  cred- 
itor to  obtain  a  preference  through  legal  proceedings, 
and  not  having  at  least  five  days  before  a  sale  or  final 
disposition  of  any  property  affected  by  such  preference 
vacated  or  discharged  such  preference;  or  (4)  made  a 
general  assignment  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors;  or 


267 

%5)  admitted  in  writla'g  his  inability  to  pay  his  debt; 
and  his  willingness  to  oe  adjudged  a  bankrupt  on  tnat 
ground. 

Sec.  4.  WiioMay'BecomeBankrupts.— (a)  Any  person 
who  owes  debts,  er^cept  a  corporation,  shall  be  entitled 
to  the  benefits  of  this  Act  a&  a  voluntary  bankrupt. 

(b)  Any  natural  person,  except  a  wage-earner  or  a 
person  engaged  chiefly  in  farming  or  the  tillage  of  the 
soil,  any  unincoroorated  company,  and  any  corpora- 
tion engaged  principally  in  manufacturing,  trading, 
printing,  publishing,  or  mercantile  pursuits,  owing 
debts  to  the  amount  of  on«  thousand  dollars  or  over, 
may  be  adjudged  an  involiintary  bankrupt  upon  de- 
fault or  an  impartial  trial,  and  shall  be  subject  to  the 
provi  si-OTis  and  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  Act.  i'ri- 
vate  bankers,  but  not  national  banks  or  banks  incor- 
porated under  State  or  Territorial  laws,  may  be  ad- 
judged involuntary  bankrupts. 

Sec.  5.  Partn^jrs-— (a)  A  partnership,  during  the  con- 
tinuation of  the  partnership  business,  or  after  its  dis- 
solution and  before  the  :final  settlement  thereof,  may 
adjudged  a  bankrupt. 

Sec.  7.  Duties  oi"  Bankrupts. ~(a)  The  bankrupt  shali 

(1)  attend  the  first  meeting  of  his  creditors,  if  directed 
by  the  court  ■&t  a  jadge  thereof  to  do  so,  and  the  hear- 
ing upon  his  application  for  a  discharge,  if  filed;, 

(2)  comply  with  all  lawful  orders  of  the  court;  (3)  exam- 
ine the  correctness  of  all  proof  s  of  claims  filed  against 
his  estate;  (4)  ^execute  and  deliver  such  papers  as  shall 
be  ordered  by  the  court;;  (5)  execute  to  his  trustee 
transfers  of  a!i  his  property  in  foreign  countries; 
(6)  immediately  inform  his  trustee  of  any  attempt,  by 
his  creditors  or  other  persons,  to  evade  the  provisions 
of  this  Act,  coming  to  his  knowledge;  (7)  in  case  of  any^ 
person  having  to  his  knowledge  proved  a  false  claim? 
against  his  estate,  disclose  that  fact  immediately  to  his 
trustee;  (8)  prepare,  make  oath  to  and  file  in  court 
within  ten  days,  unless  further  time  is  granted,  after 
the  adjudication,  if  an  involuntary  bankrupt,  and  with 
the  petition  in  a  voluntary  bankrupt,  a  schedule  of  his 
property,  showing  the  amount  and  kind  of  property, 
the  location  thereof,  its  money  value  in  detail,  and  a  list 
of  his  creditors,  showing  their  residences,  if  known,  if 
unknown,  that  fact  to  be  stated,  the  amounts  due  each 
of  them,  the  consideration  thereof,  the  security  held  by 
them,  if  any,  and  a  ciaim  for  such  exemptions  as  he 
may  be  entitled  to,  all  in  triplicate,  one  copy  of  each 
for  the  clerk,  one  for  the  referee,  and  one  for  the  trustee; 
and  (9)  when  present  at  the  first  meeting  of  his  credit^ 
ors,  and  at  such  other  times  as  the  court  shall  order, 
eubmit  to  an  examination  concerning  the  conducting 
of  his  business,  the  cause  of  his  bankruptcy,  his  deaU 
ings  with  his  creditors  and  other  persons,  the  amount, 
kind  and  whereabouts  of  his  property,  and,  in  addi-* 


268 

tion.all  matters  which  may  affect  the  fidrninistration 
and  'settlement  of  his  estate;  but  no  testimony  given 
by  him  shall  be  offered  in  evidence  against  him  in  any 
criminal  proceeding. 

Provided,  however,  That  he  shall  not  be  required  to 
attend  a  meetirig  of  his  creditors,  or  at  or  for  an  exam- 
ination at  a  place  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty 
miles  distant  from  his  home  or  principal  place  of  busi- 
ness, or  to  examine  claims  except  when  presented  to 
him,  unless  ordered  by  the  court,  or  a  judge  thereof, 
for  cause  shown,  and  the  bankrupt  shall  be  paid  his 
actual  expenses  from  the  estate  when,  examined  or 
required  to  attend  at  any  place  other  than  the  city, 
town  or  village  of  his  residence. 

Sec.  12.  Compositions,  When  Confirmed.— A  baAk- 
rupt  may  off^^r  terms  of  composition  to  his  creditors 
after,  but  not  before,  he  has  been  examined  in  open 
court  or  at  a  meeting  of  his  creditors  and  filed  in  court 
the  schedule  of  his  property  and  list  of  his  creditors, 
required  to  be  filed  by  bankrupts. 
Q  Sec.  14.  Discharges,  When  Granted.— (a)  Any  person 
may,  after  the  expiration  of  one  month  and  within  the 
next  twelve  months  subsequent  to  being  adjudged  a 
bankrupt,  file  an  application  for  a  discnarg<i  in  the 
court  of  bankruptcy  in  which  the  proceedings  are 
pending;  if  it  shall  be  made  to  appear  to  the  judge  that 
the  bankrupt  was  ungf\^oida]3ly  prevented  from  filing  it 
within  such  time,  it  may  be  filed  within  but  not  after 
the  expiration  of  the  next  six  months. 

Sec.  17.  Debts  Not  Affected  by  a  Discharge.— fa)  A 
discharge  in  bankruptcy  shall  release  a  bankrupt  from 
all  of  his  provable  debts,  except  such  as  (1)  are  due  as  a 
tax  levied  by  the  United  States,  the  State,  county,  dis- 
trict, or  municipality  in  which  he  resides;  (2)  ate  judg- 
ments in  actions  for  frauds,  or  obtaining  propertv  by 
false  pretenses  or  false  representations,  or  for  v/illful 
and  malicious  injuries  to  the  person  or  property  -.^f 
another;  (3)  have  not  been  duly  scheduled  in  time  for 
proof  and  allowance,  with  the  name  of  the  creditor,  if 
known  to  the  bankrupt,  unless  such  creditor  had  notice 
or  actual  knowledge  of  the  proceedings  in  bankruptcy^ 
or  (4)  were  created  by  his  fraud,  embezzlement,  misap- 
propriation, or  defalcation  while  acting  as  an  officer  or 
in  any  fiduciary  capacity. 

Sec.  19.  Jury  Trials.— A  person  against  whom  an 
involuntary  petition  has  been  filed  shall  be  entitled 
tn  have  a  trial  by  jury,  in  respect  to  the  question  of  his 
insolvency,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided,  and 
any  act  of  bankruptcy  alleged  in  such  petition  to  have 
been  committed,  upon  filing  a  written  application 
therefor  at  or  before  the  time  within  which  an  answer 
may  be  filed.  If  such  application  is  not  filed  within 
such  time,  a  trial  by  jury  shall  be  deemed  to  have  been 
waived.  ^ 


269 


Rate  of  Annual  Income  on  Investments,, 

FAR  VALUE  BEING  $100,  BEARING  INTEREST  AT 


Price  Paid. 

Five 
Per  cent. 

Six 
Per  cent. 

Seven 
Per  cent. 

Eight 
Per  cent. 

Ten 
Per  cent. 

$50 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

20.00 

55 

9.09 

10.90 

12.72 

14.55 

18.18 

60 

8.33 

10.00 

11.66 

13-33 

16.66 

65 

7.69 

9-23 

10.76 

12.30 

70 

7.14 

8.57 

10.00 

11.42 

14.28 

75 

6.66 

8.00 

9.33 

10.66 

13-35 

80 

6.25 

7-50 

8.75 
8.48 

10.00 

12. 

6.06 

7.27 

9.69 

II.  12 

85 

5.88 

7-05 

8.23 

9.41 

11.76 

S.71 

6.85 

8.00 

9.14 

XI.  43 

5-55 

6.66 

7-77 

8.88 

11.11 

5-40 

6.48 

7.56 

8.64 

X0.8O 

^1 

5-26 

6.31 

7.36 

8.42 

10,52 

96 

5.20 

6.25 

7.29 

8.33 

10.41 

97 

5.15 

6.18 

7.21 

8.24 

10.30 

97}^ 

5.12 

6.15 

7.17 

8.20 

10.25 

gS 

5- 10 

6.12 

7.14 

8.16 

10.20 

99 

5.05 

6.06 

707 

8.08 

10.  XO 

BOO 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

10.00 

xoz 

4.95 

5-94 

^^•93 

7.92 

9.00 

t02 

4.90 

5.88 

6.86 

7.84 

9.80 

'  EO3 

4.85 

5- 82 

6.79 

7.76 

9.TO 

104 

4.80 

5- 76 

6.73 

7.69 

9.  OK 

ICS 

4.7C 

5.71 

6.66 

7.61 

9.5a 

IXO 

4-54 

5-45 

6.36 

7.27 

IIS 

4-34 

5.21 

6.08 

6.95 

8.69 

Z20 

4.16 

5.00 

5.83 

6.66 

3.33 

125 

4.00 

4.90 

5.60 

6.40 

8.00 

130 

3.84 

4.61 

5.38 

6.  IS 

7.69 

«35 

3- 70 

4.44 

5.18 

5-92 

7.^ 

140 

3-57 

4.28 

5.00 

5.71 

7.14 

145 

3-44 

4.13 

4.82 

5.51 

6.89 

150 

3-33 

4.00 

4.66 

5.33 

6.66 

160 

3.20 

3-75 

4.40 

500 

6.40 

Greatest  Tunnels  in  the  World. 

Mount  St.  Gothard,  49,170  feet  long  (the  longest  m  the  world); 
Hount  Cenis,  40,620  feet  long;  Hoosac,  23,700  feet  long;  Thames, 
tfiBo  feet  long;  Harecastle,  8,778  feet  long;  Kilsby,  6,210  feet  long; 
Baltimore,  32,400  feet  long. 

^PLAYING-CARDS.  —  In  1882  there  were  manufiacturcd,  ia 
Ocnnany  alone^  4,soo»ooo  packs  of  playiog-cards. 


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271 


AUSTRALIAN    BALLOT  SYSTEM. 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  VOTERS 
In  Conformity  with  the  Illinois  State  Laws."*" 


When  entering  the  voting  place,  give  your  name,  and 
if  required,  your  residence,  to  the  Judges  of  Election. 

If  your  name  be  found  on  the  Register,  you  will  he 
permitted  to  enter  the  enclosed  space  inside  the  guard 
rail.  Then,  if  your  vote  be  not  challenged,  one  of  the 
Judges  will  hand  you  a  Ballot,  on  the  back  of  which  he 
must  write  his  initials.  If  your  name  be  not  on  the 
Register,  or  has  been  erased,  you  cannot  vote. 

If  your  vote  be  challenged  you  will  not  receive  a  Ballot 
until  you  have  established  your  right  to  vote,  either 
under  oath  to  the  Judges  of  Election,  or  by  affldavit. 

When  you  have  received  a  ballot  retire  at  once,  alone, 
into  one  of  the  voting  booths,  and  prepare  your  ballot 
for  the  ballot  box  by  marking  it  as  the  law  prescribes. 

At  the  top  of  each  column  you  will  find  the  name  of 
each  party  ticket  or  list  of  canidates,  as  Democratic, 
Republican,  Prohibition,  etc.  The  names  of  all  the  can- 
didates of  each  party  and  each  group  of  petitioners  are 
to  be  found  in  that  column  directly  beneath  the  name  of 
the  party,  and  nowhere  else.  ^ 

At  the  left  of  the  party  name,  or  heading  of  the  different 

tickets,  will  be  a  circle  half -inch  in  diameter,  thus: 
At  the  left  of  each  name  on  the  ballot  will  be  a  square 
quarter- inch  on  each  side,  thus:  |  |  To  prepare  your 
ballot  for  voting,  you  must  mark  it  with  a  cross,  thus: 
Xy  either  in  the  circle  at  the  top  of  the  ticket,  or  in  the 
square  before  the  name  of  each  candidate  for  whom  you 
wish  to  vote;  you  can  make  this  cross  either  with  a  pen 
or  pencil. 

Do  not  mark  your  ballot  in  any  way,  except  as  directed 
below,  and  do  not  erase  any  names." 

The  law  of  most  states  using  the  Australian  ballot 
system,  permits  four  methods  of  marking  the  ballots  for 
voting,  as  follows : 

1.  To  vote  for  all  condidates  of  a  party,  that  is  to  vote 
a  straight  party  ticket,  mark  a  cross  in  the  circle  at 

the  head  of  the  ticket  of  your  choice,  thus:         A  ballot 

so  marked  will  be  counted  for  all  the  candidates  in  the 
column  under  the  circle  so  marked. 


*  Similar  laws,  differing  only  in  iinimporta  it  details,  are  in  use- 
in  a  majority  of  the  States  of  the  Union. 


273 


2.  To  split  or  scratch  a  ballot  make  a  cross  in  the 
circle  at  the  head  of  the  ticket  of  your  choice,  and  then 
make  a  cross  in  the  square  before  the  name  or  names  of 
any  candidates  for  whom  you  want  to  vote  on  any  other 
ticket  or  tickets.  A  ballot  so  marked  will  be  counted  for 
all  of  the  candidates  on  the  ticket  under  the  circle 
marked,  except  for  the  offices  for  which  the  names  of 
candidates  are  marked  on  the  other  ticket  or  tickets  on 
the  ballot,  and  the  latter  will  be  counted  for  the  candi- 
dates marked  in  the  square  on  those  tickets.  But  voters 
are  cautioned  against  marking  a  ballot  by  this  method 
when  there  is  more  than  one  candidate  to  be  elected 
to  the  same  office  on  the  same  ballot,  as  in  case  of 
Presidential  Electors.  Congressman-at-Large,  etc.  The 
law  says:  "If  the  voter  marks  more  names  than  there 
are  persons  to  be  elected  to  an  office,  his  ballot  shall  not 
be  counted  for  such  office."  Therefore,  if  you  wish  to 
split  your  ticket  on  Presidential  Electors,  Congressmen- 
at-Large,  etc.,  you  should  do  so  by  placing  a  cross  (X) 
<)])p()site  the  names  of  all  those  you  wish  to  vote  for,  but 
yoii  must  be  careful  not  to  make  a  cross  (X)  opposite  the 
names  of  more  than  the  number  of  men  to  be  elected  for 
each  office.  When  there  is  but  one  candidate  to  be ' 
elected  to  the  same  office  on  the  same  ballot,  the  danger 
of  confusion  above  pointed  out  does  not  arise.  A  safe 
way  to  "  split "  a  ticket,  however,  is  to  mark  the  name  of 
each  candidate  for  whom  you  vrant  to  vote  in  the  squares 
and  leave  the  circle  blank. 

3.  Another  method  of  ninrldug  a  ballot,  that  is,  to 
vote  for  some  of  the  candiitcto  on  one  ticket  and  re- 
maining candidates  on  another  ticket,  leave  all  the 
circles  blank  and  mark  a  cross  in  the  square  to  the  left 
of  each  candidate  of  your  choice.  A  ballot  so  marked 
will  be  counted  only  for  the  candidate  marked.  But  be 
careful  not  to  mark  more  names  than  there  are  persons 
to  be  elected  to  office,  or  your  ballot  will  not  be  counted 
for  such  office. 

4.  If  the  voter  desires  to  vote  for  a  candidate  not  on 
the  ticket  of  his  choice,  he  may  write  in  the  name  of  the 
candidate  of  his  choice  in  the  blank  space  on  the  ticket, 
making  a  cross  (X)  before  the  name  written  in. 

'  Where  the  word  ballot  is  used  in  this  instruction  the 
entire  sheet  given  to  the  voter  by  the  Judge  of  Election 
is  meant. 

Where  the  word  ticket  is  used,  only  a  single  party 
group  of  candidates  is  meant. 

In  voting  on  any  proposition  submitted  to  vote,  and 
printed  on  the  ballot,  make  a  cross  (X),  mark  in  the 
ijolumn  opposite  the  headings    Yes  "  or  "  No,"  and  your 


ballot  will  be  counted  "for,"'  if  you  mark  opi:)oslle  "Yes,'» 
and  " against,"  if  you  mark  opposite  "No/' 

Before  leaving  the  voting  booth  fold  your  ballot  so  as 
to  conceal  the  marks,  and  to  exjjose  the  ofhcial  endorse- 
ment on  the  back. 

Leave  the  booth  and  hand  your  ballot  to  the  judge  i.u 
charge  of  the  ballot  box,  who,  without  numbering  it, 
must  deposit  it  in  the  box. 

You  will  not  be  allowed  to  occupy  a  voting  booth  v.'ith 
another  voter. 

You  Vv'ill  not  be  allowed  to  occupy  a  booth  more  than 
five  minutes,  if  others  are  waiting  to^vote. 

You  will  not  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the  enclosed 
space  more  than  ten  minutes,  and  you  must  quit  it  as 
soon  as  you  have  voted. 

You  will  not  be  allowed  to  re-enter  the  enclosed  space, 
after  you  have  voted,  during  the  election. 

You  will  not  be  allowed  to  take  a  ballot  from  the 
polling  place. 

You  will  not  be  allowed  to  vote  any  ballot  except  {  le 
one  you  received  from  the  judges. 

If  you  spoil  a  ballot  in  preparing  it,  you  must  returii  it 
and  ask  for  another  in  the  place  of  it.  Do  not  vote  a  torn 
or  mutilated  ballot. 

If  a  voter  will  declare  upon  oath  that  he  cannot  read 
the  English  language,  or  that  by  reason  of  physical  dis- 
ability he  is  unable  to  mark  his  ballot,  upon  request  he 
will  be  assisted  by  two  of  the  election  officers,  appointed 
for  that  purpos-.  of  opposite  political  parties.  These 
officers  will  mark  the  ballot  as  directed  by  the  voter. 

Intoxication  will  not  be  regarded  as  a  physical  dis- 
ability, and  if  a  voter  is  intoxicated,  he  will  receive  no 
assistance  in  marking  his  ballot. 

The  polls  will  be  opened  at  0  o'clock  in  the  morning^ 
and  closed  ar  !  .  "ir in  the  evenina-.  Between  these 
hours  voters  -i'  -  lo  absent  themselves  from  their 

place  of  emp;>  the  i:»eriofl  nf  nvo  hours  for  the 


their  employer  may  .-D-ciry  iho  'jvjars  ciiiring  which  they 
may  be  absent. 

These  are  the  prescriptions  of  the  law  as  practiced 
In  Illinois.  For  details  and  .flight  changes  in  other 
states,  consult  the  Election  (Commissioners  in  your 
district. 


purpose  of  vo  . 
for  their  abst  ^ 
their  wages  ( 
ask  for  leave  * 


t  o  any  penalty- 
lie  made  froro. 
ut  they  must 
i  election,  and 


274 

COST  OF  ROYALTY  IN  ENGLAND. 

Pounds  Reduced  to  Dollars. 

The  Queen—Privy  Purse  $  300,000 

Household  Expenses  and  Sundries  1,625,000 

 ^  $1,925,000 

Prince  of  Wales   200,000 

Princess  of  Wales  »   50,000 

Children  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (in  trust)   180,000 

Queen's  Children— German  Empress  Frederick  40,000 

Duke  of  Edinburgh   125,000 

Princess  Christian  of  Schleswig-Holstein. .  30,000 

Princess  Louise  (Lome)   30,000 

Duke  of  Connaught   125,000 

Princess  Beatrice  (Battenberg) .    30,000 

Duchess  of  Albany  (daughter-in-law)   30,000 

Queen's  Cousins— Duke  of  Cambridge   60,000 

Duchess  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz   15,000 

Duchess  of  Teck   25,000 

Other  Royal  Pensions,  together   125,305 

Total  $2,990,305 


RULES  FOR  SPELLING. 

Words  ending  in  e  drop  that  letter  before  the  termina- 
tion able,  as  in  move,  moveable;  unless  ending  in  ce  or  ge^ 
when  it  is  retained,  as  in  change,  changeable,  etc. 

Words  of  one  syllable,  ending  in  a  consonant,  with  a 
single  vowel  before  it,  double  the  consonants  in  deriva- 
tives; as,  ship,  shipping,  etc.  But  if  ending  in  a  conso- 
nant with  a  double  vowel  before  it,  they  do  not  double 
the  consonant  in  derivatives;  as  troop,  trooper,  etc. 

Words  of  more  than  one  syllable,  ending  in  a  consonant 
preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  and  accented  on  the  last 
syllable,  double  that  consonant  in  derivatives;  as  com- 
mit, committed ;  but  except  chagrin,  chagrined. 

All  words  of  one  syllable  ending  in  I,  with  a  single 
vowel  before  it,  have  double  U  at  the  close;  as  mill,  sell. 

All  words  of  one  syllable  ending  in  I,  with  a  double 
vowel  before  it,  have  only  one  I  at  the  close;  as  mail, 
sail. 

The  words  foretell,  distill,  instill  and  fulfill,  retain  the 
double  II  of  their  primitives.  Derivatives  of  dull,  skill, 
will  and  full  also  retain  the  II  when  the  accent  falls  on 
these  words;  as  dullness,  skillful,  willful,  fullnewsa. 


275 


Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  ending  in  /  have  only 
one  /  at  the  close;  as  delightful,  faimful;  unless  the 
accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable;  as  befall,  etc. 

^ords  ending  in  /,  double  the  letter  in  the  termina- 
tion ly. 

Participles  ending  in  ing^  from  verbs  ending  in  lose 
the  final  e;  as  have,  having;  make,  making,  etc.;  but 
verbs  ending  in  ee  retain  both;  as  see,  seeing.  The 
word  dye,  to  color,  however,  must  retain  the  e  before  ing^ 

All  verbs  ending  in  ly,  and  nouns  ending  in  ment,  retain 
the  e  final  of  the  primitives;  as  brave,  bravely;  refine, 
refinement;  except  words  ending  i-n  dge;  as  acknowledge^ 
acknowledgment. 

Nouns  ending  in  y,  preceded  by  a  vowel,  form  their 
plural  by  adding  s;  as  money,  moneys;  but  if^  is  pre- 
ceded by  a  consonant,  it  is  changed  to  ies  in  the  plural; 
as  bounty,  bounties. 

Compound  words  whose  primitives  end  in  y,  change  the 
^into as  beauty,  beautiful. 


THE  USE  OF  CAPITALS. 

1.  Every  entire  sentence  should  begin  with  a  capitaL 

2.  Proper  names,  and  adjectives  derived  from  these^ 
ihould  begin  with  a  capital. 

3.  All  appellations  of  the  Deity  should  begin  with  a 
capital. 

4.  Official  and  honorary  titles  begin  with  a  capital. 

5.  Every  line  of  poetry  should  begin  with  a  capitaL 

6.  Titles  of  books  and  the  heads  of  their  chapters  and 
divisions  are  printed  in  capitals. 

7.  The  pronoun  I  and  the  exclamation  O  are  always 
capitals. 

8.  The  days  of  the  week  and  the  months  of  the  year 
begin  with  capitals. 

9.  Every  quotation  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter. 

10.  Names  of  religious  denominations  begin  with 
capitals. 

II  In  preparing  accounts,  each  item  should  begin 
with  a  capital. 

12.  Any  word  of  very  special  importance  may  begip 
with  a  capitaL 


276 


Savings  Bank  Compound  Interest  Tabit, 


Showing  the  amount  of  $i,  from  i  year  to  15  years,  with 
Compound  Interest  added  semi-annually,  at  different  rates^ 


a  a 

u  a 

V  u 

^  1) 

Eigh 

V  V 

>  u 

>  u 

3  V 
0  w 

H  ^ 

4>  U 

V 

V 

Pi 

Ph 

15 

years. 

$4.32 

$3-74 

$3.24 

$2.80 

$2.42 

$2 

.09 

$z.8o 

$z.s6 

14 

3 

.62 

3-42 

2.99 

2  .62 

2 .28 

X 

•99 

z 

•73 

Z.51 

13 

u 

3 

•55 

3  14 

2.77 

2 

•44 

2.ZS 

I 

.90 

z 

.67 

X.47 

12 

3 

.22 

2.87 

2.56 

2 

.28 

2.03 

X.80 

X.60 

X.48 

11 

2 

.92 

2.63 

2.36 

2 

.  X3 

Z.9Z 

X 

.72 

X 

•54 

X.38 

10 

2 

65 

2.4Z 

2.Z9 

Z 

98 

z.80 

X 

■63 

X 

.48 

1-34 

m 

2 

52 

2.30 

2.Z0 

Z 

92 

1-75 

X 

•59 

X 

•45 

I -3a 

9 

2 

40 

2.20 

2.02 

z 

85 

z  .70 

X 

•55 

I 

.42 

I'll 

2 

29 

2 .  IZ 

1-94 

z 

79 

Z.65 

X 

52 

X 

•39 

1.28 

8 

2 

z8 

2 .02 

Z.87 

z 

73 

z  .60 

X 

48 

I 

37 

1.26 

2 

07 

1-93 

Z.80 

z 

67 

^•55 

X 

44 

X 

34; 

31 

1.24 

7 

X 

97 

Z.85 

1-73 

z 

6z 

151 

X 

41 

X 

123 

I 

88 

Z.77 

Z.66 

z 

56 

z  .46 

X 

37 

z 

29 

1. 21 

6 

I 

79 

z  .69 

X  .60 

z 

51. 

z  .42 

X 

34 

z 

26 

Z.X9 

I 

71 

z  .62 

1-53 

z 

45 

Z.38 

I 

31 

z 

24 

5 

« 

X 

62 

1-55 

z.48 

X 

41 

^•34 

X 

28 

z 

2X 

z.zo 

4M 

I 

55 

Z.48 

X.42 

I 

36 

Z.30 

X 

24 

z 

19 

Z.Z4 

4 

I 

47 

z  .42 

X.36 

X 

31 

X 

2Z 

z 

17 

3V2 

M 

I 

40 

Z.36 

I-3I 

X 

27 

z  .22 

X 

z8 

z 

14 

z.zo 

3 

I 

34 

z  .30 

X.26 

I 

22 

Z.19 

X 

15 

z 

Z2 

Z.09 

f 

I 

27 

Z.24 

X,2I 

X 

z8 

^•i5 

X 

13 

z 

ZO 

Z.07 

I 

21 

Z.Z9 

z.z6 

X 

14 

X  .X2 

X 

zo 

z 

08 

X.06 

VA 

z 

15 

Z.Z4 

I-Z2 

X 

zo 

X  .09 

X 

07 

z 

06 

X.04 

1 

U 

I 

zo 

z  .09 

Z.08 

I 

07 

X  .06 

X 

05 

z 

04 

1.03 

m 

z 

05 

Z.04 

Z.04 

X 

03 

X.O3 

X 

02 

I 

02 

1. 01 

ONE  DOLLAR  LOANED  zoo  YEARS  at  Compound  InteresI 
would  amount  to  the  following  sum ; 

94  per  cent  $2, 35 x,  799, 404.00    10  per  cent  $Z3,8o9.ofl 

18      "   x5,x45,207.oo     6      "   340.00 

"5      "   x,x74,40S.oo     3      "   X9.2S 

»      *   84,675.00     X      **   2,T^ 


Safe  Business  Rules. 

Business  men,  in  business  hours,  attend  only  to  busi- 
ness matters.  Social  calls  are  best  adapted  to  the  social 
circle.  Make  your  business  known  in  few  words,  without 
loss  of  time.    Let  your  dealings  with  a  stranger  be  most 


277 


carefully  considered,  and  tried  friendship  duly  appreciated) 
A  mean  act  will  soon  recoil,  and  a  man  of  honor  will  b« 
esteemed.  Leave  "  tricks  of  trade  "  to  thosa  whose  edu- 
cation was  never  completed.  Treat  all  with  respect, 
confide  in  few,  wrong  no  man.  Be  never  afraid  to  say  no, 
and  always  prompt  to  acknowledge  and  rectify  a  wrong. 
Leave  nothing  for  to-morrow  that  should  be  done  to-day. 
Because  a  friend  is  polite,  do  not  think  that  his  time  is 
valueless.  Have  a  place  for  every  thing,  and  everything 
in  its  place.  To  preserve  long  friendship,  keep  a  short 
credit;  the  way  to  get  credit  is  to  be  punctual;  the  way  to 
preserve  it  is  not  to  use  it  much.  Settle  often;  have  short 
accounts.  Trust  no  man's  appearances;  they  are  often 
deceptive,  and  assumed  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
credit.  Rogues  generally  dress  well.  The  rich  are  gen- 
ally  plain  men.  Be  well  satisfied  before  you  give  a  credit 
that  those  t^  whom«you  give  it  are  safe  men  to  be  trusted. 

Time  at,  which  Money  Doubles  at 
Interest. 

Rate  J>er  cent.          Simple  Interest.  Compound  Interest. 

zo  .10  years.  7  years  loo  days. 

 II  years  40  days.  8  years  i6  days. 

 12)^  years.  9  years     2  days, 

7  14  years  104  days.  lo  years  89  days. 

6  16  years  8  months.  11  years  327  days. 

5  20  years.  15  years   75  days. 

4^^  22  years  81  days.  15  years  273  days. 

4  25  years.  17  years  246  days. 

 28  years  208  days.  20  years  54  days. 

3  33  years  4  months.  23  years  164  days. 

aj^  40  years.  28  years  26  days. 

a  50  years.  35  years     i  day. 

Legal  Brevities. 

A  note  dated  on  Sunday  is  void.  A  note  obtamed  by 
fraud,  or  from  one  intoxicated,  is  void.  If  a  ndte  be  lost 
or  stolen,  it  does  not  release  the  maker,  he  must  pay  it. 
An  endorser  of  a  note  is  exempt  from  liability,  if  not 
served  with  notice  of  its  dishonor  within  24  hours  of  its 
non-payment.  A  note  by  a  minor  is  void.  Notes  bear 
interest  only  when  so  stated.  Principals  are  responsible 
for  their  agents.  Each  individual  in  partnership  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  whole  amount  of  the  debts  of  the  firm. 


278 


Ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one.  It  is  a  fraud 
to  conceal  a  fraud.  It  is  illegal  to  compound  a 
felony.  The  law  compels  no  one  to  do  impossibili- 
ties. An  agreement  without  consideration  is  void. 
Signatures  in  lead  pencil  are  good  in  law.  A  receipt 
for  money  is  not  legally  conclusive.  The  acts  of 
one  partner  bind  all  the  others.  Contracts  made 
on  Sunday  cannot  be  enforced.  A  contract  with 
a  minor  is  void.  A  contract  made  with  a  lunatic 
is  void.  Written  contracts  concerning  land  must 
be  under  seal 


AMERICAN  SHIPPING. 

United  States  Vessels,  1900. 


Class. 

Engaged  in 
Foreign  Trade. 

Engaged  in 
Coastwise  Trade. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ton- 
nage. 

Num- 
ber. 

Ton- 
nage.' 

Steamers  

Sailing-vessels  

Canal-boats  

Barges  

Total  

328 
|-  960 

337,356 
479,439 

6,715 
13,853 

2,316,455 
1,970,061 

1,288 

816,795 

20,568 

4,286,516 

The  entire  number  of  documented  vessels  was  23,333, 
of  which  7,053  were  steamers  and  16,280  were  vessels 
other  than  steamers,  all  aggregating  5,164,839  tons. 

The  estimated  value  of  the  whole  amount  of  floating 
property  under  the  flag,  according  to  the  census  of  1890, 
was  $215,069,296.  The  statistics  of  the  above  table  are 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1900. 


THE  CHILD'S  PROPHECIES. 

Monday's  child  is  fair  of  face; 
Tuesday's  child  is  full  of  grace; 
Wednesday's  child  is  merry  and  glad; 
Thursday's  child  is  sorry  and  sad; 
Friday's  child  is  loving  and  giving; 
Saturday's  child  must  work  for  his  living: 
Sunday's  child  is  blithe,  bonny*  good  and  gay- 


279 


TAX  ON  COMMERCIAL  TRAVELERS. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  places  and  amount  of  taxatioK^ 
on  commercial  travelers:  Alabama,  $15.50  per  yearf. 
Arizona,  $200  per  year;  Beaufort,  S.  C.,  $10  per  visits 
Bennettsville,  S.  C.,$i  per  visit;  Batesburg,  S.  C,  7jJ 
cents  per  day;  Charleston,  S.  C,  $10  per  month;  Cum«^ 
berland,  Md.,  $1  per  day;  Delaware,  $25  per  year;  Dead- 
wood,  D.  T.,  $5  per  week;  Darlington,  S.  C.,  $1;  East 
St.  Louis,  $2  per  day;  Elkton,  Md.,  percent,  on  stock 
carried;  Florida,  $25  per  year;  Hartwell,  Ga.,$5  per 
trip;  Johnston,  S.  C. ,  50  cents  per  day;  Lewistown^, 
Idaho,  $5  per  trip;  Montana,  $100  per  year  for  eacb 
county;  Memphis,  Tenn. ,  $10  per  week  or  $25  per  month;. 
Mobile,  Ala. ,  $3  per  day  or  $7  a  week;  Natchez,  Miss. 5. 
25  cents  per  day;  New  Orleans,  La. ,  $50  per  year;  New- 
port, Ky.,  $1  per  month;  North  Carolina,  $100  per  year;; 
Nevada,  $100  per  year;  Orangeburg,  S.  C. ,  $2  per  day;; 
St.  Matthews,  S.  C.,  $1  per  day;  San  Francisco,  Cal.,^ 
$25  per  quarter;  Texas,  $35  a  year;  Tucson,  Arizona^ 
$50  per  quarter;  Tombstone,  Arizona,  $10  per  day;  Vir- 
ginia, $75  per  year;  Wilmington,  N.  C,  $3  per  day^ 
Washington,  D.  C,  $200  per  year;  Walhalla,  S.  C,  $t 
per  day. 


Durability  of  Difierent  Woods, 

Experiments  have  been  made  by  driving  sticks,  made 
of  different  woods,  each  two  feet  long  and  one  and  one- 
half  inches  square,  ifiito  the  ground,  only  one-half  an  inch 
projecting  outward.  It  was  found  that  in  five  years,  all 
those  made  of  oak,  elm,  ash,  fir,  soft  mahogany,  and 
nearly  every  variety  of  pine,  were  totally  rotten.  Larch> 
hard  pine  and  teak  wood  were  decayed  on  the  outside 
ordy;  while  acacia,  with  the  exception  of  being  also 
slightly  attacked  on  the  exterior,  was  otherwise  sound. 
Hard  mahogany  and  cedar  of  Lebanon  were  in  tolerably- 
good  condition ;  but  only  Virginia  cedar  was  found  as 
good  as  when  put  in  the  ground.  This  is  of  some  im» 
portance  to  builders,  shriving  what  wood  should  be 
avoided^  and  what  others  f  vsed  by  preference  in  under- 
gfound  work. 

The  duration  of  wood,  wh'~\kept  dry,  is  very  great,  m 


280 


beams  still  exist  which  are  known  Isabel,  100  years 
old.  Piles  driven  by  the  Romans  prior  to  the  Christ- 
ian era,  have  been  examined  of  late,  and  found  per- 
fectly sound,  after  an  immersion  of  nearly  2, 000  years 

The  wood  of  some  tools  will  last  longer  than  the 
metals;  as  in  spades,  hoes  and  plows  In  other  tools 
the  wood  is  first  gone;  as  in  wagons,  wheel-bavrows 
and  machines.  Such  wood  snould  be  painted  or 
oiled;  the  paint  not  only  looks  well,  but  preserves 
the  wood;  petroleum  oil  is  as  good  as  any  other; 

Hardwood  stumps  decay  in  five  or  six  years; 
spruce  stumps  decay  in  about  the  same  time;  hem- 
lock stumps  in  eight  to  nine  years;  cedar,  eight  to 
nine  years;  pine  stumps,  never. 

Cedar,  oak,  yellow  pine  and  chestnut  are  the 
most  durable  w^oods  in  dry  places. 


The  States  and  the  Union.— thirteen  original  states. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

States. 

Ratmed  the 
Constitution. 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 

States. 

Ratified  the 
Constitution. 

Delaware, 

Pennsylv'a, 

New  Jersey 

Georgia, 

Conn. 

Mass. 

Maryland, 

1787,  Dec.  7. 

1787,  Dec.  12. 
mt  Dec.  18. 

1788,  Jan.  2. 
1788,  Jan.  9. 
1788,  Feb.  6. 
1788,  April  28. 

S  Carolina, 
New  Ham. 
Virginia, 
New  York, 
N.  Carolina 
R.  Island, 

1788,  May  23. 
1788,  June  21, 
1788,  June  25 

1788,  July  26. 

1789,  Nov.  21 

1790,  May  29. 

STATES  admitted  TO  THE  UNION. 

1 
2 

3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

States. 

Admitted. 

States. 

Admitted. 

Vermont, 
Kentucky, 
Tennessee, 
Ohio. 

Louisiana, 

Indiana, 

Mississippi 

Illinois, 

Alabama, 

Maine, 

Missouri, 

Arkansas, 

Michigan, 

Florida, 

Texas, 

Iowa, 

1791,  March  4. 
1792j  June  1, 
1796,  June  1. 
1802,  Nov.  29. 
1812,  April  30. 

1816,  Dec.  11. 

1817,  Dec.  10. 

1818,  Dec.  3. 

1819,  Dec- 14. 

1820,  March  15. 

1821,  Aug.  10. 
1836,  June  15. 
1937,  Jan.  26. 
1845,  March  3. 

1845,  Dec.  29. 

1846,  Dec.  28. 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 

Wisconsin, 

California, 

Minnesota., 

Oregon, 

Kansas, 

W.  Virginia 

Nevada, 

Nebraska, 

Colorado, 

N.  Dakota, 

S.  Dakota, 

Montana, 

Washing'n, 

Idaho, 

Wyoming. 

Utah  ) 

1848,  May  29. 
1850,  Sept.  9. 

1858,  May  11. 

1859,  Feb.  14. 
1861,  Jan.  29. 

1863,  June  19. 

1864,  Oct.  31. 
1867,  March  1. 
1876,  Aug.  1. 
1889,  Nov.  3. 
1889,  Nov.  3. 
1889,  Nov.  8. 

1889,  Nov.  11. 

1890,  July  3. 
1890,  July  8. 
1896,  Jan.  4. 

251 


iSATES  OF  POSTAOIB. 

Letters. — Prepaid  by  stamps,  2  cents  each  ounce  or 
fraction  thereof  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada; forwarded  to  another  postoffice  without  charge  on 
request  of  the  person  addressed;  if  not  called  for,  returned 
to  the  writer  free,  if  indorsed  with  that  request.  If  the 
stamp  is  omitted,  the  letter  is  forwarded  to  the  Dead 
Letter  Office,  and  returned  to  the  writer.  For  Regis- 
tering letters  the  charge  is  10  cents  additional.  Drop 
letters  at  letter-carrier  offices,  2  cents  per  ounce  or  frac- 
tion thereof;  at  other  offices,  i  cent  per  ounce  or  fraction 
thereof.  On  insufficiently  prepaid  matter  mailed  in  Can- 
ada, 3  cents  per  ^  ounce  or  fraction  thereof.  Stamped 
Postal  Cards,  furnished  only  by  Government,  i  cent  each. 
If  anything  except  a  printed  address  slip  is  pasted  on  a 
Postal  Card,  or  anything  but  the  address  written  on  the 
face,  letter  postage  is  charged.  Postage  on  all  newspapers 
and  periodicals  sent  from  newspaper  offices  to  any  part 
of  the  United  States,  to  regular  subscribers,  must  be  paid 
in  advance  at  the  office  of  mailing. 

Second-Class  Matter. — Periodicals  issued  at  regular 
intervals  —  at  least  four  times  a  year  —  and  having  a 
regular  list  of  subscribers,  with  supplement,  sample  cop- 
ies, I  cent  a  pound;  periodicals,  other  than  weekly,  if 
delivered  by  letter-carrier,  i  cent  each;  if  over  2  ounces, 
2  cents  each.  When  sent  by  other  than  publishers,  for  4 
ounces  or  less,  i  cent. 

Third'  Class  Matter  (not  exceeding  4  pounds).  — Printed 
matter,  books,  proof-sheets,  corrected  or  uncorrected, 
unsealed  circulars,  inclosed  so  as  to  admit  of  easy  inspec- 
tion without  cutting  cords  or  wrapper,  i  cent  for  each  2 
ounces. 

Fourth' Class  Matter. — Not  exceeding  4  po\  jnds,  em- 
bracing merchandise  and  samples,  excluding  liquids^ 
poisons,  greasy,  inflammable  or  explosive  articles,  live 
animals,  insects,  etc.,  i  cent  an  otmce.  Postage  to  Caa* 
ada  and  British  North  American  States,  2  cents  per 
ounce;  must  be  prepaid;  otherwise,  6  cents. 


282 


Knmber  ot  Tears  Seeds  Retain  Their  Vitality, 


Vegetables.  Years, 

Artichoke  ,  5  to  6 

Asparagus  2  to  3 

Beans  2  to  3 

Beets  3  to  4 

Eroccoli  5  to  6 

Cucumber  8  to  10 

Cauliflower  5  to  6 

Cress  3  to  4 

Carrots  .0  ;   .2  to  3 

Celery  ,  „  2  to  3 

Corn  (on  cob)  2  to  3 

Endive  5  to  6 

Egg  Plant    I  to  2 

-Leek  2  to  3 

Lettuce  3  to  4 

Melon  8  to  10 

Mustard  3  to  4 

Okra  .  .    3  to  4 

Onion  2  to  3 

Pea  5  to  6 

Pumpkin  8  to  10 

Parsley  ,  .  .  2  to  3 

Parsnip  2  to  4 

Pepper  2  to  3 

Rhubarb  3  to  4 

Squash  8toio 

Spinach  3  to  4 

Turnip  3to  6 

Tomato  2to  3 


HOW  TO  MIX  PAINTS  FOR  TINTS. 

Red  and  Black  makes  Brown 

Lake  and  White  makes  Rose 

White  and  Brown  makes  ^  .Chestnut 

White,  Blue  and  Lake  makes  .Purple 

/Blue  and  Lead  Color  makes. ,  , . . « .  .Pearl 


2»3 


White  an3  Carmine  makes  Pink 

Indigo  and  Lamp-Black  makes.  Silver  Graf 

White  and  Lamp-Black  makes.  •  •   .L^ad  Color 

Black  and  Venetian  Red  makes..  ,  .Chocolate 

White  and  Green  makes  Bright  Green 

Purple  and  White  makes  ,  French  White 

Light  Green  and  Black  makes  Dark  Green 

White  and  Green  makes  Pea  Green 

White  and  Eruerald  Green  makes. ..... .Brilliant  Green 

Red  and  Yellow  makes  Orange 

White  and  Yellow  makes.   ^ .  .Straw  Color 

White,  Blue  and  Black  makes  Pearl  Gray 

White,  Lake  and  Vermillion  makes  Flesh  Color 

Umber,  White  and  V enetian  Red  makes. . . . » . . .  .Drab 

White,  Yellow  and  Venetian  Red  makes  Cream 

Red,  Blue,  Black  and  Red  makes  „  Olive 

Yellow,  White  and  a  little  Venetian  Red  makes. .  ..BufF 


DEGREES  OF  HEAT  AND  COLD  REQUIRED 
ro  FREEZE,  MELT  AND  BOIL  THE  FOL- 
LOWING SUBSTANCES. 

Degrees  of  Heat  ABOVE  ZERO  at  which  the  follow* 
ing  articles  Melt. 

Cast  Iron  3j5oo 

Glass  2.dOO 

Copper  2,1^, 

Gold  1,983 

Brass  1,900 

Silver    1,850 

Antimony ,   950 

Zinc    ,   780 

Lead . . .  . ,   590 

Bismuth    476 

Tin....   420 

Gutta  jr  ercha   150 

Lard     96 

    35 


284 


Degrees  of  Cold  ABOVE  ZERO  at  which  the  following 
articles  Freeze. 

Turpentine  (Spirits)  ,  

Strong  Wine. ,  20 


Milk. 
Water  , 


29 
32 


Degrees  of  Heat  ABOVE  ZERO  at  which  the  following 
articles  Boil. 

Blood  Heat   98 

Alcohol   175 

Water  „  210 

Petroleum   305 

Linseed  Oil  c . ,  600 

Quicksilver  ,  630 


Tables  of  Weights  and  Measures. 

CUBIC  MEASURE. 
3,728  cubic  inches  i  cubic  foot,  27  cubic  feet  i  cubic  yard, 
128  cubic  feet  i  cord  (wood),  40  cubic  feet  i  ton 
(shipping),  2,150.42  cubic  inches  i  standard  bushel, 
268.8  cubic  inches  i  standard  gallon,  i  cubic  foot 
four-fifths  of  a  bushel. 

SURVEYOR'S  MEASURE. 
7.92  inches  I  link,  25  links  i  rod,  4  rods  i  chain,  10 
square  chains  or  160  square  rods  I  acre,  64Q  acres  I 
square  mile. 

LONG  i>lEASURE— DISTANCE. 

3  barleycorns  i  inch,  12  inches  i  foot,  3  feet  i  yard,  5^ 

yards  I  rod,  40  rods  i  furlong,  8  furlongs  i  mile. 
DRY  MEASURE. 
2  pints  make  i  quart,  8  quarts  make  i  peck,  4  pecks 
make  i  bushel,  36  bushels  make  i  chaldron. 
LIQUID  OR  WINE  MEASURE. 

4  gills  make  I  pint,  2  pints  make  i  quart,  4  quarts  make 

I  gallon,  ^i}4  gallons  make  1  barrel,  2  barrels  mak© 
I  hogshead. 


285 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 

20  grains  make  i  scruple,  3  scruples  make  i  drachm,  8 
drachms  make  i  ounce,  12  ounces  make  i  pound. 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

^  grains  make  i  pennyweight,  20  pennyweight  make  I 
ounce.  By  this  weight,  gold,  silver  and  jewels  only 
are  weighed.  The  ounce  and  pound  in  this  are 
same  as  in  Apothecaries'  weight. 

AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

6  drachms  make  i  ounce,  16  ounces  make  i  pound,  25 
pounds  make  i  quarter,  4  quarters  make  100  weight, 
2,000  pound-s  make  i  ton. 

CIRCULAR  MEASURE. 

60  seconds  make  i  minute,  60  minutes  make  i  degree,  30 
degrees  make  i  sign,  90  degrees  make  i  quadrant,  4 
quadrants  or  360  degrees  make  i  circle. 

TIME  MEASURE. 

60  seconds  make  i  minute,  60  minutes  make  i  hour,  24 
hours  make  I  day,  7  days  make  i  week,  4  weeks 
make  i  lunar  month,  28,  29,  30,  or  31  days  make  I 
calendar  month  (30  days  make  i  month  in  computing 
interest),  52  weeks  and  i  day,  or  12  calendar  months 
make  i  year,  365  days,  5  hours,  48  minutes,  and  49 
seconds  make  i  solar  year. 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

144  square  inches  i  square  foot,  9  square  feet  i  square 
yard,  30X  square  yards  i  square  rod,  40  square  rods  i 
rood,  4  roods  i  acre. 

CLOTH  MEASURE. 

2%  inches  i  nail,  4  nails  i  quarter,  4  quarters  i  yard. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

3  inches  i  palm,  4  inches  i  hand,  6  inches  i  span,  1 8 
inches  i  cubit,  21.8  inches  i  Bible  cubit,  2%  feet  l 
military  pace. 


286 


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POLITICAL  INFORMATION. 


Kesult  of  the  Electoral  College  Proceedings  by  States 
from  1789  to  and  including  1896. 


1789,  Washington  and  ADAMS^Wa.shington  had  the  votes  of 
all  the  states,  viz.,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia;  total,  69  votes. 

Adams  had  all  of  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  5  of  the  7  of 
Connecticut,  1  of  the  6  of  New  Jersey,  8  of  the  10  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, 5  of  the  10  of  Virginia;  total,  34. 

1793,  Washington  and  Adams— Washington  had  the  votes  of 
all  the  states,  viz..  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  V^irginia,  Kentucky,  Noith  Carolina, 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  total,  132. 

Adams  carried  all  these  states  with  the  exception  of  New  York, 
Virg'inia,  Kentucky,  North  Carolina  and  Georgia;  total,  77  votes. 

1797,  Adams  and  Jefferson— Adams  had  the  votes  of  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont, 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  1  of  the  15  of  Pennsylvania,  1 
of  the  20  of  Virginia,  1  of  the  12  of  North  Carolina,  and  7  of  the 

11  of  Maryland;  total,  71. 

Thomas  Jefferson  had  14  of  the  15  votes  of  Pennsylvania,  4  of 
the  11  of  Maryland,  20  of  the  21  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  11  of  the 

12  of  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina; 
total,  68. 

1801,  Jefferson  and  Burr— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  New 
York,  8  of  the  15  of  Pennsylvania,  5  of  the  10  of  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky ,  8  of  the  12  of  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia;  total,  73.  House  decided  Jefferson  Presi- 
dent, and  Burr  Vice-President. 

Adams  and  Pinckney— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont, 
New  Jersey,  7  of  the  15  of  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  5  of  the  10  of 
Maryland,  and  4  of  the  12  of  North  Carolina;  total,  65. 

1805,  Jefferson  and  Clinton— Had  the  votes  of  states  of  New 
Hampshii'e,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Vermont,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Kentucky  and  Ohio;  total,  162. 

Pinckney  and  King -Had  the  votes  of  states  Connecticut,  Dela- 
ware, and  2  of  the  11  of  Maryland;  total,  14. 

1809,  Madison  and  Clinton— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
Vermont,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  9  of  the  11  of 
Maryland,  Virginia,  11  of  the  14  of  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Ohio;  total,  122. 

Pinckney  and  King— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  New  York, 
Massachusetts.  Rhode  Island.  Connecticut,  Delaware.  2  of  the  11  of 
Maryland  and  3  of  the  14  of  North  Cai'olina;  total,  47. 


288 


1813,  Madison  and  Gerry— Carried  Vermont,  Pennsylvania,  0 
of  the  11  of  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina^ 
Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio  and  Louisiana;  total,  128. 

Clinton  and  Ingersoll— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Delaware  and  5  of  the  11  of  Maryland;  total,  89. 

1817,  Monroe  AND  Tompkins— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
New  Hanip.shii  e,  Rliode  Island,  Vermont,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Mo  rylajid,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia.  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio,  Louisiana  and  Indiana; 
total,  183. 

King  and  Howard— Had  the  votes  of  thestatesof  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut  and  Delaware;  total  34. 

1821,  Monroe  and  Tompkins  -  Had  the  votes  of  every  state  in 
the  Union;  total,  231. 

Adams  and  Stockton— Adams  had  1  vote  of  the  8  of  New- 
Hampshire,  and  Stockton  8  of  the  15  of  Massachusetts. 

1825,  Adams  and  Calhoun— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
Vermont,  26  of  the  36  of  New  York,  1  of  the  3  of  Delaware,  3  of 
the  11  of  Maryland,  2  of  the  5  of  Louisiana,  and  1  of  the  3  of 
Illingis;  total  84  for  Adams.  Calhoun  for  Vice-President  carried 
several  states  that  Adams  did  not  carrj^,  and  had  a  total  of  182 
votes. 

Crawford— Had  5  of  the  36  votes  of  New  York,  2  of  the  3  of 
Delaware,  and  1  of  the  11  of  Maryland,  Virginia  and  Georgia; 
total,  41. 

Jackson — Had  1  of  the  36  votes  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, 7  of  the  11  of  Maryland.  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  3  of  the  5  of  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Indiana,  Illinois 
and  Alabama;  total,  99. 

Clay— Ha4  4  of  the  36  votes  of  New  York,  Kentucky,  Ohio  and 
Missouri;  total,  37.^ 

No  choice  by  the  electoral  college,  it  devolving  upon  House  of 
Representatives.  A  choice  was  reached  on  first  ballot  as  follows: 
Adams — Connecticut,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Louisiana,  JIaine,  Mary- 
land, Massachusetts,  Missouri,  New  Hampshire.  New  York,  Ohio, 
Rhode  Island  and  Vermont;  13  states,  Jackson — Alabama,  In- 
diana, Missoui'i,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina  and 
Tennessee;  7  states.  Crawford— Delaware,  Georgia,  North  Carp- 
lina  and  Virginia;  4  states. 

1829,  Jackson  and  Calhoun— Had  1  of  the  votes  of  the  9  of 
Maine,  20  of  the  36  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  5  of  the  11  of 
Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina.  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee.  Ohio,  Indiana,  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Alabama  and 
Missouri;  total,  178. 

Adams  and  Rush— Had  8  of  the  9  votes  of  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  16  of 
the  36  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  6  of  the  11  of 
Maryland;  total,  83. 

1833.  Jackson  and  Van  Buren— Had  the  votes  of  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  3  of  the  8  of 


289 


Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Ohio, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Alabama  and  Missouri: 
total  219. 

Clay  and  Sergeant — Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Massachu- 
setts. Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  5  of  the  8  of  Marylandl, 
and  Kentucky;  total,  49. 

1837,  Van  Buren  and  Johnson— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Louisiana,  Mississippi, 
Illinois,  Alabama,  Missoun,  Arkansas  and  Michigan;  total,  170. 

Harrison  and  Granger— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Ver 
mont,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Kentucky,  Ohio  and  Indi- 
ana; total,  73. 

1841.  Harrison  and  Tyler— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  N«w 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Marj'land,  North  Cc^'o- 
lina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio,  Louisiana,  Mississippi, 
Indiana  and  Michigan;  total,  234. 

Van  Buren — Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  New  Hampshire, 
Virginia,  South  Carolina,  Illinois,  Alabama,  Missouri  and  Arkansas; 
t€»tal,  60. 

1845,  Polk  and  Dallas— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Alabama, 
Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Michigan;  total,  170. 

Clay  and  Frelinghuysen— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland, 
North  Carolina,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Ohio;  total,  105. 

1849,  Taylor  and  Fillmore— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
Massachusetts,  Rhode  leland,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  North  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennesb'^e,  Louisiana  and  Florida;  total,  163. 

Cass  and  Butler— Had  tbe  votes  of  the  states  of  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  Ohio,  Mississippi,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Alabama,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Michigan,  Texas,  Iowa  and 
Wisconsin;  total,  127. 

1853,  Pierce  and  King— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  Yoik,  New  Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Ohio,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Alabama,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Michigan,  Florida,  Texas, 
Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  California;  total,  254. 

Scott  and  Graham— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Massachu- 
setts,  Vermont,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  total,  42. 

1857,  Buchanan  and  Breckinridge— Had  the  votes  of  the 
states  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Louisiana, 
Mississippi,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Alabama,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Florida, 
Texas  and  California;  total,  174. 

'^Fremont  and  Dayton — Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Ver- 
mont, Ohio,  New  York,  Michigan,  Iowa  and  Wisconsin;  total,  114. 


290 


r-'iLLMORE  AND  DoNELSON— Had  the  Totes  of  the  state  of  Mary- 
land; total,  8. 

1861,  Lincoln  and  Hamlin— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,. 
Vermont,  New  York,  4  of  the  7  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Iowa,  "Wisconsin,  California,  Minnesota, 
and  Oregon;  total,  180. 

Breckinridge  and  Lane— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  North  Carolina,  South  Cg.rolina,  Georgia,  Louis- 
fana,  Blississippi,  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida  and  Texas;  total,  72. 

Douglas  and  Johnson— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Missouri,, 
and 3  of  the  7  of  New  Jersey;  total,  12. 

Bell  and  Everett— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Virginia, 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee;  total,  39. 

■•^tjS,  Lincoln  and  Johnson— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
l^rame,  NeAv  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
Vermont,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Missouri,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  California.  Minnesota, 
Oregon,  Kansas,  West  Virginia  and  Nebraska;  total,  212. 

McClellan  and  Pendleton— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  New 
Jersey,  Delaware  and  Kentucky ;  total,  21. 

Eleven  states  did  not  vote,  viz. :  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,. 
Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Texas  and  Virginia. 

1869,  Grant  and  Colfax— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Maine,. 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecti- 
cut, Pennsylvania,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Alabama,  Ohio, 
Tennessee,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Michigan,  Florida,, 
Iowa,  Wisconsin,  California,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  West  Virginia, 
^vada  and  Nebraska;  total,  214. 

Seymour  and  Blair— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  New  York. 
New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Kentucky 
and  Oregon;  total,  80. 

Three  states  did  not  vote,  viz. :    Mississippi,  Texas  and  Virginia. 

1873,  Grant  and  Wilson— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont, Massachusetts,Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,. 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Alabama,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missis- 
sippi, Michigan,  Florida,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  California,  Minnesota,, 
Oregon,  Kansas,  West  Virginia,  Nebraska  and  Nevada;  total,  286. 

Greeley  and  Brown— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of  Maryland, 
Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Missouri  and  Texas:  total,  63. 

Three  electoral  votes  of  Georgia  cast  for  Greeley,  and  the  votes 
©f  Arkansas,  5,  and  Louisiana,  8,  cast  for  Grant,  were  rejected. 

1877,  Hayes  and  Wheeler— Had  the  votes  of  the  states  of 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  Ohio,  Louisiana,  Illinois,  Michigan, 
Florida,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  California,  Minnesota,  Oregon,  Kansas, 
Nevada,  Nebraska  and  Colorado;  total,  185. 


291 


TlLDKN  AND  HENDRICKS— Had  votes  of  Connecticut,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Indiana,  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
Mississippi,  Texas  and  West  Virginia;  total,  184, 

1881,  Garfield  and  Arthur — Had  votes  of  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Iowa,  Wis- 
consin, 1  of  the  6  of  California,  Minnesota,  Oregon,  Kansas,  Ne- 
braska and  Colorado;  total,  214. 

Hancock  and  English— Had  votes  of  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
ilaryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Louisiana,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Missis- 
sippi, Florida,  Texas,  5  of  the  6  of  California,  West  Virginia  and 
"Nebraska;  total,  155. 

1884,  Cleveland  and  Hendricks— Had  votes  of  Alabama, 
Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Florida,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Ken- 
Uicky,  Louisiana,  Maryland,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia^ 
West  Virginia;  total,  203. 

Blaine  and  Logan— Had  votes  of  California,  Colorado,  Illinois, 
owa,  Kansas,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michgan,  Minnesota,  Ne- 
Ibraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire,  'Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania, 
Khode  Island,  Vermont,  Wisconsin;  total,  166. 

r888,  Harrison  AND  Morton— Had  votes  of  Cal..  Colo,,  III.,  Ind., 
Jbwa,  Kans.,  Me.,  Mass.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  Nev.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y..  Ohio, 
&re.,  Pa., R.  I.,  Vt.,  Wis.;  total,  233. 

Cleveland  and  Thurman— Had  votes  of  Ala.,  Ark.,  Conn.,  Del.,, 
Fla.,  Ga.,  Ky.,  La., Md.,  Miss.,  Mo.,N.  J.,  N.  C,  S.  C,  Tenn.,  Tex.,Va., 
W.  Va.,  total,  168. 

1892.  Cleveland  and  Stevenson— Had  votes  of  Ala.,  Ark.,  Cal.^, 
Conn.,  Del.,  Fla.,  Ga.,  111.,  Ind.,  Ky.,  La.,  Md.,  Mich.  (5),  Miss.,  Mo.. 
N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  N.  C,  N.  D.  (1),  S.  C,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  Va.,  W.  Va.,  Wis.  ^ 
total,  276. 

Harrison  and  Rkid— Iowa,  Me.,  Mass.,  Mich.  (9),  Minn.,  Mont., 
l^eb.,  N.  m,  N.  D.  (1),  Ohio,  Ore.,  Pa.,  R.  I.,  S.  D.,  Vt,,  Wash.,  Wy.; 
total,  145. 

Weaver  and  Field  (Populists)— Colo,,  N.  D.  (1),  Idaho,  Kans., 
Nev.,  Ore.  (1);  total,  22. 

1896'  McKiNLEY  AND  HoBART— Had  votes  of  Cal.  (8),  Conn.,  Del., 
111.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  Ky.  (12),  Me.,  Md.,  Mass.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  N.  H.,  N.  J., 
N.  Y.,  N.  D.,  Ohio,  Ore.,  Pa.,  R.  I.,  Vt.,  W.  Va.,  Wis.;  total,  271. 

Bryan  and  Sewall— Had  votes  of  Ala..  Ark.,  Cal,  (1),  Colo.,  Fla., 
6a.,  Idaho,  Kans.,Ky.  (1),  La.,  Miss..  Mo.,  Mont.,  Neb.,  Nev.,  N.  C, 
S.  C,  S.  D.,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  Utah,  Va.,  Wash.,  Wyo.;  total,  176.  (Pop- 
ulist Watson  took  27  votes  from  Sewall.) 

1900.  McKiNLKY  AND  RoosEVELT— Had  votes  of  Cal.,  Conn.,  Del., 
111.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  Kans.,  Me.,  Md.,  Mass.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Neb.,  N.  H., 
N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  N.  D.,  Ohio,  Ore.,  Pa.,  R.  I.,  S.  D.,  Utah,  Vt.,  Wash.,  W. 
Va.,  Wis.,  Wyo.;  total,  292- 

Bryan  and  Stevenson -Had  votes  of  Colo.,  Fla.,  Ga.,  Idaho,  Ky., 
La..  Miss.,  Mo.,  Mont.,  Nev.,  N.  C,  S.  C,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  Va.;  to- 
tal, 156. 


292 


'    U.  S.  MILITARY  ACADEHY  AT  WEST  POINT. 

Each  Senator,  Congressional  District,  and  Territory— 
also  the  District  of  Columbia— is  entitled  to  have  one  ca- 
det at  the  Academy.  There  are  also  thirty  appointments 
at  large,  specially  conferred  by  the  President  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  The  number  of  students  is  thus  limited  to 
four  hundred  and  eighty-one.  At  present  (1901)  there  are 
three  extra  cadets  at  the  Academy,  who  were  author- 
ized by  Congress  to  enter  it  at  their  own  expense  from 
Venezuela,  Costa  Rica,  and  Ecuador. 

Appointments  are  usually  made  one  year  in  advance 
of  date  of  admission,  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  upon  the 
nomination  of  the  iSenator  or  Representative.  These 
nominations  mayjeither  be  made  after  competitive  exam- 
ination or  given  direct,  at  the  option  of  the  Represen- 
tative. The  Representative  may  nominate  a  legally  qual- 
ified second  candidate,  to  be  designated  the  alternate. 
The  alternate  will  receive  from  the  War  Department  a 
letter  of  appointment,  and  will  be  examined  with  the  reg- 
ular appointee,  and  if  duly  qualified  will  be  admitted  to 
the  Academy  in  the  event  of  the  failure  of  the  principal 
to  pass  the  prescribed  preliminary  examinations.  Ap- 
pointees to  the  Military  Academy  must  be  between  seven- 
teen and  twenty-two  years  of  age,  free  from  any  infirmity 
which  may  render  them  unfit  for  military  service,  and 
able  to  pass  a  careful  examination  in  reading,  writing, 
orthography,  arithmetic,  grammar,  geography,  and  his- 
tory of  the  United  States. 

The  course  of  instruction,  wlich  is  quite  thorough,  re- 
quires four  years,  and  is  largely  mathematical  and  pro- 
fessional. The  principal  subjects  taught  are  mathemat- 
ics, French,  drawing,  drill  regulations  of  all  arms  of  the 
service,  natural  and  experimental  philosophy,  chemistry, 
chemical  physics,  mineralogy,  geology,  electricity,  his- 
tory, international,  constitutional  and  military  law, 
Spanish,  civil  and  military  engineering,  art  and  science 
of  war,  and  ordnance  and  gunnery.  About  one-fourth 
of  these  appointed  usually  fail  to  pass  the  preliminary 
examinations,  and  but  little  over  one-half  the  remainder 
are  finally  graduated.  'The  discipline  is  very  strict— even 
more  so  than  in; the  army — and  the  enforcement  of  pen- 
alties tor  offences  is  inflexible  rather  than  severe.  Acad- 
emic duties  begin  Sept,  1  and  continue  until  June  1. 
Examinations  are  held  in  each  Januarj'  and  June,  and 
cadets  found  proficient  in  studies  and  correct  in  conduct 
are  given  the  particular  standing  in  their  class  to  which 
their  merits  entitle  them,  while  those  cadets  deficient  in 
either  conduct  or  studies  are  discharged. 

From  about  the  middle  of  June  to  the  end  of  August 
cadets  live  in  camp,  engaged  only  in  military  duties  and 
receiving  practical  military  instruction.  Cadets  are  al- 

/ 


293 


lowed  but  one  leave  of  absence  during:  the  four  years* 
course,  and  this  is  granted  at  the  expiration  of  the  first 
two  years.  The  pay  of  a  cadet  is  $540  per  year,  and,  with 
proper  economy,  sufficient  for  support.  The  number  of 
students  at  the  Academy  is  usually  about  four  hundred 
and  twenty-five. 

Upon  graduating,  cadets  are  commissioned  as  second 
lieutenants  in  the  United  States  Army.  The  whole  num- 
ber of  graduates  from  1802  to  1900,  inclusive,  has  been 
three  thousand  nine  hundred  and  ninety-three  ^(3,993). 
It  is  virtually  absolutely  necessary  for  a  person  seeking 
an  appointment  to  apply  to  his  Senator~or  Member  of 
Congress.  The  appointments  by  the  President  are  usually 
restricted  to  sons  of  officers  of  the  army  andn.navy,  who, 
by  reason  of  their  shifting  residence,  due  to  the  neces-, 
sities  of  the  service,  find  it  next  to  impossible  to  obtain 
an  appointment  otherwise. 

The  Academy  was  established  by  act  of  Congress  in 
1802.  An  annual  Board  of  Visitors  is  appointed,  seven 
being  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
two  by  the  President  of  the  Senate,  and  three  by  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  They  visit  the 
Academy  in  June,  and  are  present  at  the  concluding  exer- 
cises of  the  graduating  class  of  that  year. 

The  two  oldest  living  graduates  of  the  Military  Acad- 
emy are  Joseph  Smith  Bryce,  of  New  York,  1829,  and 
Thomas  A.  Morris,  of  Indianapolis,  1834. 


U.  S.  NAVAL  ACADEMY  AT  ANlSfAPOLIS. 

There  are  allowed  at  the  Academy  one  naval  cadet  for 
each  Member  or  Delegate  of  the  United  States  House  of 
Representatives,  one  for  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
ten  at  large.  The  appointment  of  cadets  at  large  and  for 
the  District  of  Columbia  is  made  by  the  President.  The 
Sec^retary  of  the  Navy,  as  soon  after  March  5  in  each  year 
as  possible,  must  notify,  in  writing,  each  Member  and 
Delegate  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  any  vacan- 
cy that  may  exist  in  his  district.  The  nomination  of  a 
candidate  to  fill  the  vacancy  is  made,  on  tiie  recommend- 
ation of  the  Member  or  Delegate,  by  the  Secretary.  Can- 
didates must  be  actual  residents  of  the  districts  from 
which  they  are  nominated. 

The  course  of  naval  cadets  is  six  years,  the  last  two  of 
which  are  spent  at  sea.  Candidates  at  the  time  of  their 
examination  for  admission  must  not  be  under  fifteen  nor 
over  twenty  years  of  age  and  physicallv  sound,  well 
formed  and  of  robust  constitution.  They  are  examined 
mentally  by  the  academic  board  in  reading,  writing,  spell- 
ing, arithmetic,  geography,  English  granimer,  United 
States  history,  algebra  through  quadratic  equations,  and 


294 

plane  geometry  (five  books  of  Chauvenet's  Geometry,  or 
an  equivalent).  Deficiency  in  any  one  of  these  subjects 
may  be  sufficient  to  insure  the  rejection  of  the  candidate. 
They  enter  the  Academy  immediately  after  passing  the 
prescribed  examinations,  and  are  required^to  sign  articles 
binding  themselves  to  serve  in  the  United  States  Navy 
eight  years  (including  the  time  of  probation  at  the  Naval 
Academy),  unless  sooner  discharged.  The  pay  of  a  naval 
cadet  is  $500  a  year,  beginning  at  the  date  of  admission. 

Appointments  to  fill  all  vacancies  that  may  occur  dur- 
ing a  year  in  the  lower  grades  of  the  Line  of  the  Navy  and 
of  the  Marine  Corps  will  be  made  from  .the  naval  cadets» 
graduates  of  the  year,  at  the  conclusion  of  their  sixyears*^ 
course,  in  the  order  of  merit  as  determined  by  the  Acad- 
emic Board  of  the  Naval  Academy. 

At  least  fifteen  appointments  from  such  graduates  ar  • 
made  each  year.  Surplus  graduates  who  do  not  receive 
appointments  are  given  a  certificate  of  graduation,  an 
honorable  discharge,  and  one  year's  sea  pay, 

The  Academy  was  founded  in  1845  by  the  Hon.  George 
Bancroft,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  in  the  Aministration  of 
President  Polk.  It  was  formally  opened  October  10  of 
that  year,  with  Commander  Franklin  Buchanan  as  Sup- 
erintendent. During  the  Civil  War  it  was  removed  from 
Annapolis,  Md.  to  Newport,  R.  I.,  but  was  returned  to  the 
former  place  in  1865.  It  is  under  the  direct  supervision 
of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  Navy  Department. 


THE  MARRIAGEABLE  AGE. 

The  "marriageable  age"  varies  greatly.  In  Austria  a 
*'man"  and  "woman"  of  14  are  supposed  to  be  capable  of 
conducting  a  home  of  their  own.  In  Germany  the  man 
must  be  at  least  18  years  of  age.  In  France  and  Belgium 
the  man  must  be  18  and  the  woman  15.  In  Spain  the  in- 
tended husband  must  have  passed  his  14th  year  and  the 
woman  her  12th.  The  law  in  Hungary,  for  Roman  Cath- 
olics, is  that  the  man  must  be  14  years  old,  the  woman  12; 
for  Protestants,  the  man  must  be  18  and  the  woman  15. 
In  Greece,  the  man  must  have  seen  at  least  14  summers 
and  the  woman  12.  In  Portugal  a  boy  of  14  is  consid- 
ered marriageable,  and  a  woman  of  12.  In  Russia  and 
Saxony  they  are  more  sensible,  and  a  youth  must  refrain 
from  matrimony  till  he  can  count  18  years,  and  the  wo- 
man till  she  can  count  16.  ^  In  Switzerland  men  from  the 
age  of  14  and  women  from  the  age  of  12  are  allowed  to 
marry. 

The  Turkish  law  provides  that  any  youth  and  maid  who 
can  walk  properly  and  can  understand  the  necessary  ser* 
vice  are  allowed  to  be  united  for  life. 


WHAT  IT  COSTS  TO  CLOTHE  UNCL6  SAH'S 
SOLDIERS. 

'The  allowance  for  privates  includes,  for  tne  three  years* 
term,  two  woolen  blankets,  three  lined  blouses,  two  un- 
lined  blouses,  two  pairs  of  boots  for  mounted  troops, 
four  forage  caps,  four  ornaments  for  forage  caps,  three 
canvas  fatigue  coats,  one  uniform  dress  coat,  thirty-six 
linen  collars,  nine  pairs  of  drawers,  two  pairs  of  leather 
gauntlets,  twenty-four  pairs  of  gloves  for  foot  troops  or 
twelve  pairs  for  mounted  troops,  foua  campaign  hats, 
one  helmet,  one  overcoat,  seven  dark  blue  flannel  shirts, 
nine  wool  knit  shirts,  three  pairs  of  barracks  shoes,  eight 
pairs  of  shoes  for  foot  troops  or  five  pairs  for  mounted 
troops,  together  with  two  pairs  of  stable  shoes.  The  list 
also  includes  eighteen  pairs  of  cotton  stockings  and. 
twelve  pairs  of  woolen  stockings,  three  pairs  of  suspend- 
ers, three  pairs  of  canvas  fatigue  trousers,  seven  pairs  of 
kersey  trousers,  seven  pairs  of  striped  trousers. 

This  outfit  is  valued  at  $125.37,  and  if  when  the  final 
accounting  is  made  it  is  found  that  the  soldier  has  over- 
drawn his  account  he  is  charged  with  the  difference, 
which  is  taken  out  of  his  retained  pay.  If,  on  the  other- 
hand,  he  has  made  requisition  for  less  clothing  than  the 
regulations  allow,  his  account  is  credited  with  the  differ- 
ence, which  he  receives  in  cash.  For  that  reason  it  is  to 
the  soldier's  interest  to  be  economical  and  make  his 
clothes  last  as  long  as  possible. 


THE  EFFECTS  OF  HACHINE  LABOR  UPON  WAGES. 

The  U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Labor,  in  his  Thirteenth. 
Annual  Report  deals  2  exhaustively  with  hand  and 
Iiiachine  labor  except  as  to  the  effect  of  the  use  of 
machinery  opei-ated  by  women  and  children  upon  wages 
and  as  to  whether  changes  in  the  creative  cost  of  pro- 
ducts are  due  to  a  lack  or  surplus  of  labor,  or  to  the  in- 
troduction of  power  machinery.  Machinery  has  lowered 
the  cost  of  production:  but  the  hand  method  of  produc- 
tion is  still  extensive,  though  steadily  going  out  of  use. 
Some  comparisons  are  made  as  follows  :  Ten  plows, 
which  cost  1.54.46  by  hand  labor  and  which  employed  two 
men  for  1,108  hours,  cost,  when  made  by  machinery,  $7.50, 
employing  52  men  for  37  hours,  28  minutes.  One  hun- 
dred blank  books  cost,  when  made  by  hand,  $219.79,  and 
employed  3  men  for  1,272  hours;  they  cose,  when  mada 
by  machinery,  $69.97,  employing  20  men  for  245  hours. 
Ruling  100  reams  of  paper  cost,  when  done  by  hand,  $400, 
and  employed  1  person  4,800  hours;  when  done  by 
machinery  it  cost  85  cents,  and  employs  2  persons  lur  2. 
hours,  45  minutes.   One  hundred  pairs  of  men's  fine 


296 


boots,  when  mads  by  hand  cost  $556.27,  and  emploj^ed  1 
person  2,225  hours;  when  made  by  machinery  they  cost 
$74.39,  and  employed  140  men  during  a  total  of  296  hours. 


VALUE  OF  FARM  CROPS  IN  1900. 

The  January  Bulletin  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
gives  the  value  of  the  principal  farm  crops  of  the  United 
States  grown  in  1900.   The  figures  are  as  follows  : 

Corn  $751,220,034 

Wheat   323,515,177 

Oats   208,669,233 

Barley   24,075,271 

Kye   12,295,417 

Buckwheat    5,341,413 

Potatoes   90.811,167 

Hay   445,538,870 

It  appears  that,  next  to  the  corn  crop,  hay  is  the  most 
valuable  of  the  northern-grown  farm  products. 


THE  OLDEST  AMERICAN  FORT. 

Standing  wbere  the  Susquehanna  splits  itself  into  the 
north  and  south  branches,  is  old  Fort  Augusta,  the  vet- 
eran stronghold  of  the  United  States.  Beside  a  modern 
fort  it  would  look,  in  size,  like  a  dog  alongside  of  an 
elephant.  It  is  now  the  property  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Isaac 
Gross  of  Sunbury,  Pa,,  and  is  located  in  a  field  about 
165  feet  from  the  river  bank. 

It  was  built  in  1756.  after  plans  by  Col.  Gordon,  as  a 
protection  against  the  French  and  hostile  Indians,  and 
was  named  after  the  mother  of  George  III.  In  shape  i% 
closely  resembles  a  bake  oven,  and  its  interior  is  curious 
and  interesting.  A  small  mound  of  earth  marks  the 
spot,  with  an  opening  in  the  ground  two  and  one-half 
feet  wide.  Twelve  four-inch  stone  steps  lead  below.  On 
descending  the  ground  space  inside  is  found  to  be  10x12 
feet,  and  eight  feet  from  the  other  to  the  apex  of  the 
arched  ceiling.  The  arch  is  brick,  and  commences  in  an 
offset  purposely  made  in  the  wall  five  feet  above  the 
ground  floor.  The  bricks  are  said  to  be  of  English  man- 
ufacture. 

Its  location  at  the  forks  of  the  Susquehanna  had  strong 
strategic  advantages,  as  it  held  the  cbief  passage  by  wat- 
erway from  the  north  of  the  state.  When  completed,  it 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  of  all  the  fort- 
ifications erected  on  the  frontiers  of  the  provinces,  Its 
original  armament  consisted  of  12  cannons  and  two 
swivels,  and  one  of  these  cannons  is  still  in  existence  at 
Sunbury.  It  is  of  English  make,  of  about  three  and  one- 
half  inch  bore,  and  weighs  nearly  1,000  pounds. 


297 


LIGHTNING  CONDUCTORS. 

First  invented  by  B.  Franklin,  in  1752.  Copper  is  the 
best  material  When  circumstances  are  not  such  as  to 
S?nTYi^te  corros  iron  may  be  used,  but  of  larger  dimen- 
?foiS  It?cS?t  vity  is  about  one-fifth  that  of  copper 
Conner  lightning  conductors  shouM  be  of  the  loUowmg 
dfme?«ions-  Rods  in.  diam.,  tubes  %  in.  diam..  ^.m. 
S  or  bands  ly.  in.  wide,  %  in.  thick.  Iron  ligljtnmg 
conductors  should  be  either  solid  rods  1  m.  diam.,  or 
bands  2  in.  wide,  %  in.  thick. 


Popular  Vote  for  Presidential  Candidates  from  1824 
to  and  Including  1900. 

Prior  to.  1824  electors  were  chosen  by  the  legislatures  of  the 
different  states.  105,321  to  155,872  for  Jacksoh 

44  2H2  for  Crawford,  and  46,587  for  Clay  Jfcl^«^^_%%^,?^"Jfi 
50;551.  Adams  less  than  combined  TOte  of  «ther«  140.869.  Of 
the  whole  vote  Adams  had  29.92  per  cent.,  Jackson  44.27,  Clay 
]i  23,  Crawford  13.23.    Adams  elected  by  House  of  Kepresenta- 

''''1828,  JACKSON-Had  687,231  to  509,097  for  Adams  -^^^ksoii'a 
majority,  138,134.  Of  the  whole  vote  Jackson  had  oo.9^  i-^e- 
cent.,  Adams  44.03.  -/^o 

1832,  JACKSON-Had  687,502  to  530,189  for  Clay  and  3o,x08 
for  Floyd  and  Wirt  combined.  Jackson's  ^"ajority  124.^Uo.  ur 
the  whole  vote  Jackson  had  54.96  per  cent.,  Clay  42.39,  and  the 
others  combined  2.65. 

1836  VANBUREN-Had  761,549  to  736,656,  the  combined  vote 
xor  Harrison  White,  Webster,  and  Macruin.  Van  Buren's  majority, 
24,893.  Of  the  whole  vote  Van  Buren  had  50.83  per  cent.,  ana 
the  others  combined  49.17. 

1840.  HARRisoN-Had  1,275,017  to  1'12«  J02  for  Van  Buren^^ 
And  7  059  for  Birney.  Harrison's  majority,  139,2ob.  Ut  tne 
whol^vote  Harrison  had  52.89  per  cent.,  Van  Buren  46.82,  and 

^'"^IsIi^p'oLK-Had  1,337,243  to  1,299,068  for  Clay,  and  62,300 
for  Birney.  Polk  over  Clay,  38.173.  Polk  less  than  others  com. 
bined,  24,125.  Of  the  whole  vote  Polk  had  49.55  per  cent.,  Clay 
48  14  and  Birney  2.21.  -  ' 

1848  TAYLOR-Had  1.360,101  to  1,220.544  for  Cass,  and 
291  263  for  Van  Buren.  TayloV  over  Cass,  139.557  Tay  or  less 
than  others  combined,  151.706.  Of  the  ^vho  e  vote  laylor  had 
47.36  per  cent.,  Cass  42.50,  and  Van  Buren  10.14. 

Pierce— Had  1,601,474  to  1,386,578  for  Scott,  and 
ISbluo' fork's.  Pieice  over  all  58,747  Of  the  whole  vote 
Pierce  had  50.90  per  cent.,  Scott  44.10,  and  Hale  4.U/. 

x856,  BUCHANAN-Had  1,838,169  to  1,341.264  for  Fremont, 
and  874,534  for  Fillmore.    Buchanan  over  Fremont  49b,9U5. 


Buchanan  less  than  combiir^d  vote  of  otliers,  377,029  Of  the 
whole  vote  Buchanan  had  45.34  per  cent.,  Fremont  33.09,  and 
Jjillmore  L31.57. 

«2l72^i  *'''''?,'^''~r^^'^.^'^^^'H2on*°  1,376.157  for  Douglas, 
«46.7b3  for  Breckinridge,  and  689,581  for  Bell.    Lincoln  orer 

Breckmridpe,  ^01  195  Lincoln  less  than  Douglas  and  Breckin- 
ridge ^o^^]^^'"^:^  ' 354,568.  Lincoln  less  than  combined  vote  ot  aH 
others,  944.149  Of  the  ^^•hole  vote  Lincoln  had  39.91  percent 
Dmiglas  29.40,  Breckingridge  18.08,  and  Belll2.61 .  t'^^^^"^- 
1864,  LiNCOLN-Had  2'216,067  to  1,808,725  for  McClellan 
(Eleven  states  not  voting,  viz.:  Alabama,  Arkansas  Flor  da 
J^eorgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina' 
Tennessee  Texas  and  Virginia.)  Lincoln's  ma:jority;  408!342' 
Of  the  whole  vote  Lincoln  had  55.06  per  cent.,  and  McClellan 

fThl^^^;  ,^'«^^y-H«<i  3,015,071  to  2,709,613  for  Seymour 
<Three  states  not  voting  viz. :  Mississippi,  Texas  and  Virginia  ) 
Grant's  majority,  305,458.  Of  the  whole  vote  Grant  had  52  67 
per  cent.,  and  McCelllan  47.33. 

f.v^nJ?'  *^  2,834,079  for  Greeley,  29,408 

for  O  Connor,  and  5,b08  for  Black.    Grant's  majority,  729  975 

S'cfnL^'^tETaclSr  ^^^^^^^ 

1876,  HAYES-Had  4,033,950  to  4,284,885  for  Tilden,  81  740 
for  Cooper,  9.522  for  Smith,  and  2,636  scattering.  Tilden's  ma- 
jority over  Hayes.  250,935.  Tilden's  majority  of^he  entire  vX 
^Sl  R'r?  '  nV;i,  than  the  combined  vote  of  others, 

J44  833.    Of  the  Avhole  vote  cast  Hayes  had  47.95  percent.,  Tilden 

Ing  .03  "         '  ^^"^  ^"^'^^       P^''  ^^^"eV- 

'^07         ,^^^,!?ELD-Had  4.449,053  to  4,442.035  for  Hancock, 
7  m «      ^^''^'''i^''?  ^2'^^^  scattering.    GarHeld  over  Han- 
?13  HfZt    nV.H^'''"^^^^  less  than  the  combined  vote  for  others, 
w«  P^P^Lo''  """"^^  Garfield  had  48.26  per  cent.,  Han- 

cock 48. 2o,  Weaver  3.33,  scattering  .13.  ,  ^ 

1884,  Cleveland— Had   4,913,248  to  4,848  150  for  Blainp 
098^  r,e''i  ''t?'^*'^  for  Butler.    Cleveland  ovJr  Blrin^; 

oo,uy».    Cleveland  less  than  entire  vote  of  opponents,  219,712. 

HARRisoN-Had  5,430,607  to  5,538,045  for  Cleveland 
l[an?st>V  107'43r^  i'^'^'-"^  the  Labor  issue.  Cleveland  over 
479  304'  Harrison  less  than  entire  vote  of  opponents, 

1  0S?M9«'J'^''w^''''~^l?  5  553,142  to  5,186,931  for  Harrison. 
TtT  ,  u?^  t^  A^eaver  (People's  party)  and  268,361  to  Bidweli 
(Prohibition).  Cleveland  over  Harrison,  366,211  Cleveland  ess 
than  entire  vote  of  opponents  932,278.  v.  eveiana  less 

1896.  Mckinley  -Had  7,105,959  to  6,454,943  for  Bryan  to 
132,878  for  Palmer  (Gold  Democrat),  to  131,748  for  Leverinff 
<Prohibition),  to  36,260  for  Matchett  (Social-Labor).  McKinley 
ever  Bryan,  651,016.    McKinley  over  all  competitors,  336,265. 

1900.  McKiNLBY— Had  7 ,206,677  to  6,374,397  for  Bryan,  208,- 
555  for  Woolley  (Prohibition),  84,003  for  Debs  (Social-Democrat), 
*>tc.    McKinley  over  Bryan,  832,280.    McKinley  over  all  443,054. 


299 

UNITED  STATES  CIVIL  SERVICE. 

The  purpose  of  the  Civil  Service  act,  as  declared  ia  its 
title,  is  "to  regulate  and  improve  the  Civil  Service  of  the 
United  States."  It  provides  for  the  appointment  of  three 
Commissioners,  a  Chief  Examiner,  a  Secretary,  and  oth- 
er employees,  and  makes  it  the  duty  of  the  Commissioners 
to  aid  the  President  as  he  may  request  in  preparing  suit- 
able rules  for  carrying  the  act  into  effect;  to  make  regu- 
lations to  govern  all  examinations  held  under  the  pro- 
visions  of  the  act,  to  make  investigations  and  report  upon 
all  matters  touching  the  enforcement  and  effect  of  the 
rules  and  regulations.  The  address  of  the  Commission  is 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Extent  or  the  Service. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  number  of  positions  in  the  Ex- 
ecutive Civil  Service  is  now  about  182,000,  of  which 
80,000  are  classified  competitive  positions  and  102,000 
unclassified.  Less  than  20,000  of  the  official  force  are 
employed  in  Washington,  D.  C.  Most  of  the  unclassified 
positions  are  held  by  fourth-class  postmasters,  of  whom 
there  are  more  than  71,000. 

Divisions  of  the  Service. 

The  rules  require  that  all  that  part  of  the  Executive 
Civil  Service  of  the  United  States  which  has  been  or  may 
hereafter  be  classified  under  the  Civil  Service  act  shall  be 
arranged  in  branches  as  follows  ;  The  Departmental 
Service,  the  Customs  Service,  the  Postal  Service,  the 
Government  Printing  Service,  and  the  Internal  Revenue 
Service. 

The  Departmental  Service  includes  all  officers  and  em- 
ployes, who  on  the  one  hand  are  not  appointed  subject  to 
the  consent  of  the  Senate,  and  on  the  other  hand  are 
above  the  grade  of  laborer,  and  who  are  serving  in  or  on 
detail  from  the  Departments,  Commissions,  and  offices 
in  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  Railway  Mail  Service,  the 
Indian  Service,  the  Pension  Agencies,  the  Steamboat  In- 
spection Service,  the  Marine  Hospital  Service,  the  Light- 
House  Service,  the  Life-Saving  Service,  the  Revenue  Cut- 
ter Service,  the  Mints  and  Assay  offices,  the  Sub-Treas- 
uries, the  Engineer  Department  at  large,  the  Ordnance 
Department  at  large,  the  Land-Office  Service,  and  the 
force  employed  under  Custodians,  of  Public  Buildings, 
and  in  the  U.  S.  Penitentiary  at  Leavenworth,  Kan.  In 
addition  to  these  are  included  all  other  employes  (except 
laborers  and  persons  whose  appointments  are  subject  to 
the  Senate)  whose  duties  are  clerical  and  medical,  or  who 
serve  as  watchmen,  messengers,  draughtsmen,  engineers, 
firemen,  computers,  or  as  superintendents  of  construc- 
tion, superintendents  oi  repairs,  or  foremen  under  the 
Supervising  Architect  of  the  Treasury,  or  who  are  in  any 


300 


branch  of  the  Treasury  Department  not  enumerated 
above.  The  Customs  Service  includes  all  officers  and 
employes  between  the  extremes  before  mentioned,  who 
are  serving  in  any  customs  district.  The  Postal  Service 
includes  all  similar  offices  and  employes  at  free-delivery 
post-offices.  The  Government  Printing  Service  and  the 
Internal  Revenue  Service  cover  all  like  positions  in  the 
branches  indicated  by  their  designations. 

Applicattons. 

Persons  seeking  to  be  examined  must  file  an  application 
blank.  The  blank  for  the  Departmental  Service  at  Wash- 
ington, Railway  Mail  Service,  the  Indian  School  Service 
and  the  Government  Printing  Service  should  be  request- 
ed directly  of  the  Civil  Service  Commission  at  Washing- 
ton. The  blank  for  the  Customs,  Postal,  or  Internal  Rev- 
enue Service  must  be  requested  in  writing  of  the  Civil 
Service  Board  Examiners  at  the  office  where  service  is 
sought.  These  papers  should  be  returnd  to  the  officers 
from  whom  they  emanated. 

Applicants  for  admission  must  be  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  of  proper  age.  No  person  using  intoxicating 
liquors  to  excess  may  be  appointed.  No  discrimination 
is  made  on  account  of  sex,  color,  or  political  or  religious 
opinions.  The  limitations  of  age  vary  with  the  different 
services,  but  do  not  apply  to  any  person  honorably  dis- 
charged from  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United 
States  by  reason  of  disability  resulting  from  wounds  or 
sickness  incurred  in  the  line  of  duty. 

Examinations. 
The  applicants  to  enter  the  services  designated  are  ex- 
amined as  to  their  relative  capacity  and  fitness.  For  or- 
dinary clerical  places  in  the  Departmental  Customs  and 
Internal  Revenue  Services  the  examination  is  con- 
fined to  orthography,  penmanship,  copying,  letter-writing 
and  simple  arithmetic.  Patent  examiners  are  examined 
in  physics  and  technics,  mathematics,  chemistry  and  me- 
chanical drawing.  Meat  inspectors  are  examined  in  let- 
ter-writing, veterinary  anatomy  and  physiology,  veterin- 
ary pathology  and  meat  inspection.  One  of  the  tests  for 
post-office  and  railway  mail  clerks  is  an  exercise  in  read- 
ing manuscript  addresses,  Specimen  se*s  of  questions 
will  be  furnished  by  the  Commission  upon  request Ex- 
aminations are  held  twice  a  year  in  every  State  and  Ter- 
ritory at  fixed  times  and  places.  All  examinations  relata 
as  nearly  as  possible  to  the  duties  to  be  performed,  and, 
wherever  practicable,  include  experience  and  practical 
tests.  No  applicant  is  admitted  to  an  examination  iU) 
any  one  of  the  different  recognized  trades,  such  as  thos0 
in  the  Government  Printing  Office,  unle&s  he  has  had  five 
years'  experience  in  his  trade,  one  year  of  whicU  must^ 


301 

have  been  as  a  journeyman.  This  information  is  obtained 
by  personal  questions  relating  to  the  applicant's  exper- 
ience at  his  trade  and  th3  certificates  of  persons  who  have 
employed  him.  No  one  is  certified  for  appointment  whose 
standing  in  any  examination  is  less  than  70  per  centum 
of  complete  proficiency,  except  applicants  whose  claims 
for  military  or  naval  preference  under  Section  1,754  R.  S. 
have  been  admitted.  These  need  obtain  but  65.  The  law 
also  prescribes  competitive  examinations  for  promotion 
in  the  service.  A  certificate  is  given  to  eacb  person  ex- 
amined, stating  whether  he  passed  or  failed  to  pass. 

Excepted  Places. 
Among  the  places  excepted  from  examination  or  sub- . 
ject  only  to  non-competitive  examination  are  the  follow- 
ing :  Two  private  secretaries  or  confidential  clerKs  to 
the  President  and  each  of  the  heads  of  departments;  one 
for  each  head  of  bureau  appointed  by  the  President  and 
confirmed  by  the  Senate,  if  authorized  by  law;  all  persons 
appointed  solely  by  tbe  President,  attorneys,  and  special 
assistant  attorneys.  The  excepted  positions  throughout 
the  departments  were  increased  in  number  by  the  Presi- 
dent's order  of  May  29,  1899,  but  are  too  diverse  and 
too  numerous  to  mention  here  specifically. 

Appointments. 
Upon  the  occurrence  of  a  vacancy,  the  appointment  to 
fill,  if  not  made  by  promotion,  reduction,  transfer,  rein- 
statement (for  all  of  which  provision  is  made  by  the  Civil 
Service  rules),  must  be  made  by  selection  from  the  eligi- 
bles  of  highest  grade  on  the  appropriate  register.  In  the 
Executive  Departments  at  Washington  and  in  the  Gov- 
ernment Printing  Oflftce  appointments  are  apportioned 
among  the  States  and  Territories  on  the  basis  of  popula- 
tion. Every  appointment  is  made  for  a  probationary 
period  of  six  months.  Whenever  there  are  no  names  of 
eligibles,  upon  a  register  for  any  position  in  which  a  va- 
cancy exists,  and  the^public  interest  requires  that  it  be 
filled  before  eligibles  can  be  provided  by  the  Commission, 
such  vacancy  may,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Com- 
mission, be  filled  by  appointment  without  examination 
and  certification  until  an  eligible  can  be  provided  by  the 
Commission.  The  number  of  women  applying  for  cleri- 
cal places  is  greatly  In  excess  of  the  calls  of  appoihting 
officers.  The  positions  to  which  the  largest  numbers  of 
them  are  appomted  are  those  of  assistant  microscopists  in 
the  branch  offices  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  at 
the  various  stockyards  throughout  the  country,  and 
teachers,  matrons,  seamstresses,  etc.,  in  the  Indian  Ser- 
vice. A  few  receive  appointments  as  stenographers  and 
typewriters  in  the  Departmental  Service,  and  a  few  are 
appointed  to  technical  and  professional  places. 


302 


NATURALIZATION  LAWS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 

The  conditions  under  and  the  manner  in  which  aa 
alien  may  be  admitted  to  become  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  are  prescribed  by  Sections  2165-74  of  the  Revised 
Statutes  of  the  United  States. 

DECLARATION  OF  INTENTION. 

The  alien  must  declare  upon  oath,  before  a  circuit  Of 
district  court  of  the  United  States,  or  a  district  or 
supreme  court  of  the  Territories,  or  a  court  of  record  ol 
any  of  the  States  having  common  law  jurisdiction,  and  a 
«eal  and  clerk,  two  years  at  least  prior  to  his  admission. 
that  it  is,  bona  fide^  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  and  to  renounce  forever  all  allegiance 
and  fidelity  to  any  foreign  prince  or  Sta^e,  and  particu* 
larly  to  the  one  of  which  he  may  be  at  the  time  a  citizen 
or  subject. 

OATH  ON  APPLICATION  FOR  ADMISSION. 

He  must,  at  the  time  of  his  application  to  be  admitted, 
declare  on  oath,  before  some  one  of  the  courts  above 
specified,  "  that  he  will  support  the  Constitution  of  the 
united  States,  and  that  he  absolutely  and  entirely 
.renounces  and  abjures  all  allegiance  and  fidelity  to  every 
foreign  prince,  potentate,  State  or  sovereignty,  and  par- 
ticularly, by  name,  to  the  prince,  potentate.  State  or 
sovereignty  of  which  he  was  before  a  citizen  or  subject,** 
which  proceedings  must  be  recorded  by  the  clerk  of  the 
court. 

CONDITIONS  FOR  CITIZENSHIP. 

If  it  shall  appear  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  court  to 
which  the  alien  has  applied  that  he  has  resided  contina* 
ously  within  the  United  States  for  at  least  five  years,  and 
within  the  State  or  Territory  where  such  court  is  at  the 
time  held  one  year  at  least ;  and  that  during  that  time 
he  has  behaved  as  a  man  of  good  moral  character, 
attached  to  the  principles  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  well  disposed  to  the  good  order  andhappincse 
of  the  same,^'  he  will  be  admitted  to  citizenship. 

TITLES  OF  NOBILITY. 

li  tlie  applicant  has  borne  any  hereditary  title  or  ordef 


303 


of  nobility,  he  must  make  an  express  renunciation  of  the 
same  at  the  time  of  his  application. 

SOLDIERS. 

Any  alien  of  the  age  of  twenty- one  years  and  upward, 
who  has  been  in  the  armies  of  the  United  States  and  has 
been  honorably  discharged  therefrom,  may  become  a 
citizen  on  his  petition,  without  any  previous  declaration 
of  intention,  provided  that  he  has  resided  in  the  United 
gtates  at  least  one  year  previous  to  his  application,  and  is 
of  good  moral  character. 

MINORS. 

Any  alien  under  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  who  has 
resided  in  the  United  States  three  years  next  preceding 
his  arriving  at  that  age,  and  who  has  continued  to  reside 
thereinto  the  time  he  may  make  application  to  be  admit- 
ted a  citizen  thereof,  may,  after  he  arrives  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  and  after  he  has  resided  five  years 
within  the  United  States,  including  the  three  years  of  his 
minority,  be  adniitted  a  citizen;  but  he  must  make  a 
declaration  on  oath  and  prove  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
court  that  for  two  years  next  preceding  it  has  been  his 
^ona-fide  intention  to  become  a  citizen. 

CHILDREN  OF  NATURALIZED  CITIZENS. 

The  children  of  persons  who  have  been  duly  natural- 
ized, being  under  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  at  the  time 
of  the  naturalization  of  their  parents,  shall,  if  dwelling 
in  the  United  States,  be  considered  as  citizens  thereof. 

CITIZENS'  CHILDREN  WHO  ARE  BORN  ABROAD. 

The  children  of  persons  who  now  are  or  have  been 
citizens  of  the  United  States  are,  though  born  out  of  the 
limits  and  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  considered  as 
citizens  thereof 

PROTECTION  ABROAD  TO  NATURALIZED  CITIZENS. 

Section  2000  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United 
States  declares  that  "  all  naturalized  citizens  of  the  United 
States  while  in  foreign  countries  are  entitled  to  and  shall 
receive  from  this  Government  the  same  protection  of 
persons  and  property  which  is  accorded  to  native-born 
citizens. " 


304 


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How  the  price  of  Southern  Confederato 
Money  Dropped. 

When  the  first  issue  of  the  Confederate  money  was  scattered 
among  the  people,  it  commanded  a  slight  premium.  It  thea 
scaled  down  as  follows:  June,  1861,  90c. ;  December  i,  1861,  80c.; 
December  15,  1861,  75c.;  February  i,  1862,  60c.;  February  i,  1863, 
»oc. ;  June,  1863,  8c. ;  January,  1864,  2c. ;  November,  1864,  4  J^c. ; 
January,  1865,  2^c. ;  April  1,^1865,  ij^c.  After  that  date,  it  toolc 
from  $800  to  $1,000  in  Confederate  money  to  buy  a  one-dollar 
greenback. 


Length  of  Navigation  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 


The  length  of  navigation  ot  'JAe  Mississippi  river  itself  for  ordi- 
nary large  steamboats  is  about  2,161  .iiiles,  but  sfriall  steamers  can 
ascend  about  650  miles  further.  The  following  are  its  principal 
oavigable  tributaries,  with  the  feiiles  open  to  navigation. 


MtZes. 

Minnesota   295 

Chippewa  ^   90 

Iowa....   80 

Missouri   2,900 

Big  Horn....   50 

Allegheny   325 

Muskingum   94 

Kentucky   105 

Wabash   365 

Tennessee   270 

Osage   302 

White   779 

Little  White   48 

Big  Hatchie   75 

Sunflower   271 

Tallahatchie   175 

Red   986 

Cypress   44 

Black   61 

Bartholomew   100 

Macon   60 

Atchafalya   218 

Lafourche   168 

'■^The  other  navigable  tributaries  have  less  than  fifty  miles  each  ol 
navigation.  The  total  miles  of  navigation  of  these  fifty-five 
streams  is  about  16,500  miles,  or  about  two-tkirds  the  distance 
around  the  world.  The  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  may  bp 
Animated  to  possess  15,550  miles  navigable  to  steamboats,  and 
«^aax  miles  navigable  to  bargeg. 


Wisconsin   r*^ 

Rock.   64 

Illinois   350 

Yellowstone   474 

Ohio   950 

Monongahela   no 

Kenawha   94 

Green   200 

Cumherland   600 

Clinch   50 

St.  Francis   180 

Black   147 

Arkansas   884 

Issaquena   161 

Yazoo   228 

Big  Black   35 

Cane   54 

Ouachita   3S4 

Boeuf   55 

Tensas   112 

Tcche    91 

D*Arbonne    50 


306 

ARHY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Headquarters,  Washington,  I>.  C. 

Lieut.  Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  Commanding. 

ORGANIZATION. 

The  Congress  of  the  United  States,  by  act  of  March  2, 
1899,  reorganized  the  army  on  the  following  basis  :  The 
President  was  authorized  to  maintain  the  regular  army 
at  a  strength  not  exceeding  65,000  enlisted  men,  to  be 
distributed  among  th«  several  branches  of  the  service,  in- 
cluding the  Signal  Corps,  and  to  raise  a  force  of  not  more 
than  35,000  volunteers.  Under  this  provision  the  strength 
of  the  army  was  raised  to  100,000  men. 

The  act  also  provided  that  the  increased  regular  and  the 
volunteer  forces  should  continue  in  service  only  during 
the  necessity  therefor  and  not  later  than  July  1,  1901. 
In  Feb.  1901,  a  new  law  was  passed,  re-organizing  the 
army  on  practically  the  same  basis  as  to  numbers. 

MILITARY  DIVISIONS  AND  DEPARTMENTS^  (UAN.  1,  1901.) 

Headquarters  of  the  Army.— Commander,  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Division  of  the  Philippines.— Consisting  of  the  De- 
partments  of  Northern  Luzon  ,  Southern  Luzon,  Visayas, 
Mindanao,  and  Jolo  comprising  all  the  islands  ceded  to 
the  United  States  by  Spain;  headquarters,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Commander,  Major-Gen.  Arthur  MacArthur. 

Department  of  Northern  Luzon.— Includes  all  that 
part  of  the  Island  of  Luzon  north  of  Laguna  de  Bay  and 
and  the  province  of  Laguna.  the  same  being  the  provinces 
of  Abra,  Bontoc,  BuUacan,  Cagryan,  Ilocos,  Infanta,  Mor- 
ong,  Norte,  Ilocos  Sur,  La  Isabela  de  Luzon,  Lepanto,  La 
Union,  Nueva  Vizcaya,  Nueva  Ecija,  all  that  portion  of 
Manila  north  of  theJPasig  River,  Principe,  Pangasinan, 
Pampanga,  Tarlac,  and  Z  am  bales,  and  all  the  islands  in 
the  Philippine  Archipelago  north  of  Manila  Bay  and  the 
provinces  above  named;  headquarters,  Manila,  P.  I. 
Commander,  Major-  Gen.  Loyd  Wheaton. 

Department  of  Southern  Luzon.— Includes  Island  of 
Samar  and  all  the  remaining  part  of  the  Island  of  Luzon, 
the  same  including  the  following  provinces:  Albay,  Ba- 
tangas,  Camarines  Norte,  Camarines  Sur,  Cavite,  La  La- 
guna, Manila  south  of  the  Pasig,  and  Tayabas  and  all 
islands  of  the  Philippine  Archipelago  which  lie  south  of 
the  south  line  of  the  Department  of  Northern  Luzon,  as 
above  described, including  the  Island  of  Polliloand  north 
of  a  line  passing  southeastwardly  through  the  West  Pass 
of  Apoto  the  twelfth  parallel  of  north  latitude;  thence 
•asterly  along  said  parallel  to  124°  10 '  east  of  Greenwich, 
but  including  the  entire  island  of  Masbate;  thence  north- 


507 

erly  through  San  Bernardino  Straits;  headquarters,  Man- 
ila, P.  I.   Commander,  Major-Gen.  John  C.  Bates. 

Department  of  the  Vis  a  yas.— Includes  all  islands 
(except  Island  of  Samar)  south  of  the  southern  line  of  the 
Department  of  Southern  Luzon  and  east  of  longitude 
121®  45'  east  of  Greenwich  and  north  of  the  ninth  paral- 
lel of  latitude,  excepting  the  Island  of  Mindanao  and  all 
islands  east  of  the  Straits  of  Surigao;  headquarters^ 
Iloilo,  P.  I.   Commander,  Brig.-Gen.  Robert  P.  Hughes. 

Department  of  Mindanao  and  Jolo.— Including  all 
the  remaining  islands  of  the  Philippine  Archipelago; 
headquarter?,  Zamboanga,  P.  I.  Commander,  Brig.-Gen. 
William  A.  Kobbe. 

Department  of  Alaska,— Territory  of  Alaska;  head- 
quarters, Fort  St.  Michael,  Alaska.  Commander,  Brig.- 
Gen.  George  M.  Randall. 

Department  of  California.— States  of  California  and 
Nevada,  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  their  dependencies; 
headquarters,  San  Francisco,  Cal.  Commander,  Major- 
Gen.  William  R.  Shaf  ter. 

Department  of  the  Colorado.— States  of  Wyoming, 
(except  so  much  thereof  as  is  embraced  in  the  Yellow- 
stone National  Park),  Colorado  and  Utah,  and  the  Terri- 
tories of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico;  headquarters,  Denver, 
Col.   Commander,  Brig.-Gen.  Henry  C.  Merriam. 

Department  of  the  Columbia.— States  of  Washing- 
ton, Oregon,  Idaho  (except  so  much  of  the  latter  as  is  em- 
braced in  the  Yellowstone  National  Park) :  headquarters, 
Vancouver  Barracks,  Wash.  Commander,  Major-Gen. 
William  R.  Shaf  ter. 

Department  of  Cuba.— Consisting  of  the  provinces  of 
the  Island  of  Cuba:  headquarters,  Havana,  Cuba.  Com- 
mander, Major-Gen.  Leonard  Wood. 

Department  of  Dakota.— States  of  Minnesota,  North. 
DaKOta,  South  Dakota,  Montana,  and  so  much  of  Wyo- 
ming and  Idaho  as  is  embraced  in  the  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park;  headquarters,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  Commander* 
Brig.-Gen.  James  F.  Wade. 

Department  of  the  East.— New  England  States,  New 
York.  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland, 
District  of  Columbia  West  Virginia.  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  District  of  Porto  Rico,  em- 
bracing Porto  Rico  and  adjacent  islands;  headquarters. 
Governor's  Islands,  N.  Y.  Commander,  Major-Gen.  John 
B.  Tanner. 

Department  of  the  Lakes.— States  of  Wisconsin, 
Hicbigan,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio,  Kentucky  and  Tenne- 


308 

see;  headquarters,  Chicago,  111.  Commander,  Major-Gea, 
Elwell  S.  Otis. 

Department  of  the  Missouri.— States  of  Iowa,  Neb- 
raska, Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  the  Indian  Territory 
and  the  Territory  of  Oklahoma;  Omaha,  Neh.  Commau 
der,  Brig. -Gen.  Fitzhugh  Lee. 

Department  of  Texas.— State  of  Texas;  headquarters, 
Sau  Antonio,  Tex.  Commander,  Col.  Chambers  McKib- 
bin.  Twelfth  Infantry. 


GENERALS  AND  LIEUTENANT-GENERALS  OF  THE  ARMYa 

1.  George  Washington:  Elected  General  (and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief) of  the  Continental  Army  by  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  June  15.  Resigned  December  23, 1783. 

Nominated  to  the  Senate,  July  2,  and  commissioned  by 
President  John  Adams,  July  4,  1798,  to  be  Lieutenant- 
General  (and  Commander-in-Chief)  "of  all  the  armies 
raised  or  to  be  raised  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,'* 
under  authority  conferred  by  an  act  of  Congress,  May 
28,  1798.  Washington  h3ld  this  office  till  his  death,  Dec- 
ember 14, 1799. 

2.  Major-GeneralWinfield  Scott:  Commissioned  Lieu- 
tenant-General,  by  brevet,  March  7,  1855,  to  rank  from 
March  29,  1847.  Held  this  brevet  rank  on  the  active  list 
to  November  1,  1861,  and  on  the  retired  list  from  that 
date  until  his  death.  May  27, 1866.  < 

3.  Major-General  Ulysses  S.  Grant:  Commissioned 
Lieu  tenant-General  March  2,  1864.  underact  of  Congress 
of  Feb  27, 1864,  reviving  that  grade,  and  commissioned 
General  July  25,  1866,  creating  the  grade  of  General. 
General  Grant  vacated  as  General  when  he  assumed  the 
office  of  President,  March  4,  1869,  He  was  appointed 
General,  on  the  retired  list,  Mar.  3,  1885,  and  died  July 
23, 1885. 

4.  Maj.-Gen.  Wm.  T.  Sherman:  Appointed  Lieut.-Gen. 
July  25,  1866,  vice  Grant,  appointed  General;  and  ap- 
pointed Gen.  Mar.  4,  1869.  in  place  of  Grant,  when  the 
latter  assumed  the  office  of  President.  General  Sherman 
held  the  rank  of  Gen.  on  the  active  list  until  1884,  and  on 
the  retired  list  until  his  death,  Feb.  14,  1891. 

5.  Ma,1.-Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan:  Appointed  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Mar.  4,  1869,  vice  Sherman,  appointed  General.  Was 
appointed  General,  June  1,  1888,  and  died  Aug.  5, 1888. 

6.  Maj.-Gen  John  M.  Schofield:  Appointed  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Feb.  5,  1895,  Was  retired  Sept.  29,  1896,  and  now 
holds  the  rank  of  Lieut.-Gen.  on  the  retired  list. 

7.  Maj.-Gen.  NeLson  A.  Miles,  the  senior  Maj-Gen.,  as- 
signed to  command  of  the  army  on  retirement  of  Gen. 
Schofield.    The  rank  of  Lieut.-Gen.,  conferred  upon  Gen. 


309 


Miles -by  act  of  Congress  of  June  6,  1900,  which  provides: 
'  That  the  senior  major-general  of  the  line  commanding 
the  army  shall  have  the  rank,  pay,  and  allowances  of  » 
lieutenant-gent  ral. " 


Armories,  Arsenals,  Depots  and  Soldiers*  Homes. 

ARMORIES,  ARSENALS  AND  ORDNANCE  DEPOTS. 


Allegheny  Arsenal,  Pa. 
Augusta  Arsenal,  Ga. 
Benicia  Arsenal,  Cal. 
Columbia  Arsenal,  Tenn. 
Fort  Monroe  Arsenal,  Va. 
Fort  Snelling  Ordnance  De- 
pot, Minn. 
Frankfort  Arsenal,  Pa. 
Indianapolis  Arsenal,  Ind. 
Kennebec  Arsenal,  Me. 
National  Armory,  Mass. 


New  York  Arsenal,  N.  Y. 
Omaha  Ordnance  Depot. 
Rock  Island  Arsenal,  111. 
St.Louis  Powder  Depot,  Mo. 
San  Antonio  Arsenal,  Tex. 
U.  S.  Powder  Depot,  N.  J. 
Vancouver  Barracks  Ord- 
nance Depot,  Wash. 
Watertown  Arsenal,  Mass. 
Watervliet  Arsenal,  N.  Y. 


UNITED  STATES  ARflY  RECRUITING  REQUIREMENTS. 

Applicants  for  first  enlistment  must  be  between  the 
ages  of  eighteen  and  thirty-five  years,  of  good  character 
and  habits,  able-bodied,  free  from  disease,  and  must  be 
able  to  speak,  read,  and  write  the  English  language. 

No  person  under  eighteen  years  of  age  will  be  enlisted 
or  re-enlisted,  and  minors  between  the  ages  of  eighteen 
and  twenty-one  years  must  not  be  enlisted  without  the 
written  consent  of  father,  only  surviving  parent,  or  legal- 
ly appointed  guardian. 

Original  enlistments  will  be  confined  'to  persons  who 
are  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  who  have  made  legal 
dechiration  of  their  intention  to  become  citizens  thereof. 

Married  men  will  be  enlisted  only  upon  the  approval 
of  a  regimental  commander. 

Applicants  will  be  required  to  satisfy  the  recruiting  of- 
ficer regarding  age  and  character,  and  should  be  pre- 
pared to  furnish  the  necessary  evidence.  ' 

For  infantry  and  heavy  artillery  the  height  must  be  not 
less  than  five  feet  four  inches,  and  weight  not  less  than 
one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  (120)  pounds  and  not 
more  than  one  hundred  and  ninety  (190)  pounds. 

For  cavalry  and  light  artillery  the  height  must  be  not 
less  than  five  feet  four  inches  and  not  more  than  five  feet 
ten  inches,  and  weight  not  to  exceed  one  hundred  and 
sixty-five  (165)  pounds.  No  minimum  weight  is  pre- 
scribed for  these  arms,  but  the  chest  measures  must  b« 
satisfiictory. 


310 


RECRUITING  DEPOTS. 
Columbus  Barra<;ks,  Ohio;  David's  Island,  N.  Y. ;  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks, Mo.,  and  44  Kceruiting  Rendezvous  all  over  the  country. 

NATIONAL  HOxME  FOR  DISABLED  VOLUNTEER  SOLDIERS. 

The  National  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers  comprises  seven 
branches. 

Eastern  Branch. — National  Home,  Togus,  Me. 
Southern   Branch.  —  National  Soldiers'  Home,   Elizabeth  City- 
County,  Va. 

Central  Branch.— National  Military  Home,  Montgomery  County, 
Ohio. 

Northwestern  Branch.— National  Home,  Milwaukee  County,  Wis. 
Marion  Branch.— National  Military  Home,  Grant  County,  Ind. 
Western  Branch. — National  Military  Home,  Leavenworth  County, 
Kan. 

Pacific  Branch.— Soldiers'  Home,  Los  Angeles  County,  Cal. 
Agency  In  Washington,  D  C. 

STATE  HOMES. 

Vermont  Soldiers'  Home,  Bennington,  Vt. 

National  Soldiers'  Home,  Quincy.  Mass. 

Soldiers'  Home  in  Massachussetts,  Chelsea,  Mass. 

Fitch's  Home  tor  the  Soldiers,  and  Soldiers'  Hospital  of  Connecti- 
cut, Noroton  Heights,  Conn. 

New  York  State  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Bath,  N.  Y. 

New  Jersey  Home  for  Disabled  Soldiers,  Kearny,  N.  J. 

Pennsylvania  Home  for  Disabled  Volunteer  Soldiers  and  Sailors, 
Erie,  Pa. 

Michigan  Soldiers'  Home,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 
Ohio  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Sandusky.  Ohio. 
Illinois  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Quincy,  111. 
Wisconsin  Veterans'  Home.  Waupaca,  Wis. 
Minnesota  State  Soldiers'  Home,  Minnehaha,  Minn, 
Iowa  Soldiers'  Home,  Maishalltown,  Iowa. 
Nebraska  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Grand  Island,  Neb. 
Kansas  State  Soldiers'  Home,  Dodge  City,  Kans, 
California  Veterans'  Home,  Yountville,  Cal. 
South  Dakota  Soldiers'  Home,  Hot  Springs,  S.  Dak. 
Colorado  Soldieis'  and  Sailors*  Home,  Monte  Vista,  Colo. 
New  Hampshire  Soldiers'  Home,  Tilton,  N.  H. 


The  word  "news  "  was  not.  as  many  suppose,  derived 
from  the  adjective  new,  but  from  the  fact  that  many- 
years  ago  it  was  customary  to  put  at  the  head  of  the 
periodical  publications  of  the  day  the  initial  letters  of 

the  compass,  thus: 

N 
S 

Signifying  that  the  matter  contained  therein  was  from 
the  four  quarters  of  the  globe,  From  these  letters  came 
the  word  "news." 


Workshop  Rules  and  Receipts. 

Moisture-Proof  Glue.— One  pound  glue,  melted  in 
two  parts  skim-milk. 

To  Remove  Rust  from  Steel. — Brush  the  rusted 
steel  with  a  paste  composed  of  %  oz.  cyanide  potassium, 
^  oz.  castiie  soap,  i  oz.  whiting,  and  enough  water  to 
make  a  paste.  Then  wash  the  steel  in  a  solution  of  ^ 
oz.  cyanide  potassium  in  2  oz.  water. 

To  Test  Quality  of  Iron. — A  soft,  tough  iron  is 
indicated  by  the  fracture  giving  long,  silky  fibers  of  a  gray- 
ish hue,  the  fibers  cohering  and  twisting  together  before 
breaking.  Badly  refined  iron  is  indicated  by  shorty 
blackish  fiber.  Good  iron  is  indicated' by  a  medium,  even 
grain,  mixed  with  fibers.  Brittle  Iron  is  indicatea  by 
coarse  grain,  with  brilliant  crystallized  fracture,  brown  or 
yellow  spots.  It  works  easily  when  heated,  and  welds 
easily. 

Hot  Shot  Iron  is  indicated  by  cracks  on  tlie  edge  of 
bars.  Good  iron  heats  readily,  throws  Tew  sparks,  and  is 
soft  when  hammered. 

Marine  Glue. — One  part  India  rubber,  twelve  parts 
mineral  naphtha.  Mix,  heat  gently,  and  add  twenty 
parts  of  shellac,  powdered  fine.  Cool  on  a  slab.  Heat 
to  250  degrees  when  wanted  for  use. 

Parting  Sand.— Burnt  sand,  scraped  from  the  sur- 
iace  of  castings. 

Loam. — Mixture  of  brick,  clay  and  old  foundry  sand. 

Blackening  for  Molds.— Charcoal  powder,  or,  in 
ome  instances,  fine  coal  dust. 

Black  Wash.— Charcoal,  plumbago  and  size. 

Mixture  for  Welding  Steel.— i  sal  ammoniac,  10 
borax,  pounded  together,  and  fused  until  clear,  when  it 
is  poured  out,  and,  after  cooling,  reduced  to  powder. 


Notes  on  Working  of  Steel. 


1.  Good,  soft  heat  is  safe  to  use  if  steel  be  immediately  and 
thoroughly  worked. 

It  is  a  fact  that  good  steel  will  endure  more  pounding  than  any 
iro»^. 

2.  If  steel  be  left  long  in  the  fire,  it  will  lose  its  steely  nature  and 
grain,  and  partake  of  the  nature  of  cast  iron. 

Steel  should  never  be  kept  hot  any  longer  than  is  necessary  to 
the  work  to  be  done. 

3.  Steel  is  entirely  mercurial  under  the  action  of  heat,  and  a 
careful  study  of  the  tables  will  show  that  there  must,  of  necessity, 
be  an  injurious  internal  strain  created  whenever  two  or  more  parte 
of  the  same  piece  arq  subjected  to  different  temperatures. 

4.  It  follows,  that  when  steel  has  been  subjected  to  heat  no! 
absolutely  uniform  over  the  whole  mass,  careful  annealing  should 
be  resorted  to. 

5.  As  the  change  of  volume  due  to  a  degree  of  heat  increases 
directly  and  rapidly  with  the  quantity  of  carbon  present,  there- 
fore high  steel  is  more  liable  to  dangerous  internal  strains  than  low 
steel,  and  great  care  should  be  exercised  in  the  use  of  high  steel. 

6.  Hot  steel  should  always  be  put  in  a  perfectly  dry  place,  of 
even  temperature,  while  cooling.  A  wet  place  in  the  floor  might 
be  sufficient  to  cause  serious  injury. 

7.  Never  let  any  one  fool  you  with  the  statement  that  his  steel 
possesses  a  peculiar  property  which  enables  it  to  be  "  restored  ** 
after  being  "  burned ;  "  no  more  should  you  waste  any  money  on 
nostrams  for  restoring  burnt  steel. 

We  have  shown  how  to  restore  "  overheated  "  steeL 

For  "  burned  "  steel,  which  is  oxidized  steel,  there  is  only  one 

way  of  restoration,  and  that  is,  through  the  knobbling  fire  or  the 

blast  furnace. 

**  Overheating  "  and  "  restoring  '  should  only  be  allowable  foi 
purposes  of  experiment.  The  process  is  o:ie  of  disintegration,  and 
is  always  injurious. 

8.  Be  careful  not  to  overdo  the  annealing  process ;  if  carried 
too  far  it  does  great  harm,  and  it  is  one  of  the  commonest  modes 
of  destruction  which  the  steel-maker  meets  m  his  daily  troubles. 


313 

It  Is  hard  to  induce  the  average  worker  in  steel  to  believe  that 
very  little  annealing  is  necessary,  and  that  very  little  is  really  more 
efficacious  than  a  great  deal. 

The  mean  strength  of  American  wrought  iron  is  45,900  lbs.; 
English  43,900.  Ultimate  extension  of  wrought  iron  is  600th  part 
of  its  length.  The  working  strain  is  from  1-6  to  the  mean 
strength. 

Resistance  to  flexure,  acting  evenly  over  the  surface,  equals 
one-half  the  tensile  strength.  Bars  of  wrought  iron  will  expand 
or  contract  151200th  of  their  length  for  each  degree  of  heat.  With 
range  of  temperature  of  this  country  (=20  to  -}-  i2o°)c=i4o^,  wiU 
expand  or  contract  io8oth  part  of  its  length,  equal  to  a  force  of 
20, 74:^  lbs. ,  or  9^  tons  per  square  inch  of  section.  Tensile  strength 
increases,  in  from  i  to  6  reheatings-  and  rollings,  from  43,904  lbs* 
to  60,824  lbs. ;  in  from  6  to  12,  is  reduced  again  to  43,904. 


Capacity  of  Cisterns. 

For  each  ten  inches  in  depth. 


Twenty-five  feet  in  diameter  holds  3>o59  gallons 

Twenty  feet  in  diameter  holds  i>958  gallons 

Fifteen  feet  in  diameter  holds  1,101  gallons 

Fourteen  feet  in  diameter  holds   959  gallons 

Thirteen  feet  in  diameter  holds.  „   827  gallons 

Twelve  feet  in  diameter  holds   705  gallons 

Eleven  feet  in  diameter  holds   592  gallons 

Ten  feet  in  diameter  holds  »   489  gallons 

Nine  feet  in  diameter  holds   396  gallons 

Eight  feet  in  diameter  holds   313  gallons 

Seven  feet  in  diameter  holds   239  gallons 

Six  and  one-half  feet  in  diameter  holds   206  gallons 

Six  feet  in  diameter  holds   176  gallons 

Five  feet  in  diameter  holds   122  gallons 

Four  and  one  half  feet  in  diameter  holds   99  gallons 

Four  feet  in  diameter  holds   78  gallons 

Three  feet  in  diameter  holds   44  gallons 

Two  and  one-half  feet  in  diameter  holds  .  gallons 

Two  feet  in  diameter  holds   ig  gallons 


314 


AFRICAN  EXPLORATIONS. 

The  return  of  Henry  M.  Stanley  from  the  rescue  of  Emin 
Pasha,  during  the  summer  of  1890,  has  excited  a  good  deal  of 
interest  in  the  country,  especially  so  since  last  year  about 
6,000,000  square  miles  of  African  territory  has  been  taken  and 
divided  amone  the  nations  of  Europe.  The  object  of  Mr. 
Stanley's  last  trip  through  Africa  was  for  the  relief  of  Emin 
Pasha,  who  had  been  appointed  governor  of  Equatoria  by  Gen. 
Gordon  previous  to  his  own  fall  in  Khartoum.  This  was  in 
1878.  Eii.m  at  once  entered  upon  his  duties,  which  iiivolved 
him  in  constant  warfare  with  the  Arab  slave  traders  and  the 
Mahdi.  Up  to  1886  he  was  entirely  cut  off  from  the  outside 
world  and  nothing  could  be  heard  of  him.  It  was  known  that 
he  had  ten  fortified  stations  on  the  Nile  and  1,500  soldiers.  Dr. 
Junker,  the  Russian  explorer,  left  Emin  Jan.  1,  1886,  and  after 
Hiany  dangers  reached  Europe.  His  account  of  the  perilous  posi- 
tion of  Emin  created  a  profound  impression  in  Europe  and  plans 
were  formed  to  rescue  him.  Money  was  raised  and  the  relief 
expedition  was  placed  under  the  command  of  Mr.  Stanley.  He 
left  London  for  Zanzibar  Feb.  3,  1887,  which  he  reached  on  the 
21st  and  started  at  once  for  the  mouth  of  the  Congo,  arriving 
there  March  18,  1887.  The  next  day  he  started  up  the  Congo 
river  and  on  the  28th  of  June  reached  the  Aruwimi  river,  which 
is  about  one  hundred  miles  north  of  the  equator  and  about  two- 
fifths  of  the  way  across,  near  longitude  25  east  from  Green- 
wich. From  this  point  Stanley  started  across  an  unknown 
V7ilderness  with  389  officers  and  men.  Of  the  indescribably 
horrors  encountered  in  fights  with  the  natives,  sickness  and 
death  of  his  men,  hunger  and  sufferings  of  every  conceivable 
kind,  there  is  not  space  to  speak.  It  was  not  until  the  last  of 
February,  1889,  that  Stanley  met  Emin.  To  his  dismay  he 
found  Emin  not  willing  to  leave  the  country,  although  be  was 
a  prisoner.  At  last,  being  influenced  by  the  offer  of  a  commis- 
Blon  from  the  king  of  Belgium,  he  decided  to  unite  his  forces 
with  those  of  Stanley  and  go  to  Bagamoyo  on  the  Indian  ocean, 
where  they  arrived  Dec.  4,  1889.  The  distance  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Congo  was  about  six  thousand  miles  and  the  time  occupied 
in  the  journey  was  nearly  three  years. 


QUEEN  VICTORIA. 

Her  Majesty  Victoria,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  Queen, 
Defender  of  the  Faith,  Empress  of  India  (in  India,  Kai- 
sar-i-Hind),  24th  May,  1810,  daughter  of  the  Duke 
of  Kent,  fourth  son  of  King  George  III.  (died  Jan.  23, 
1820);  succeeded  to  the  throne  20th  June,  1837,  on  the 
death  of  her  uncle,  King  William  IV.;  crowned  28th 
June,  1838;  and  married,  10th  February,  1840,  to  his« 
late  Royal  Highness  Francis  Albert  Augustus  Charles 
Emmanuel,  Prlnce  Consort,  Duke  of  Saxony,  Prince  of 
Cobnrg  and  Gotha  {horn  26th  August,  1819,  died  14th 
December,  1861).  Her  Majesty  died  at  Osborne,  Isle  of 
Wight.  Jan.  22,  1901.  She  had  issue:  1.  Victoria,  Em- 
press Frederick  of  Germany,  born  1840  (6  children  liv- 
ing). 2.  Albert  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  now  King- 
Emperor  Edward  VII.,  born  Nov.  9,  1841,  married  to 
Alexandra,  Princess  of  Denmark  (now  Queen  Alexandra), 
;3orn  Dec.  1,  1844  (5  children  living).  3.  Alice,  Grand. 
Duchess  of  Hess,  born  1846,  died  1862  (5  children  living). 
4.  Alfred,  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  later  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha,  born  1844,  died  1900  (5  children).  5.  Hel- 
ena, Princess  Christian  of  Schleswig-Holsiein,  born 
1846  (5  children).  6.  Louise,  Duchess  of  Argyle,  Mar- 
chioness of  Lome,  born  1848.  7.  Arthur,  Duke  of  Con- 
naught,  born  1850  (3  children).  8.  Leopold,  Duke  of 
Albany,  born  1853,  died  1884  (2  children).  9.  Beatrice, 
Pi  incess  of  Battenberg,  born  1857  (4  children). 

During  her  reign  of  64  years.  Queen  Victoria  excited  a 
wholesome  injfiuence  on  English  politics,  never  o])posing 
the  strong  wave  of  reform  that  transformed  her  king- 
dom from  1838  to  1901,  granting  political  rights  to  cath- 
olics and  Jews,  extending  the  franchise  to  millions  of 
non-electors,  and  allowing  the  A.nglican  Church  to  lose 
lis  supremacy  in  Ireland.  Under  her  reign  ihe  United 
Kingd'^>m  extended  its  power  in  all  directions,  especially 
Asia,  Australia  and  Africa.  She  preserved  peace  with 
the  great  powers,  except  during  the  Crimean  war  (1854- 
56).  when  her  troops,  allied  to  France  s,  triumphed  over 
Russia.  The  Queen's  sympathies  were  openly  in  favor 
f  the  SouLh,  during  the  American  war  of  rebellion,  and 
prevented  the  recognition  by  England  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy.  During  her  reign  Europe  was  greatly 
transformed.  Prance  became  a  settled  republic,  Germany 
a  united  empire,  Italy  a  united  kingdom.  The  Dominions 
of  Canada  and  Australasia  were  organized,  the  latter  but 
a  short  time  before  the  venerable  old  sovereign's  death. 


316 

RELIGIOUS  STATISTICS. 

NUMBERS  IN  THE  WORLD  ACCORDING  TO  CREEDS. 


Christianity  477,080,1 58 

Buddhism  147,900,000 

Mohammedanism   176,834.1^72 

Brahmanism  190,000,000 

Confucianism   256,000,000 

Shintoism    14,000.000 

Judaism   7,186,000 

Fetisliism  and  all  others  117,681,690 


ENGLISH-SPEAKING  RELIGIOUS  COMMUNITIES 
OF  THE  WORLD. 


Epi^c•upalians   29,200,000 

Methodists  of  all  descriptions   18.650.000 

Roman  Catholics   15.500,000 

I^resbyterians  of  all  descripiions   12,250.000 

Baptists  of  all  descriptions     9.280  000 

Congreg-ationalists    6.150.000 

Free  Thinkers   5  250.000 

Lutherans,  etc   2.800.000 

Unitarians   2,600  000 

Minoi- Religious  Sects    .   ■   5.500.000 

Of  no  particular  Religion   17,000,000 

English-speaking  Population   124,130,000 


PERPETUAL  MOTION. 

Perpetual  motion  is  a  movement  which  is  not  only 
self -active  but  also  self -creative.  A  machine  which  when 
set  in  motion  would  continue  to  move  without  the  aid  of 
external  force  and  without  the  loss  of  momentum,  until 
its  parts  were  all  worn  out,  might  be  said  to  have  solved 
the  perpetual  motion  problem.  But  even  more  is  ex- 
pected of  this  invention  should  it  ever  become  practica- 
ble, that  it  shall  go  on  doing  work  without  drawing  on 
any  external  source  of  energy,  or  shall  by  its  movement 
continually  create  power.  The  impossibility  of  con- 
structing such  a  machine  has  long  been  demonstrated, 
but  still  ignorant  and  ambitious  inventors  continue 
to  try  for  it,  As  early  as  the  year  1775.  the  Parisian 
Academy  of  Sciences  refused  to  receive  any  further 
schemes  for  perpetual  motion,  regarding  it  as  an  im- 
possibility. There  was  a  time  when  the  perpetual  motion 
problem  was  worthy  the  aitention  of  a  philosopher,  just 
as  there  was  a  time  when  a  man  might  have  been  justi- 
fied in  doubting  whether  the  earth  was  a  globe. 


EUROPE. 


Europe  is  a  peninsula,  projecting  from  Af  ia.  It  is  situated  In 
the  same  latitude  as  the  United  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

The  ex Ireme  length  of  Europe  from  northeast  to  southwest  is 
about  3,500  miles.  The  population  is  about  six  times  that  of  th^ 
United  States. 

Its  water  boundary,  if  a  continuous  line,  would  reach  four-fi/!  4^ 
of  the  way  around  the  world. 

The  British  Isles  are  separated  from  the  continent  by  the  3^ortb 
Sea,  which  has  an  average  depth  of  about  600  feet.  There  i? 
much  evidence  to  show  that  they  were  formerly  a  part  of  the  main* 
land. 

In  relative  extent  of  coast  Europe  surpasses  all  oth«>r  countries. 
It  is  partly  to  the  great  number  of  indentations  of  the  coast  that 
Europe  owes  its  commercial  supremacy. 

The  islands  of  Europe  constitute  about  one-taventieth  of  its 
area. 

The  greater  part  of  the  continent  is  low  and  level.  Russia  and 
all  the  territory  bordering  on  the  North  and  Baltic  seas  constitute 
a  vast  plain,  called  Low  Europe.  The  basin  of  the  Caspian  Sea 
and  much  of  the  Netherlands  are  below  the  sea-level. 

A  high  plateau,  extending  along  the  southern  part  of  the  conti- 
nent, is  known  as  High  Europe.  This  plateau  is  surrounded  by 
the  irregular  and  broken  mountain  ranges  which  constitute  the 
Alpine  System,  the  main  axis  of  the  continent. 

The  Alps  are  the  highest  range.  The  other  principal  ranges  are 
the  Pyrenees,  Apennines,  Balkan,  Carpathian  and  Caucasus 
mountains.  ^ 

The  Alps  have  long  been  celebrated  for  the  number  and  extent 
of  their  glaciers,  among  which  are  the  sources  of  the  Rhine,  Rhoae, 
Po  and  several  tributaries  of  the  Danube. 

The  chief  lake  region  of  Europe  is  in  Northwestern  Russia. 
Lake  Ladoga  is  the  largest  lake.  , 

The  lakes  in  Switzerland,  especially  Geneva  and  Constance,  arc 
celebrated  for  their  beautiful  scenery.  There  are  many  salt 
lakes  in  Russia,  most  of  which  are  situated  in  the  basin  of  the 
Caspian  Sea. 

Most  of  the  rivers  of  Western  Europe  are  connected  with  one 
another  by  canals,  and  are  navigable. 

Climate.— Europe  enjoys  a  more  equable  climate  than  any  other 
country  situated  in  corresponding  latitudes.  Its  mildness  is  due, 
chiefly,  to  the  southwesterly  winds,  which  are  warmed  by  the  water 
of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

Rain  is  most  abundant  on  the  western  coasts. 

The  tundras,  or  frozen  marshes  of  the  Arctic  Slope,  are  covered 
with  mosses  and  willows.  South  of  this  region  is  a  belt  of  dense 
forest,  chiefly  of  pine,  oak,  elm  and  ash. 

Grains,  hemp,  flax  and  tobacco  are  cultivated  in  the  central 
regions.  The  cultivatioa  of  the  grape,  olive,  orange,  lemon,  ng, 
mulberry  and  cotton  is  confined,  chiefly,  to  the  Mediterraneaa 
CoftSL 


3i8 


Most  of  the  wild  animals  have  disappeared.  The  reindeer, 
white  bear  and  other  animals  valuable  for  their  furs  are,  however, 
found  In  the  more  thinly  settled  regions;  the  wolf  and  wild  boar 
are  common  in  the  forests,  and  the  chamois  and  ibex  inhabit  the 
Alpine  heights. 

Water  fowl  are  numerous.  The  sardine,  herring,  pilchard, 
anchovy  and  other  fish  suitable  for  food  abound  in  the  surrounding 
waters. 

Minerals. — Coal,  iron  and  copper  are  very  widely  distributed. 
Silver,  zinc  and  lead  are  plentiful  in  the  central  highlands. 
Quicksilver,  niter,  sulphur  and  salt  in  volcanic  regions.  Coral  of 
great  beauty  and  value  is  obtained  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

People. — The  inhabitants  of  Europe,  numbering  about  330,000,- 
000,  belong  to  the  Caucasian  and  Mongolian  races. 

ASIA. 

Asia,  the  largest  country  in  the  world,  occupies  the  eastern  part 
of  the  Eastern  Continent. 

It  contains  about  one-third  of  the  land  surface  of  the  earth  —  is 
twice  as  large  as  North  America,  and  nearly  five  times  the  size  0/ 
the  United  States.  Its  greatest  length  is  7,500  miles,  nearly  one- 
third  the  circumference  of  the  earth. 

The  islands  of  Asia  are  a  partly  submerged  mountain  chain.  All 
of  them  volcanic 

The  northwestern  Asia  is  a  continuous  plain;  the  southeastern, 
an  elevated  plateau  traversed  by  high  mountains.  The  line  oi 
greatest  length  is  also  the  line  which  separates  the  highlands  from 
the  lowlands.  From  the  Hindoo  Koosh,  the  mountain  ranges  of 
Asia  radiate  toward  the  east. 

The  Himalaya  Mountains  are  the  highest  in  the  world.  The 
summit  of  Mt.  Everest  is  over  29,000  feet  above  the  sea-level,  being 
inore  than  6,goo  feet  higher  than  the  highest  peak  of  the  American 
continent. 

The  Caspian  Sea  ^nd  the  Sea  of  Aral  are  thought  to  have  been 
formerly  arms  of  the  ocean.  Both  are  salt  lakes.  The  former  is 
below  the  sea-level. 

Lake  Baikal  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  in  Asia  and  is 
about  as  large  as  Lake  Erie. 

The  rivers  of  Asia,  though  of  great  length,  are  distinguished  by 
narrow  valleys,  rather  than  large  basins.  Most  of  them  rise  in  the 
central  highlands,  from  which  they  radiate  in  three  directions, 
—  north,  east,  and  south,  and  mingle  their  waters  with  those  of 
three  oceans. 

The  Yang-tse  and  Hoang  rivers  are  subject  to  great  changes, 
brought  about  by  the  shifting  of  their  channels.  In  1851,  the 
Hoang  Ho  burst  through  its  banks  and  poured  its  waters  into  the 
Gulf  oi  Pecheelee,  and  within  two  years  its  lower  course  had  so 
changed  that  theAiouth  of  the  river  had  shifted  250  miles  from  its 
former  position. 
<  Central  Hindoostanis  often  called  the  Plateau  of  the  Deccan. 
The  Obi  is  the  only  river  navigable  to  any  considerable  distance. 


3^9 


The  river  valleys  and  the  plains  which  are  well  watered  are 
extremely  fertile.  The  high,  central  region  and  the  western  pla- 
teaus are  dry,  sandy,  and  barren. 

Every  degree  of  temperature  and  moisture  maybe  found  in  Asiia, 
froni  that  of  the  frozen  tundras  of  Siberia,  to  that  of  the  not,  pesti- 
lential ju-nglesof  India.  The  deserts  of  Arabia,  Persia,  Turkestan 
and  Gobi  receive  little  or  no  rain,  while  the  southern  slope  of  the 
Himalaya  is  annually  inundated. 

Siberia  is  swept  by  icy  winds  from  the  Arctic  Ocean;  Arabia,  by 
the  hot  and  fatal  simoom.  India  is  traversed  by  winds  which 
scorch  the  entire  surface  for  half  the  year,  and  flood  it  with  rain  the 
remaining  part. 

Destructive  cyclones  often  visit  the  coast,  frequently  piling  up 
the  waters  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal  until  the  lowlands  of  the  Ganges 
are  submerged. 

Southern  Asia  is  covered  with  a  dense  tropical  vegetation.  The 
palm,  bamboo,  and  banyan  tree  are  abundant  Rice,  cotton, 
sugar-cane,  flax,  jute,  hemp,  poppy,  and  the  spices,  are  the  prin- 
cipal plants  cultivated  in  the  plains  and  valleys  of  Southern  Asia. 

Central  Asia  produces  the  plants  which  thrive  best  in  the  tem- 
perate zones.  Vast  forests  of  pine,  larch,  teak,  maple  and  birch 
are  on  the  upland  terraces  of  Siberia.  The  chief  cultivated 
plants  of  Central,  Eastern  and  Southeastern  Asia  are  wheat,  tea 
and  rice. 

Western  Asia  produces  the  famous  Mocha  coffee,  tobacco,  the 
fig,  date  and  olive. 

Nearly  all  the  domestic  animals  of  the  earth  are  found  in  Asia, 
and  most  of  them  are  native  to  it.  The  camel  and  elephant  are 
used  as  beasts  of  burden. 

Southern  Asia  abounds  in  fierce  animals  and  dangerous  reptiles. 
The  largest  animals  are  the  elephant,  rhinoceros,  tapir,  lion,  tiger, 
hyena,  and  jackal.  The  reptiles  include  the  crocodile,  python 
and  cobra  de  capello.  Monkeys  and  beautiful  birds  are  numerous. 

In  the  colder  regions  the  bear,  wolf,  fox,  buflalo  and  several 
species  of  wild  cattle  are  common.    Also  many  kinds  of  deer. 

Gold  and  platinum  are  widely  diffused  throughout  the  Ural 
Mountains  and  the  central  plateaus. 

Silver  is  rained  in  Siberia.  Copper  and  iron  are  abundant  and 
widely  distributed. 

Tin  is  abundant  in  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  the  Island  of 
Banca,  near  Sumatra. 

Petroleum  is  found  in  the  basin  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
'  Asia  has  always  been  famous  for  precious  stones.    Most  of  the 
large  and  valuable  diamonds,  sapphires,  rubies,  and  emeralds  are 
from  the  mines  oT  India, 

The  finest  pearls  are  obtained  in  the  Persian  Gulf  and  in  the 
«vater  along  the  coasts  of  Ceylon. 

Asia  is  probably  the  birthplace  of  tho  human  race.  The  strong- 
est evidences  of  history  and  science  point  to  the  highlands  of 
Asia  as  the  birthplace  of  man.  Somewhere  in  the  valleys  of 
Persia,  the  old  name  of  which  was  Arya,  there  lived  a  people  who 
built  house?,  cultivated  the  soil  and  had  forms  of  government. 


320 


They  believed  u.  an  Omipotep*^  Being  and  also  a  spirit  of  evil, 
^ully  one-haii*  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  live  in  China  and 
India. 

Siberia,  Russian  Turkestan  and  Trancaucasia  are  siib- 
fect  to  Russia,  whose  capital  is  St.  Petersburgh. 

Siberia  maybe  divided  into  three  belts;  agricultural  and  grazing 
land  in  the  South;  forests  in  the  middle;  and  frozen  marshes  in 
the  North. 

Gold,  silver,  copper  and  other  metals  are  mined  in  the  moun- 
^ins;  and  numerous  wild  animals  are  hunted  for  their  iurs. 

Trade  is  carried  on  by  means  of  caravans  and  camel  trains.  In 
summer  boats  navigate  the  rivers,  and  in  winter  sledges  are 
'  '  awn  on  the  ice  and  snow  by  dogs,  horses  and  reindeer. 

The  chief  cities  are  Tiflis  in  Transcaucasia,  west  of  the  Caspian 
■ea;  Tashkend,  in  Russian  Turkestan;  Omsk,  in  Western 
Siberia;  and  Irkootsk,  in  Eastern  Siberia,  Yakootsk,  on  the 
Lena  River  is  said  to  be  the  coldest  city  in  the  world. 

The  Chinese  Empire  is  larger  by  one-half  than  the  United 
States  and  con  tain  5,  about  six  times  as  many  inhabitants. 

China  contains  the  greater  part  of  the  population.  The  laad  is 
fertile  and  well  cultivated,  agriculture  being  the  chief  occupation 
of  the  people.  Rivers  and  canals  are  numerous;  much  traveling  is 
done  in  boats.  Thousands  of  the  inhabitants  of  China  have  their 
houses  and  gardens  on  rafts  and  boats  which  float  on  the  rivers. 
These  people  live  by  gardening  and  fishing.  In  their  floating 
houses  their  children  are  born,  are  married  and  die.  A  young 
child  falling  overboard  there  is  kept  from  drowning  by  means  og 
an  empty  gourd  which  its  mother  had  tied  between  its  shoulders. 

The  food  of  the  Chinese  consists,  principally,  of  rice  and  fish„ 

The  leading  exports  from  China  are  tea,  silk,  porcelain  and 
giottery. 

Its  trade  is  carried  on,  mainly,  with  Great  Britain,  Australia 
and  the  United  States,  by  means  of  ships,  and  with  Russia  by 
means  of  caravans. 

Many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  other  divisions  of  the  empire  are 
wandering  tribes,  whose  occupation  is  the  raising  of  horses,  sheep 
and  goats. 

Pekin,  the  capital  of  the  Chin<:se  Empire,  is  noted  for  its  sur- 
rounding walls,  magnificent  gates  and  heathen  temples.  Its 
houses  are  only  one  or  two  stories  high.  Its  population  is  greater 
than  that  of  New  York  City. 

Thibet  is  situated  on  a  high  plateau,  surrounded  by  the  highest 
mountains  in  the  world. 

Corea  is  a  kingdom.  It  was,  until  recently,  under  the  control  of 
the  Chinese  government. 

The  Empire  of  Japan  consists  of  islands,  which  contain 
mountains,  streams,  forests,  and  a  well  cultivated  soil.  Japan 
contains  beautiful  lakes,  rivers,  water-falls,  trees,  and  flowers  of 
reat  variety;  bears,  deer,  wolves,  and  foxes;  pheasants  and  other 
irds.  The  celebrated  mountain  in  Japan  is  Fujiyama,  whose 
^uitimit  is  covered  with  snow  nearly  all  the  year.    In  summer 


bands  of  pilgrims  dressed  ui  wiiUe  travel  to  its  saiii.niit  to  worship 
adols  there. 

The  principal  occupations  of  the  Japanese  are  agriculture,  manu- 
facturing and  mining. 

Its  exports  comprise  tea,  rice,  silks,  porcelain,  fans  and  lac- 
quered ware. 

Tokio,  the  capital,  is  the  residence  of  the  emperor,  called  the 
mikado.    Its  chief  port  is  Yokahama. 

.  India  is  larger  than  all  the  Pacific  States  and  Territories,  and 
contains  about  four  times  as  many  inhabitants  as  the  United 
States. 

The  Empire  of  India  is  ruled  by  the  Governor-General,  wlio  is 
appointed  by  Victoria,  Queen  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and 
Empress  of  India.  Next  to  the  Chinese  Empire  it  is  the  most 
populous  iii  the  world.  India  was  settled  by  the  Aryans,  about 
1400  B.  C.  They  were  Brahmins,  but  unlike  the  Brahmins  of  the 
present  time  in  their  religious  teaching  and  practices.  Their  lan- 
guage was  the  Sanskrit.  The  people  are  divided  into  castes.  They 
believe  in  the  transmigration  of  souls.  Gautama  or  Buddha,  about 
500  B.  C,  introduced  a  form  of  religion  which,  after  a  long  struggle 
with  Brahmanism,  was  overcome  in  India  and  transplanted  in 
China,  where  it  has  degenerated  into  a  debasing  form  of  idolatry. 
Queen  Elizabeth  chartered  die  East  India  Company  in  1600  A.  D, 
The  vast  empire,  which  haa  grown  by  its  conquests,  was  trans* 
ferred  to  the  British  Crown  in  1858. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  India  is  subject  to  Great  Britain,  either 
absolutely  or  as  tributary  states. 

India  is  remarkable  for  its  high,  snow-covered  peaks,  hot 
climate  and  large  population. 

Its  low  plains  in  the  north  are  the  most  fertile  in  the  world.  The 
west  and  south  contain  desert  tracts. 

Agriculture  and  stock-raising  are  the  principal  industries. 

The  exports  are  cotton,  opium,  rice,  wheat  and  jute.  Cattle, 
camels,  buffalos,  sheep  and  goats  are  numerous.^  The  inhabitants 
subsist,  principally,  upon  rice,  fish  and  tea. 

Calcutta  is  the  capital  and  the  largest  city  in  India,  and  the 
■  most  important  city  in  Asia.  Bombay,  on  the  western  coast,  and 
Madras,  on  the  eastern,  are  important  cities. 

Ceylon  is  a  mountainous  island,  belonging  to  Great  Britain.  I4 
is  famous  for  coffee  and  spices.  Pearl  oysters  abound  on  the 
southern  coast,  and  the  fishery  is  often  very  profitable. 

Farther  India  or  Indo-China,  forming  the  southeastern 
peninsula  of  Asia,  comprises  the  kingdoms  of  Bunnah,  Siam  and 
Anam,  Lower  Cochin  China,  Cambodia  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. 

This  division  of  Asia  is  remarkable  for  its  long  mountain^ 
ranges  and  fertile  valleys,  its  hot,  moist  climate*  and  its  dense 
forests  and  jungles.  v  ^ 

It  contains  large,  savage  animals,  and  many  tribes  of  people 
scarcely  removed  from  barbarism.  , 

The  chief  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  is  the  cultivai^'an  of  rioa^ 
which  is  their  principal  article  of  food. 


Bangkok,  the  capita!  of  Sianl,  is  the  largest  city  in  Farther 
India.  It  contains  royal  palaces  and  many  pagodas.  These  are 
surrounded  by  bamboo  houses  built  on  piles. 

Mandalay  is  the  capital  of  Burmah. 

Saigon  is  a  sea-port  of  French  Cochin  China. 

Singapore,  on  the  Island  of  Singapore,  is  a  sea-port  belonging 
to  Great  Britain. 

Persia,  Afghanistaiit  Beloochistan  and  Bokhara  are 

remarkable  for  their  desert  tracts,  forest-covered  mountains  and 
fertile  river  valleys. 

The  principal  products  are  grain,  fruits,  sugar,  indigo  and 
dates. 

Many  of  the  inhabitants  own  large  flocks  of  goats  and  sheep, 
while  others  are  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  silk  goods,  shawls, 
rugs  and  perfumery,  or  in  the  caravan  trade.  There  are,  also, 
many  roving,  warlike  tribes.    Nearly  all  are  Mohammedans. 

Persia  is  remarkable  for  extensive  salt  deserts.  Near  the  Cas- 
pian vSea,  however,  vegetation  is  luxuriant.  Here,  as  in  other 
Mohammedan  countries,  education  is  confined  to  learning  portions 
of  the  Koran  and  scraps  of  poetry.  The  Persians  are  a  slow,  easy- 
going people,  hospitable,  generous,  but  procrastinating. 

These  countries  are  important  because  of  their  situation  between 
Russia  and  the  Indian  Ocean.  Afghanistan  has  been  called  the 
"gateway  to  India." 

Teheran,  the  capital  of  Persia,  and  Tabriz,  are  the  chief  cities. 

Cabul,  Herat  and  Candahar  are  the  principal  cities  in  Afghan- 
istan. 

Arabia  is  chiefly  a  hot,  desert  plateau,  with  oases  of  different 
sizes,  in  which  dates,  grapes,  tamarinds  and  other  fruits  grow. 

It  has  no  general  government,  the  inhabitants  being  ruled  by 
sheiks  or  chiefs.    The  rulers  are  called  Sultans. 

Arabia  is  celebrated  for  fine  dromedaries  and  horses,  and  excel- 
lent coftee. 

Muscat,  the  capital  ofl.Oman,  is  the  largest  city  in  Arabia,  and 
^e  chief  sea-port. 

Aden  is  a  fortified  sea-port  belonging  to  Great  Britain. 

Mecca,  the  birthplace  of  Mohammed,  is  visited  by  many  Mo- 
hammedan pilgrims  every  year.  It  is  said  to  be  the  hottest  city  in 
':he  world- 
Turkey  in  Asia  is  a  part  of  the  Ottoman,  or  Turkish  Empire, 
who«e  capital  is  Constantinople. 

Its  northern  part  is  remarkable  for  forests,  mountains  and  fertile 
valle}  s.  Its  eastern  part  for  the  fertile  plains  of  the  Tigris  and 
JEuph  rates,  and  its  southern  for  a  desert  region. 

Trc.pical  fruits,  cotton,  grain  and  tobacco  grow  abundantly. 

The  people  are-chiefly  Turks  and  Aiabs,  professing  the  Moham* 
medan  religion. 

Smyrna,  an  important  commercial  port  and  steamer  station,  is 
the  largest  city. 

Damascus  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  world.     It  contains  gruad  old 


323 

mosques,  and  is  the  center  of  the  caravan  trade,  Itr.  manufactures 
comprise  saddles  and  silk  goods. 

Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Land,  is  mentioned  in  Scripture  as  the 
Promised  Land  of  the  Ancient  Hebrews,  and  the  birthplace  o£ 
Christianity,  It  contains  the  cities  of  Jerusalem  and  Bethlehem, 
the  Valley  of  the  Jordan,  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Galilee. 

AFRICA. 

Africa,  the  south-western  continent  of  the  Old  World,  is  the  only 
country  stretching  entirely  across  the  Torrid  Zone, 

It  is  a  peninsula,  joined  to  Asia  by  the  Isthmus  of  Suez.  The 
ship-canal,  cor^structed  across  the  isthmus,  makes  it,  artificially, 
an  island.  The  shortest  distance  across  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  is 
about  seventy-two  miles;  the  line  of  the  canal  is  one  hundred 
miles.  The  average  height  of  the  isthmus  above  sea-level  is 
scarcely  ten  feet. 

The  Suez  Canal  was  completed  in  1869.  It  has  a  depth  of  twenty- 
four  feet,  and  a  clear  channel  seventy-two  feet  in  width.  By  con- 
necting the  Red  sea  with  the  Mediterranean,  this  canal  furnishes  a 
shorter  route  between  European  ports  and  India,  than  that  around 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  extends  from  Port  Said,  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, to  Suez,  a  sea-port  town  near  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of 
Suez. 

Africa  is  the  second  country  in  size.  Its  length  and  breadth  are 
each  about  5,000  miles. 

The  coast  is  unbroken  by  bays  and  inlets  such  as  make  secure 
harbors  for  vessels.  In  proportion  to  its  size,  it  has  the  shortest 
coast-line. 

There  are  many  continental  islands  lying  along  the  coast  of 
Africa.  Madagascar,  the  largest,  is  separated  from  the  continent 
by  a  very  shallow  channel. 

The  interior  of  Africa  is  a  plateau,  which  is  highest  in  the  south 
and  south  east.  This,  in  most  parts,  is  bordered  by  mountains, 
between  which  and  the  sea  is  a  low  and  narrow  strip  of  coast. 

The  average  elevation  of  the  high  plateau  is  about  5,000  feet; 
and  of  the  northern  region,  about  1,500  feet. 

The  principal  mountain  system  extends  along  the  eastern  side  of 
the  continent.  Mount  Kenia,  the  highest  peak,  is  about  20,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,. 

The  Great  Sahara  Desert  has  an  undulating  surface,  and  id 
covered  mostly  with  shifting  sand  and  gravel.  A  small  portion, 
south  of  Barca,  is  below  the  sea-level. 

Oases,  watered  by  springs  and  covered  with  groves  of  date-palm- 
trees,  are  met  with  in  different  parts  of  the  desert. 

vSoudan,  situated  south  of  the  Great  Desert,  is  a  region  remark- 
able for  its  extreme  heat  and  excessive  rains  and  droughts. 

C<9itral  Africa,  or  the  region  crossed  by  the  Equator,  is 
remarkable  for  its  fertility;  and,  owing  to  its  great  height  above 
the  sea-level,  its  climate  is  mild  and  healthful.  This  region  is 
drained  by  many  large  rivers. 


.]24 

Southern  AfWca  is  mountainous,  but  it  contains  roany  fertile 
▼alleys  and  plains  well  adapted  to  agriculture  and  stock-raising. 
The  Kalahari  Desert,  though  destitute  of  streams,  is  covered 
•  mining  a  great  part  of  the  year  with  grass.  The  lakes  of  Africa 
confined  chiefly  to  the  high,  equatorial  region,  and  are  remark- 
able ^or  their  number  and  size.  Lake  Victoria  is  the  largest  lake 
in  the  world.    Its  cutlet  is  the  Nile  river. 

The  i  'ver  Nile  flows  through  the  most  important  part  of  Africa. 
Its  lower  ourse  is  in  a  region  almost  rainless,  and  for  more  than 
1,500  niilt^:  t  does  not  receive  a  single  tributary.  It  is  fed  by  the 
annual  rains  and  the  melting  snows  of  the  high  mountains. 

The  water  01  the  Nile  is  highest  from  May  till  September,  when 
the  lower  valle>  is  covered  with  a  fine,  rich  soil,  brought  down  by 
the  flood;  and  J-h  seeds  which  are  scattered  over  the  water,  as  it 
subsides,  bring  for  h  abundant  crops  of  grain.  Cotton,  also,  is  an 
important  product  o  'the  Nile  Valley. 

The  Congo,  first  xplored  by  Livingstone,  and  afterward  by 
Stanley,  drains  the  mo.  t  fertile  part  of  the  continent.  Us  source  is 
in  the  region  of  heavy  ra  ns. 

The  region  of  greatest  K  -"at  is  in  the  Egyptian  Soudan.  There 
the  midday  temperature  dv  -ing  the  summer  months  is  often  140 
deg.  Fahr.,  while  the  nights  i-e  sometimes  so  cold  that  ice  forms. 
In  the  desert,  hot  winds,  kn<v  vn  as  simooms,  are  prevalent,  and 
sand  storms  are  often  destruCt've.  The  coast,  generally,  is  very 
unhealthy. 

Southern  Africa  possesses  a  -^ild  and  genial  climate.  Here 
are  the  principal  settlements  fori  ied  by  Europeans  in  Africa, 
This  is  the  home  of  the  Caffre. 

Northern  Africa  yields  grain,  cotto  \  dates,  almonds,  and  olive- 
oil.  Rice  is  a  leading  product  of  th»,  Guinea  Coast.  The  date- 
palm  flourishes  along  the  shores  of  the  .Mediterranean  and  in  the 
oases  of  the  desert.  The  famous  baobab-tree  is  found  in  Central 
Africa.  It  is  famous  for  its  great  size  and  age.  Groves  of  teak, 
mangrove,  ebony,  and  India  rubber  abound  on  the  western  coa-st. 
Gum  arable,  myrrh,  cotton,  coffee,  sugar-cane,  and  spices  are 
products  of  Eastern  Africa.  The  islands  produce  trop'cal  fruits, 
wine  and  amber. 

Africa  is  noted  for  large  and  ferocious  animals,  and  venomous 
serpents.  The  lion  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  continent.  The 
hippopotamus  inhabits  the  upper  Nile,  while  the  marshes  and 
streams  of  the  low  coast  contain  many  crocodiles,  lizards,  and  other 
reptiles. 

I  The  gorilla,  the  largest  and  fiercest  of  apes,  and  the  chimpan- 
zee, are  met  with  in  the  west.  The  elephant,  giraffe,  and  the  two- 
horned  rhinoceros,  belong  in  Central  and  Southern  Africa.  There 
are  many  species  of  deer  and  antelope.  The  zebra  and  the  gnu  or 
homed  horse,  are  numerous  in  the  grassy  plains  of  Southern 
Africa.  The  ostrich  is  hunted  in  various  parts  of  the  continent; 
hut  in  Southern  Africa,  the  rearing  of  those  birds  for  their  plumes 
is  an  important  occupation. 

The  most  useful  arimal  in  crossing  desert  regions  is  the  camel. 
Travelers  and  merchants,  with  their  camels  carrying  merchandise, 


325 


cross  the  desert  in  companies,  called  caravans.  For  more  than  four 
thousand  years  camels  have  been  almost  the  sole  means  employed 
to  carry  merchandise  across  the  deserts.  The  camel  will  carry  a 
load  of  four  or  five  hundred  pounds  weight  fifty  miles  a  day  for  five 
or  six  days,  although  he  may  not  be  supplied  with  food  or  water 
during  that  time. 

The  coasts  of  Guinea  and  Senegambia  have  long  been  cele- 
brated for  gold.  Copper,  lead,  salt,  and  saltpeter  are  obtained  in 
some  places. 

Important  diamond  fields  are  in  South  Africa. 

Africans  comprise  three  races  —  the  Caucasian,  Negro,  and 
Malay. 

The  Moors,  Arabs,  Berbers,  Egyptians,  and  various  tribes  of 
the  north  are  Caucasians ;  the  tribes  of  Central  and  Southern  Africa, 
and  the  east  and  west  coasts,  Negroes;  and  those  of  Madagascar, 
Malays. 

Excepting  the  European  colonists  who  have  settled  along  the 
coast,  nearly  all  the  Caucasian  inhabitants  are  Mohammedans,  and 
are  in  a  low  state  of  civilization. 

Most  of  the  Negro  tribes  of  Africa  are  savages,  in  a  degraded 
condition.  There  are,  however,  several  tribes  which  cultivate  the 
soil,  raise  cattle,  and  observe  laws. 

The  Barbary  States,  situated  on  the  Mediterranean  Ooast, 
extend  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  Egypt 

The  climate  is  mild  and  healthful.  South  of  the  Atlas  Moun- 
tains, it  is* extremely  hot  and  arid .  There  are  two  seasons,  a  rainy 
and  a  dry. 

The  highlands  are  covered  with  forests  of  cedar,  pine,  cork-trees 
and  other  valuable  timber.  The  lowlands  are  finely  adapted  to 
agriculture. 

The  most  important  productions  are  dates,  oranges,  banaoasj^ 
pomegranates  and  figs. 

The  natives  consist  of  Moors,  Arabs,  and  Berbers.  Althoug^b 
descended  from  a  very  enlightened  people,  they  are  extremely 
ignorant,  degraded  and  treacherous.  The  foreigners  are  mainly 
French  and  Jewish  colonists.  Wherever  they  settled,  aejricultiire, 
manufactures  and  commerce  quickly  followed. 

Morocco  is  under  the  absolute  government  of  a  sultan,  who  is 
subject  to  Turkey.  The  country  is  sparsely  settled.  Cattle,  sheep, 
and  gi)ats  are  reared  extensively. 

In  tanning  and  dyeing  leather  the  people  exhibit  great  skill, 
and  the  leather  manufactured  there  is  exported  to  all  parts  of  the 
world. 

Morocco  and  Fez  are  the  most  important  cities.  The  sultaa 
holds  court  at  one  and  the  other,  alternately. 

Algeria  is  a  French  possession,  and  contains  a  large  European 
population.  It  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  of  the  Barbary 
States. 

Several  lines  of  railway  are  in  operation,  and  caravans,  trading 
i&  ivory,  gums  and  ostrich  feathers,  penetrate  the  interior  en 
Soudan. 


326 


Algiers  is  the  capital  and  commercial  center.  It  is  connected 
with  Marseilles  by  a  submarine  telegraph  cable. 

Tunis,  also,  is  a  French  possession.  It  was  formerly  subject  to 
furkey.  It  is  noted  for  its  olive  groves,  date  plantations,  coral 
fisheries,  and  the  manufacture  of  red  caps,  soap  and  leather. 

Tunis,  near  the  site  of  ancient  Carthage,  is  the  capital  and  sea- 
port.   It  is  a  very  old  city. 

Tripoli,  though  nominally  a  Turkish  province,  is  a  despotic 
monarchy,  governed  by  a  bey. 

It  contains  no  river.s,  and  rain  seldom  falls;  yet,  on  account  of 
lieavy  dews,  the  soil  is  productive. 

The  leading  exports  are  wool,  hides,  and  ivory. 

Tripoli  is  the  capital  and  sea-port.  Mourzouk,  the  capital  o< 
IFezzan,  is  the  center  of  a  large  caravan  trade. 

The  Nile  Countries  comprise  Egypt  proper.  Nubia,  and  the 
Egyptian  Soudan,  or  Kingdom  of  the  Mahdi.  They  are  governed 
hy  a  hereditary  monarch  called  the  khedive,  and  are  subject  to 
Turkey . 

The  greater  part  of  Egypt  is  a  desert.  Along  the  lower  course 
<of  the  Nile,  only  the  narrow  valley,  which  is  annually  inundaced, 
is  capable  of  producing  crops. 

Since  the  completion  of  the  Suez  canal  rapid  progress  has  been 
made  in  developing  the  agricultural  and  commercial  interests  of 
Egypt. 

Railways  have  been  built,  and  by  means  of  irrigating  canals 
extensive  tracts  of  desert  land  have  been  made  productive. 

Most  of  the  wealthier  classes  have  been  educated  in  Europe,  and 
foreign  customs  are  being  introduced  throughout  the  country. 
The  laboring  classes  are  greatly  oppressed,  and  are  practically  in 
a  state  of  slavery. 

The  principal  products  of  Egypt  are  cotton,  grain,  sugar  an<I 
rice.  Gum  arabic,  ivory,  indigo,  and  ostrich  feathers  are  obtained 
in  the  Soudan.  Manufactories  have  been  established  in  the  larger 
cities  and  towns. 

Cairo,  the  capital  of  Egypt,  is  the  largest  city  in  Africa.  Alex= 
andria  is  the  prmcipal  sea-port.  Railways  connect  both  cities  with 
Suez,  the  southern  sea-port  of  the  Suez  Canal.  The  northern,  or 
Mediterranean,  seaport  of  the  canal  is  Port  Said. 

The  other  seaports  of  Egypt  are  Rosetta  and  Damietta. 

Nubia  and  the  Eg^'ptian  Soudan  are  iahabited  by  warlike  tribes 
of  Arab  and  Negro  descent. 

Khartoum,  at  the  junction  of  the  Blue  and  the  White  Nile,  is 
center  of  a  large  caravan  trade. 

Abyssinia  is  a  high  and  rugged  plateau,  containing  a  number 
D»f" fertile  valleys.  The  climate,  owing  to  the  high  altitude  of  the 
surface,  is  mild  and  healthful.  The  people,  though  of  a  dark,  or 
swarthy  complexion,  belong  to  the  Caucasian  race,  and  consist 
rhiefly,  of  Copts  and  Berbers,  who  are  ignorant  and  degraded. 

Abyssinia  consists  of  several  independent  states,  having  no 
general  government. 


327 

Gondar  is  the  capital.  Massowah,  an  Egyptian  possession,  is 
the  oniy  sea-port. 

South.  Africa  comprises  several  prosperous  colonies.  Some 
of  these  belong  to  Great  Britain,  others  are  independent  states 
founded  by  Dutch  settlers,  while  others  still  are  the  homes  of 
native  tribes. 

Cape  Colony  and  Natal  are  British  colonies.  The  surface  of  the 
land  is  high,  undulating  and  well  adapted  to  grazing. 

The  leading  occupations  are  the  raising  of  cattle  and  sheep,  and 
the  rearing  of  ostriches.  Wool  and  ostrich  feathers  are  among  the 
most  valuable  exports. 

Cape  Town,  the  capital  of  Cape  Colony,  is  the  chief  sea-port  of 
South  Africa. 

Pietermaritzburg  is  the  capital  of  Natal. 

West  Griqualand,  also  a  possession  of  Great  Britain,  containi 
the  most  productive  diamond  mines  in  the  world. 

Kimberly,  its  capital,  is  situated  in  the  diamond  fields,  and  is 
the  chief  market  for  rough  diamonds. 

Caffraria  and  Zululand  are  inhabited  by  natives  who  are  noted 
for  their  intelligence,  ^fine  physical  appearance  and  great  bravery. 
Both  countries  are  governed  by  native  chiefs,  although  subject  tj 
Great  Britain. 

The  Orange  Free  State  and  the  South  African  Republic  (for- 
merly Transvaal)  are  inhabited  by  Dutch  farmers,  called  Boers. 
The  Boers  are  noted  for  their  bravery  and  love  of  independence, 

BJoemfontein  is  the  capital  of  the  Orange  Free  State,  and  Pre- 
toria of  the  South  African  Republic.  Wool,  cattle  and  grain  are 
the  exports. 

Central  Africa  includes  the  regions  comprised  in  Sahara,  or 
the  Great  Desert,  Soudan,  the  Congo  Free  State  and  the  territory 
southward  to  the  Boer  republics. 

Sahara  contains  about  tiventy  oases,  inhabited  by  wandering 
tribes,  who  live  chiefly  by  plundering  the  caravans. 

Soudan  is  inhabited  by  semi-barbarous  tribes,  each  of  which  is 
governed  by  a  chief,  whose  will  is  law. 

Their  occupation  is  herding  cattle,  but  they  are  constantly  at  war 
with  one  another. 

Timbuctoo,  Sackatoo  and  Kouka  are  centers  of  a  large  caravan 
trade. 

The  Congo  Free  State  embraces  the  basin  of  the  Congo 
5^5ver.    It  is  subject  to  the  King  of  Belgium. 

Zanzibar  is  a  strip  of  coast  nearly  1,000  miles  long,  including  a 
ccimber  of  small  islands.  It  is  an  absolute  monarchy,  governed 
by  a  sultan. 

Zanzibar,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  is  the  capital.  It  is 
the  center  of  a  lurge  trade  in  ivory,  gum  copal  and  spices. 
Trade  is  almost  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  Hindoo  and  Arab 
merchants. 

Mozambique  includes  a  number  of  Portuguese  colonies,extendiiig 


3»8 


from  Zululand  to  Zanzibar.  The  city  of  Mozambique,  the  chief 
center  of  trade,  is  the  residence  of  the  Governor- General. 

Tlie  West  Coast  is  covered  with  forests  of  valuable  timber. 
The  highlands  contain  gold  and  silver. 

Senegambia  includes  most  of  the  basins  of  the  Senegal  and 
Gambia  rivers.  English  and  French  traders  have  settled  aleng 
the  coast. 

Sierra  Lieone  is  a  prosperous  English  colony.  It  is  inhabited 
by  Negroes,  many  of  whom  were  rescued  from  slave-ships.  Free- 
town is  the  capital. 

Liberia  is  a  small  republic,  originally  established  as  a  colony 
for  freed  slaves  from  the  United  States.    Monrovia  is  the  capital. 

Dahomej'^  and  Ashantee  are  absolute  despotisms. 

The  natives  are  superstitious,  warlike  and  ferocious.  In  Daho- 
mey wholesale  murders,  or  human  sacrifices,  form  part  of  certain 
celebrations.  Here  the  king  has  an  army  of  women  whose  weapons 
are  muskets,  swords  and  clubs.  Ashantee,  also,  is  ruled  by  a 
native  king,  who  is  independent. 

Madagascar,  a  kingdom,  contains  a  civilized  population,  whose 
principal  industries  are  agriculture  and  herding. 

St.  Helena  belongs  io  Great  Britain;  the  Canary  Islands  to 
Spain;  the  Madeira,  the  Azores  and  the  Cape  Verd  Islands  to 
Portugal. 

NORTH  AMERICA. 

North  America  is  the  northern  division  of  the  western  contment. 
It  extends  almost  from  the  North  Pole  to  the  Equator. 

The  shape  of  North  America  is  nearly  that  of  a  triangle,  broad 
9i  the  north  and  tapering  almost  to  a  point  at  the  south.  Its 
length  is  nearly  5,000  miles.  Its  area  is  equal  to  one-half  that  of 
Asia,  or  two  and  one-half  times  that  of  Europe.  Its  northern  and 
eastern  coasts  are  remarkable  for  numerous  indentations  and  good 
harbors,  while  the  western  coast  has  but  few. 

The  western  part  of  the  continent  is  a  high  plateau,  on  which 
are  many  nearly  parallel  ranges  of  mountains.  The  direction  of 
these  ranges  is  from  north-west  to  south-east.  They  constitute 
the  Rocky  Mountain  system,  and  form  the  main  axis  of  the  con- 
tinent. The  culminating  ranges  of  this  system  inclose  a  large, 
oval-shaped  plateau,  called  the  Great  Basin. 

The  Appalachian  system,  in  the  eastern  part,  is  composed  of 
several  parallel  ranges,  extending  from  north-east  to  south-west. 
Their  average  height  is  about  3,000  feet,  or  about  one-third  that 
of  the  Western  Highlands, 

Volcanoes  are  numerous  in  the  Western  Highlands,  and  (several 
of  them  are  constantly  active. 

The  highest  peak  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  system  is  Mt.  St.  Elias, 
19,500  feet;  and  of  the  Appalachian  system,  Mt  Mitchell,  6,707 
feet 

The  ^reat  central  plain,  extending  froai  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  lies  between  the  two  mountain  systems.    The  Height 


330 


^Land,  an  almost  imperceptible  divide,  crosses  the  pfadbl*  flSP' 
mrating  the  Arctic  Slope  from  the  Gulf  Slope. 

The  lakes  of  North  America  are  remarkable  for  their  numbei 
and  size.  If  a  straight  line  were  drawn  from  Che&apeakf!  Bay  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  River,  it  would  pass  throug;^^  rtcarly 
every  large  lake  in  North  America. 

The  great  lakes  contain  about  one-half  the  fresh  water  on  th« 
globe.  Lake  Superior,  the  largest,  however,  is  exceeded  in  size 
by  Lake  Victoria,  in  Africa. 

Salt  and  alkaline  lakes  are  numerous  in  the  Pacific  highlands. 
Great  Salt  Lake,  ia  Utah,  has  an  area  twice  that  of  Rhode  Island. 
With  the  exception  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  it  is  the  largest  salt  lake 
on  the  globe. 

The  Mississippi  basin  is  the  largest  basin  in  the  world,  except- 
'"jig  that  of  the  Amazon  river.  Its  chief  stream,  the  Mississippi 
jjad  Missouri,  exceeds  every  other  river  in  length. 

The  Yukon  river,  second  in  size,  is,  in  many  respects,  unlike 
any  other  river  on  the  continent.  Its  upper  course  is  remarkable 
for  falls  and  rapids.  Its  lower  part  contains  many  islands,  and  is 
often  five  and  six  miles  wide. 

The  Columbia,  Colorado,  and  many  of  their  tributaries  which 
rise  in  the  interior  of  the  continent,  flow,  in  some  places,  through 
4eep  canons.  _ 

The  soil  is  very  productive.  The  Mississippi  basin  and  the 
slopes  of  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  contain  soil 
of  great  fertility.  On  the  Pacific  coast  the  climate  is  much  milder 
than  in  corresponding  latitudes  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  The  north- 
cm  part  of  the  continent  is  extremely  cold ;  the  central  portion  is 
characterized  by  hot  summers  and  cold  winters;  the  southern  part, 
has  a  tropical  climate.  The  rain-fall  is  greatest  in  the  north-west 
and  south-east.  The  rains  of  the  Pacific  Coast  fall  mostly  in 
winter.  In  northern  regions,  vegetation  is  limited  to  mosses^ 
lichens,  and  a  few  shrubs.  A  belt  of  cone-bearing  and  deciduous 
trees  extends  through  the  middle  of  the  Temperate  Zone.  In  the 
south,  these  are  replaced  by  palms,  tree-ferns,  bananas,  and 
agaves.  Grasses  are  abundant  throughout  the  Temperate  Zone. 
Indian  corn  and  tobacco  are  native  to  North  America. 
,  The  fur  seal,  whale,  walrus,  polar  bear,  and  musk-ox  are  the 
most  important  animals  of  the  northern  regions.  The  bison,  deer, 
bear,  wolf,  and  panther  are  common  in  the  north  central  part.  The 
grizzly  bear  is  found^  in  North  America  only.  The  monkey  in  the 
tropical  regions. 

Reptiles  are  numerous  in  the  south.  Nearly  500  species  of  birds 
are  known.  Fish  are  abundant;  the  cod,  salmon,  herring  and 
mackerel  are  valuable  as  food. 

<  The  mineral  resources  of  North  America  surpass  those  of  any 
Other  continent.  Iron  and  coal,  minerals  on  which  civilization  and 
commerce  so  greatly  depend,  are  abundant  and  widely  distributed. 
5:etroleum  and  natural  illuminating  gas  are  found  in  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  and  the  Coast  Range.  Gold,  silver,  and  quick-silver 
are  found  chiefly  in  the  Western  Highlands;  copper  and  Iead«  in 


331 


the  vicinity  of  the  Great  Lakes ;  and  zinc,  in  the  Eastern  riigh«^ 
lands. 

American  Indians  inhabited  North  America  at  the  time  of  the 
cxplorations  in  the  15th  and  16th  centuries.  A  civilized  people? 
preceding  these  had  disappeared  from  the  region  which  now  con- 
stitutes the  United  States,  as  the  ruins  of  their  habitations  beay 
witness. 

Civilized  people  were  found  by  the  Spanish  explorers  of  Mexico. 
They  were  conquered  by  the  Spaniards,  and  gradually  disap"- 
pdared. 

The  Esquimaux,  who  are  found  in  the  Arctic  regions  only,  are 
thought  by  many  to  be  of  Mongolian  origin.  The  Indians,  also, 
are  said  to  be  of  Mongolian  descent,  and  to  have  come,  originally^ 
from  Asia, 

The  white  race,  the  ruling  element  of  the  population,  are  the 
descendants  of  Europeans.  The  inhabitants  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America  are  the  descendants,  in  "^art,  of  Spaniards  and  native 
Indians. 

The  Negroes,  originally  brought  to  America  as  slaves,  are  fas& 
becomhig  educated. 

Industries. — The  geographical  distribution  of  the  various  indus- 
tries is  more  noticeable  in  North  America  than  in  the  other  con- 
tinents. Foreign  commerce,  manufactures,  and  fisheries  aie 
confined  chiefly  to  the  coasts  and  navigable  streams. 

Agriculture  is  carried  on,  principally,  throughout  the  fertile 
prairies  and  river-valleys  of  the  interior.  Stock-raising  is  most 
profitable  where  there  are  mild  winters  and  an  abundance  oH 
grass. 

Mining  is  a  leading  industry  in  the  highlands. 

North  America  includes  Danish  America,  British  America,  the 
United  States  of  Artierica,  Mexico,  Central  America  and  the  West- 
Indies. 

Danish  America  belongs  to  the  Kingdom  of  Denmark.  It  com- 
prises Greenland,  Iceland,  and  a  few  smaller  islands. 

Greenland  extends  farther  north  than  any  other  country,  or  to 
within  about  400  miles  of  the  North  Pole.  Its  area  is  nearly  one 
third  that  of  the  United  States. 

The  surface  of  Greenland  is  covered  with  ice  and  snow.  The 
coasts  are  scored  by  enormous  glaciers.  The  products  are  fish> 
oil,  and  reindeer  skins. 

The  Deople  comprise  a  few  Danes  and  a  number  of  Esquimaiss 
tribes. 

Iceland,  which  is  about  half  the  size  of  Kansas,  is  noted  for* 
volcanoes,  geysers,  glaciers,  and  lava  fields.  Its  southern  part 
has  a  milder  climate  than  its  northern,  and  contains  all  the  settle- 
ments. 

The  Icelanders  are  generally  educated.  Their  trade  is  earned- 
on  with  Copenhagen,  the  capital  of  Denmark.  Their  capitals 
Reikiavilc,  contains  a  A)llege, 


33a 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 

A  Republic,  it  is  the  middle  division  of  North  America.  Alaska, 
a  territory  occupying  the  northwestern  part  of  North  America,  is 
partly  in  the  North  Temperate  Zone  and  partly  in  the  North  Frigid 
Zone.  It  was  purchased  from  Russia  by  the  United  States.  Ex- 
tends from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  on 
the  west,  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada  on  the  north  to  the  repub- 
lic of  Mexico  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south.  The  distance 
across  the  United  States  from  east  to  west  through  the  center,  is 
about  2,600  miles,  and  from  north  to  south  about  1,600  miles. 
The  shortest  distance  between  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  is  about  800  miles. 

The  high  mountains  and  plateaus  of  the  United  States  are  in 
the  western  part.  There  the  mining  of  gold  and  silver,  and  the 
raising  of  cattle  and  sheep,  constitute  the  leading  occupations  of 
the  people. 

The  plains,  prairies,  slopes  and  lowlands  extending  from  the 
fP'eat  highland  region  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  are  remark- 
able for  their  fertile  soil,  which  produces  immense  crops  of  grain, 
cotton,  fruits  and  vegetables. 

The  valleys  of  the  Pacific  Slope  are  noted  for  their  mild,  genial 
climate  and  their  great  yield  of  wheat,  fruits  and  vegetables. 

Coal  and  iron  are  mined  extensively  in  various  parts  of  the 
United  States. 

The  variety  and  importance  of  the  products  and  industries  of 
this  country  are  due  principally  to  its  vast  extent  of  territory  and 
its  great  diversity  of  soil,  elevation  and  climate. 

Its  increase  in  population,-  wealth  and  power  is  unsurpassed. 
A  century  ago  there  were  but  thirteen  states,  containing  less  than 
4,000,000  inhabitants.  Now  there  are  forty-five  states,  six  ter- 
Titories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  with  a  total  population  of 
more  than  70,000,000.  A  territory  is  under  control  of  tbe  Gen- 
•eral  Government  of  the  United  States,  until  it  is  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  state  by  Congress.  The  original  thirteen  states  were 
Wew  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  The  first  states 
admitted  after  them  were  Kentucky,  Vermont,  Tennessee,  Ohio, 
Louisiana,  Indiana  and  Mississippi,  ^ 

The  first  colonies  in  the  region  now  called  the  United  States 
were  established  by  the  English,  in  Virginia,  in  1607;  by  the 
Dutch,  in  New  York,  in  1613 ;  and  by  the  Pilgrims,  in  Massachu- 
setts, in  1620, 

All  were  subject  to  Great  Britain  from  1664  to  1776,  when  the 
tiiirteen  colonies  declared  themselves  free  and  independent  states. 

£acb  state  has  its  own  constitution,  laws,  legislature,  and  gov- 
ernor, while  all  the  states  are  united  under  the  constitution  and 
laws  of  the  United  States.  A  state  is  entitled  to  be  represented 
in  the  United  States  Senate  by  two  senators,  and  in  the  House  ol 
Representatives  by  one  member  for  every  154,325  inhabitant*. 


333 


Every  state  is  entitled  to,  at  least,  one  member.  A  territory  may- 
send  a  delegate  to  the  House  but  he  has  no  vote,  There  are  at 
present  76  senators  and  325  members  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives. Th-e  states  which  have  the  largest  representation  in  the 
House  are  New  York  34  members,  Pennsylvania  28,  Ohio  21,  and 
Illinois  20.  The  states  and  territories  of  the  United  States  have 
legislatures  consisting  of  two  houses  similar  to  those  of  Congress, 
elected  by  the  people.  They  are  divided  into  counties,  which  are, 
in  some  cases,  subdivided  into  townships.  The  divisions  of  Louisi- 
ana corresponding  to  counties  are  called  parishes.  The  hrghest 
officials  in  a  state  are  the  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  Secretary 
of  State,  Attorney-General,  and  Superintendent  of  Schools. 
Towns  and  villages  are  collections  of  houses  and  inhabitants. 
Cities  have  certain  rights  and  privileges  not  possessed  by  towns 
and  villages.  The  atfairs  of  a  city  are  usually  controlled  by  its 
mayor  and  aldermen.  A  county  scat  is  the  chief  town  in  which 
the  official  business  of  the  county  is  conducted. 

The  general  government  comprises  three  departments,  the  legis- 
lative, the  j  udicial  and  the  executive.  It  has  control  of  all  matters 
pertaining  to  commerce  and  treaties  with  foreign  countries,  the 
army  and  navy,  the  declaration  ot  war,  the  post-offices,  and  the 
coining  of  money. 

The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  Congress,  which  consists  of 
the  St  nate,  (composed  of  two  senators  from  each  state,  chosen  by 
the  state  legislature,  for  six  years.  The  Vice-president  of  the 
United  States  is  the  president  of  the  Senate)  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. Congress  holds  its  sessions  in  Washington.  The 
session  of  Congress  begins  on  the  first  Moaday  in  December  of 
each  year.  A  law  cannot  take  effect  unless  passed  by  both  the 
Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  approved  by  the 
President.  If,  however,  he  disapprove  a  measure  which  has  been 
passed  by  both  houses  of  Congress,  it  may  become  a  law  on  being 
repassed  bv  two-thirds  of  each  house. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  the  Supreme  Court,  which 
interprets  the  laws.  The  Supreme  Court  consists  of  a  chief-justice 
and  eight  associate  justices,  all  appointed  for  life  by  the  president 
with  the  consent  of  the  Senate.  - 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  President,  whose  duty  is  to 
execute  or  enforce  the  laws.  He  is  elected  for  four  years.  The 
President  and  Vice-President  are  elected  by  a  number  of  electors, 
called  the  electoral  college,  chosen  by  the  people  of  the  states,  or 
their  legislatures.  Each  state  is  entitled  to  a  number  of  electors, 
equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and  representatives  to  which 
it  is  entitled  in  Congress.  In  case  of  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of 
President,  it  shalLbe  filled  by  the  Vice-President.  If  there  be  no 
Vice-President,  tn6  law  of  1886  vests  the  succession  in  those  mem- 
bers of  the  cabinet  who  are  constitutionally  eligible,  in  the  following 
order :  Secretary  of  State,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Secretary  <w 
War,  ^Attorney-General,  Postmaster-General,  Secretary  of  the 
liaLy^,  and  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 


334 


MEXICO. 

Mexico  is  a  republic,  composed  of  twenty-seven  states,  a  federal 
district  and  the  Territory  of  Lower  California.  It  is  situated  in 
%hc  North  Temperate  and  the  Torrid  Zone,  and  is  about  one-fourth 
the  size  of  the  United  States. 

The  surface  is  a  high  plateau,  fringed  by  a  belt  of  low,  narrow 
coast.  Several  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  System,  of  which 
the  Sierra  Madre  is  the  highest,  extend  through  the  country  from 
joorth-west  to  south-east. 

A  chain  of  volcanoes  crosses  the  highest  part  of  the  plateau. 
The  summits  of  several  of  these  are  above  the  limit  of  perpetual 
snow.  Vol.  Popocatepetl  is  the  highest  mountain  in  Mexico,  and, 
next  to  Mt.  St.  Elias,  the  highest  in  North  America. 

The  lakes  are  small  iand  unimportant.  Most  of  them  are  situ- 
ated in  the  Valley  of  Mexico. 

The  rivers  are  short,  and,  excepting  the  Rio  Colorado  and 
Rio  Grande,  not  navigable  above  tide-water. 

The  climate  is  hot  and  pestilential  along  the  narrow  coast,  but 
arild  and  healthful  in  the  high  interior.  In  going  from  Vera  Cruz 
ao  the  city  of  Mexico,  one  may,  within  a  few  hours,  experience 
aearly  every  gradation  of  climate,  and  find  the  productions  pecul- 
iar to  each  zone.  There  are  but  two  seasons;  the  rainy,  and  the 
dry. 

The  vegetable  productions  comprise  mahogany,  rose-wood,  mes- 
quite,  various  dye-woods,  the  agave,  and  cactus.  Oranges^ 
Itmons,  pine- apples,  olives,  and  bananas  are  extensively  culti- 
vated. Tobacco,  corn,  sugar-cane,  cocoa,  beans,  coffee,  vanilla, 
and  the  indigo-plant  are  also  grown.  ^ 

The  wild  animals  of  Mexico  comprise  the  grizzly  bear,  puma  or 
Mexican  lion,  and  coyote.  Venomous  reptiles  and  insects  are 
aumerous.  Cattle,  horses,  and  donkeys,  in  vast  numbers,  are  the 
principal  domestic  animals. 

The  minerals  include  gold,  silver,  tin,  quicksilver  and  marble. 

The  leading  industries  arc  agriculture,  stock-raising,  and  min- 
mg.  Coffee,  sugar,  cotton,  cochineal,  vanilla,  metals,  hides,  and 
ornamental  woods  are  exported.  Great  progress  has  been  recently 
made  in  the  building  of  railroads;  but  the  unsettled  condition  of 
the  government  depresses  every  kind  of  industry. 

The  people  consist  chiefly  of  mixed  races.  About  one-tenth  are 
Creoles,  or  descendants  of  Spanish  colonists.  Spanish  is  the 
language  of  the  country,  . 

Mexico,  the  federal  capital,  is  the  metropolis.  It  is  in  the 
Valley  of  Mexico,  elevation  about  7,400  feet  above  sea-level. 

Guadalaxara  and  Puebla  are  manufacturing  centers. 

Vera  Cruz  is  the  chief  Atlantic  sea-port. 

Acapulco  and  Guaymas  are  the  principal  ports  on  the  Pacifit- 
Coast  of  Mexico. 


33^ 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Central  America  forms  the  most  southern  part  of  North 
America.  It  comprises  Ave  repubhcs,  and  the  British  colony  oi 
Balize, 

The  surface  resembles  that  of  Mexico,  being  a  high  plateaa 
situated  between  low  coasts.  The  climate,  however,  is  hotter  and 
more  moist,  and  its  vegetation  more  luxuriant. 

It  contains  several  volcanoes.  Destructive  earthquakes  are  of 
frequent  occurrence. 

The  principal  products  are  coffee,  dye-woods  and  sugar.  Gold, 
silver,  and  coal  are  found  in  the  highlands. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  meztizos  and  Indians.  The  white 
people  are  mainly  of  Spanish  descent.  There  are  many  European 
merchants  and  planters  in  Balize  and  Costa  Rica.  The  language 
of  the  country  is  Spanish. 

Guatemala,  the  largest  city  of  Central  America,  is  the  chief  com- 
mercial port. 

The  West  Indies  comprise  two  chains  of  islands,  extending 
southeast  from  the  coast  of  North  America. 

The  Bahama  Islands,  about  600  in  number,  are  low,  coral 
formations.    Their  climate  is  warm  and  healthful. 

The  sponge  fisheries  constitute  the  chief  industry. 

Oranges,  lemons  and  pine-apples  are  the  principal  fruits.  Salt 
Is  obtained  from  the  lagoons  of  Turk's  Island,  by  evaporation. 

Nassau,  the  capital  and  commercial  port,  is  situated  on  Provi- 
dence Island. 

The  Greater  Antilles  comprise  the  islands  of  Cuba,  Hayti, 
Jamaica,  and  Porto  Rico.  Their  surface  is  mountainous;  their 
tdimate  and  productions  are  those  of  tropical  regions.  The  popu- 
lation is  made  up  of  Spaniards,  Creoles  and  Negroes. 

€ul>a,  celebrated  for  its  forests  of  ebony,  mahogany 
and  rosewood,  commenced  an  open  revolt  agamsi  its  , 

Spanish  oppressors  early  in  1895.  American  sympathy  with  the 
Cubans,  and  the  blowing  up  of  the  Maine,  Feb.  Id,  1898,  led  to 
Spanish-American  war,  which  freed  Cuba. 

The  Island  of  Hayti  comprises  two  independent  republics, 
Hayti  and  Santo  Domingo.  The  people  and  then  rulers  are 
N^cfifroes 

Port  au  Prince  is  the  capital  of  Hayti;  and  Santo  Dommgo  ol 
Santo  Domingo. 

Jamaica  yields  allspice,  in  addition  to  the  products  which  are 
similar  to  those  of  the  other  islands.  Rum  is  the  prmcipal  export. 
Turtle-fishing  is  important. 

Kingston  is  the  capital. 

Porto  Rico  ceded  to  United  States,  1898. 

The  L.esser  Antilles  extend  from  Porto  Rico  to  the  mouth  ol 
l2te  Orinoco  River. 


338 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

Sontll  America  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in  1498,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  The  early  Spanish  discoverers  found  an 
Indian  village  near  Lake  Maracaybo,  built  over  the  water  on  piles. 
As  it  reminded  them  of  Venice,  they  called  it  Venezuela,  which 
means  Little  Venice. 

Balboa,  in  1513,  crossed  the  Isthmus,  and  was  the  fir&t  man  who 
saw  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  the  coast  of  the  Western  Continent; 
but,  iong  years  before  this,  the  ancient  Peruvians  had  lived  there. 
They  had  built  strong  cities,  fine  temples,  great  aqueducts,  and 
splendid  roads  and  bridges,  ruins  of  which  still  remain.  Peru  was 
invaded  by  the  Spaniards,  under  Pizarro,  who  cruelly  treated  the 
natives,  destroying  their  cities  and  plundering  their  temples. 

South  America  was  thus  conquered  and  settled  by  Spaniards^ 
except  Brazil,  which  was  settled  by  Portugese,  and  Guiana,  which 
"was  settled  by  British,  Dutch  and  French. 

About  300  years  afterward  the  people  of  the  countries  of  South 
America  (except  Guiana)  declared  themselves  independent  of 
Spain  and  Portugal. 

Simon  Bolivar  was  the  most  distinguished  general  and  patriot 
of  South  America.  He  was  called  the  "  Liberator,"  also  the 
•*  Washington  of  South  America." 

South  America  is  the  Southern  part  of  the  Western  Continent 

Its  area  is  nearly  twice  that  of  the  United  States.  In  shape  it 
Is  a  triangle,  which  tapers  to  a  point  toward  the  south.  The  coast 
line  has  but  few  indentations. 

Like  North  America  it  has  mountain  ranges  in  the  west  and 
€ast  and  a  vast  plain  in  the  center. 

The  Andean  Plateau,  the  main  axis  of  the  continent,  extends 
along  the  entire  western  coast.  It  supports  parallel  ranges,  which 
constitute  the  Andean  System.  Its  high  peaks  are  always  cov- 
ered with  snow.  The  highest  measured  peak  is  Mount  Aconca- 
gua, which  is  about  24,000  feet  in  height.  The  most  celebrated 
volcano  is  Cotapaxi. 

The  plains  of  South  America  cover  about  one-half  its  area.  The 
llanos  of  the  Orinoco  are  treeless  plains.  During  the  rainy  season 
they  become  a  vast  inland  sea.  With  the  disappearance  of  the 
water  comes  a  profusion  of  tropical  vegetation,  which  quickly 
withers  under  the  intense  heat  of  the  sun. 

The  largest  lakes  in  South  America  are  Maracaybo  and  Titicaca. 
The  latter  is  12,000  feet  above  the  sea-level. 

The  Amazon  is  the  largest  and  one  of  the  longest  rivers  in  the 
world.  Its  course  is  nearly  along  thi  Equator.  Its  highest  source 
is  within  70  miles  of  the  Pacific  Oce'*r.  At  its  mouth  the  river  is 
nearly  200  miles  wide.  Its  current  .  i.nd  the  freshness  of  its  water 
are  perceptible  200  miles  out  at  sea. 

The  soil  is  fertile  in  nearly  all  parts  jf  the  continent.  The  south' 
€rn  part,  however,  is  barren,  rocky  and  desolate. 

The  climate  along  the  sea-coast  is  generally  warm,  except  in  thfc 
south.  In  the  interior  of  the  lowland  plains,  the  heat  is  almost 
Oilolerable. 


339 


The  banks  of  the  Amazon  produce  a  wonderful  variety  of  orna- 
mental woods,  such  as  mahogany,  rosewood,  vegetable-ivory,  and 
tortoise-^hell  wood.  The  India  rubber,  cacao,  and  cocoa-palm 
trees  are  abundant. 

The  lowlands  abound  in  wild  grasses,  and  on  the  mountain 
slopes  are  found  the  cinchona-tree  and  many  kinds  of  medicinal 
plants. 

The  chief  cultivated  plants  are  coffee,  sugar-cane,  cotton, 
tobacco,  indigo^  manioc,  and  spices. 

Minerals. — South  America  is  rich  in  minerals.  A  large  part  of 
the  silver  now  in  use  in  the  world  was  obtained  from  the  Andes 
Mountains.    Gold  is  mined  in  Colombia  and  Brazil. 

Industries. — The  chief  industries  of  the  inhabitants  of  South 
America  are  herding,  agriculture,  and  mining. 

BRAZIL. 

The  Kepablic  of  Brazil  is  the  laiv^st  country  of  South 
America. 

It  comprises  the  eastern  plateau  and  the  basins  of  the  Amazon 
and  the  La  Plata.,  The  northern  and  wes'ern  parts  a?c  loWp 
swampy,  and,  during  the  rainy  season,  completely  inundated. 

Near  the  coast,  the  valleys  are  rich  and  well  cultivated. 

The  greater  part  of  the  country  has  a  tropical  climate. 

Coffee,  cotton,  sugar,  tobacco,  rice,  grain,  tropical  fruits,  nuts, 
and  spices  are  raised  in  abundance. 

The  leading  industries  are  cattle-raising  and  agriculture. 

The  natives  live  in  the  interior.  The  ruling  people  are  the 
Portuguese,  or  their  descendants. 

Rio  Janeiro,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  in  South  America, 
Its  chief  exports  are  coffee  and  India  rubber. 

Bahia  is  the  center  of  the  diamond  trade. 

The  Andes  Republics  comprise  the  United  States  of  Colom- 
bia, Ecuador,  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  Chili  occupy  the  mountainous 
region  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  coast  is  very  steep,  affording  few  harbors. 

The  surface  is  rugged.  The  high  plateaus  are  barren,  but  the 
mountain  sides  and  the  valleys  afford  pasturage,  and  yield  grain 
and  other  products. 

This  region  is  subject  to  earthquakes,  and  it  contains  sottie'ol 
the  most  celebrated  volcanoes  in  the  world. 

The  goveriMnents  are  republican  in  form,  modeled  after  our  own; 
but  they  are  subject  to  frequent  revolutions. 

Bogota,  although  within  four  and  a  half  degrees  of  the 
Equator,  has  a  climate  of  perpetual  spring,  due  to  its  altitude  of 
nearly  9,000  feet.  Its  wet  seasons  are  our  spring  and  autumn;  its 
dry  seasons,  our  summer  and  winter.  It  is  warmest  in  February, 
and  coldest  in  December.  Grain  is  sown  twice  a  year  Most  of 
the  houses  are  built  but  one  story  high,  owing  to  the  frequency  of 
earthquakes.   There  are,  however,  many  large,  splendid  buildings. 

Panama,  on  the  isthmus,  is  the  largest  and  most  important  city. 


340 


It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  Colon,  or  Aspinwall.  Its  cHmate 
Is  tropical  and  unhealthy, 

Quito,  the  capital  of  Ecuador,  is  situated  on  a  very  high  plateau, 
surrounded  by  volcanoes, 

Guayaquil  is  the  chief  commercial  city. 

Lima,  a  few  miles  from  the  coast,  is  the  capital  of  Peru.  Its 
port  is  Callao. 

Areqnipa  was  several  times  destroyed  by  earthquakes. 
La  Paz  is  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Bolivia. 


Chili  is  tfce  most  powerful  and  enterprising  of  the  Spanish- 
American  republics. 

It  is  the  same  in  extent  from  north  to  south  as  the  United  States 
from  east  to  west  —  about  2,600  miles. 

It  is  situafid  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Andes  and  extends 
from  the  Bay  of  Arica  to  Cape  Horn, 

Along  the  coast  are  numerous  islands,  which  are  rich  in  guano 
and  niter. 

Its  climate  is  temperate  and  moist. 

The  people  are  chiefly  of  Spanish  origin.  They  are  active. 
Industrious  and  intelligent. 

^  Santiago  is  the  capital.  Valparaiso  is  the  largest  commercial 
city  on  the  west  coast  of  South  America. 

The  Argentine  Republic  is  a  broad  and  level  country,  com- 
prising most  of  the  pampas. 

The  people  are  engaged  in  herding  in  preparing  dried  beef, 
hides,  tallow  and  horns,  for  export. 

Buenos  Ayres,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  has  an  extensive 
commerce. 

Paraguay  and  Uruguay  resemble  the  Argentine  Republic  in 
surface,  products  and  the  occupations  of  the  people. 

Montevideo,  the  capital  of  Uruguay,  is  an  important  commercial 


As  uncion  is  the  capital  of  Paraguay. 
Patagonia  with  Terra  Del  Fuego  at  its  southern  end 
forms  the  point  of  the  pear-shaped  cont  inent  of  Sonth  America. 

It  is  for  the  most  part  a  region  of  steppe-like  plains  rising  in  a 
succession  of  abrupt  ter/aces,  with  only  a  thin  clothing  of  coarse 
brushwood. 

Vast  herds  of  guanaco  form  the  chief  means  of  subsistence  for 
the  aborigines,  famous  for  their  huge  size  and  wild  habits, 

Fonr-fifths  of  Patagonia  belong  to  the  Ai  gentine  Republic;  the 
balance  to  Chili. 

Guiana  embraces  three  colonies — British,  French  and  Dutch. 

Its  products  are  likf  those  of  Venezuela- 
Cayenne  is  the«^ital  of  French  Guiana.  Georgetovm  of  British 

Giiiausi,  and  Paramaribo  of  Dutch  Guiana. 


CHILI. 


342 

DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

The  Dominion  of  Canada  embraces  the  provinces  ot 
British  Columbia,  Manitoba,  Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Brunswick,  Nova 
>cotia  and  Prince  Edward  Island,  besides  several  territories  and 
«.  istricts.    Its  area  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  United  States. 

The  surface  is  mostly  a  vast  plain,  bordered  by  a  high  plateau  in 
t»e  west,  on  which  stand  the  Rocky  mountains  and  the  Cascade 

A  chain  of  lakes  extend  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie  river 
tt  fhe  Great  Lakes.  The  St.  Lawrence,  Nelson  and  Mackenzie  rivers 
drain  the  principal  basins. 

The  climate  of  the  Pacific  slope  is  mild,  but  elsewhere  the  winters 
are  of  great  severity.  The  summers  are  short  and  in  the  southern 
provinces  hot. 

A  belt  of  timber, mostly  pine,  extends  from  the  Rocky  mountains 
to  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  Pacific  slope  is  covered  with  forests  of 
fir,  the  valley  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence  contains  growths  of  maple,  oak 
and  elm. 

The  central  prairie  regions  are  covered  with  luxuriant  crops  o? 
wild  grasses,  and,  where  cultivated,  yield  large  crops  of  grain. 

The  wild  animals  comprise  the  bison,  bear,  moose,  wolf ,  beaver, 
otter  ermine,  mink  and  marten,  most  of  which  are  hunted  for  their 
skins.    The  coast  waters  abound  in  seal,  cod  and  salmon. 

The  minerals  comprise  gold,  silver  and  coal,  which  are  mined  in 
the  west.  Copper  and  iron  are  found  near  Lake  Superior.  Coal  is 
mined  in  Nova  Scotia  also. 

The  chief  industries  in  the  eastern  provinces  are  lumbering  and 
fishing.  The  central  regions  are  agricultural.  The  uninhabited 
regions  of  the  north  yield  valuable  furs  in  great  quantities. 

Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  English  descent.  In  the  eastern 
provinces,  however,  there  are  many  descendants  of  the  early 
French  settlers. 

The  government  of  the  dominion  is  vested  in  the  Governor- 
General  and  Parliament.  The  Governor-General  is  appointed  by 
the  sovereign  of  Great  Britain.  Parliament  consists  of  a  Senate 
and  a  House  of  Commons.  The  members  of  the  Senate  are 
appointed  by  the  Governor-General.  The  members  of  the  House 
are  elected  by  the  people.  Each  province  has  a  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor and  a  legislature. 

Ottawa  is  the  capital  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  It  contains 
magnificent  public  buildings. 

British  Columbia,  including  Vancouver  and  other  islands, 
is  the  largest  and  most  mountainous  province  of  the  dominion. 
Its  mines  of  gold  and  coal  are  valuable.  Lumber,  fish  and  wool  are 
exported. 

Victoria,  on  Vancouver  Island,  is  the  capital  and  metropolis. 
Manitoba  is  noted  for  wheat  and  furs.    Steamers  ply  on  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  and  on  Manitoba  and  Winnipeg  lakes. 
Winnipeg,  the  capital,  is  the  agricultural  and  commercial  center. 
Ontario,  the  most  important  province,  contains  nearly  one- 


344 


ithira  the  jpopuiation  of  the  dominion.  Grain,  fruit,  and  lumDei 
are  the  principal  products.  Petroleum,  copper,  and  iron  are  ob- 
tained near  Lake  Superior. 

Toronto,  the  capital  of  the  province,  is  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures and  educational  institutions.  It  is  an  important  railway 
center  and  lake-port. 

Hamilton,  situated  near  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario, 
jsan  important  lake-port  and  manufacturmg  center, 

Quebec  is  hilly.  Its  winters  are  extremely  cold ;  its  summerSg 
^jvarm,  short,  and  foggy. 

Its  agricultural  region  is  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  pro- 
duces good  crops  of  oats,  potatoes,  and  hay^  The  most  valuable 
export  is  lumber. 

The  people  of  this  province  are,  chiefly,  descendants  of  early 
French  settlers. 

Quebec,  the  capital,  is  the  oldest  city  in  the  dominion.  The 
heights,  on  which  the  upper  portion  of  the  city  is  built,  are  strongly 
fortified.  The  fortress  of  Quebec,  next  to  that  of  Gibraltar,  is  con- 
sidered the  strongest  in  the  world.  It  was,  however,  captured  by 
General  Wolfe  during  the  French  and  Indian  War.  The  principaJ 
business  part  of  the  city  occupies  the  low  ground. 

Montreal,  the  metropolis,  is  noted  for  its  magnificent  cathedrals^ 
and  the  tubular  bridge  across  the  St.  Lawrence  River, 

New  Brunswick  is  noted  for  lumber  and  ship-building. 

Fredericton  is  the  capital  of  New  Brunswick. 

St.  John  is  the  metropolis  and  largest  port 

Nova  Scotia  has  more  sea-coast  than  any  other  province^ 
Ship-building  and  the  fisheries  constitute  the  chief  industries.  Ite 
ioal -fields  are  extensive.    Gold  and  gypsum  are  also  mined, 

Halifax,  the  capital,  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  is  the  chie^ 
British  naval  station  in  North  America, 

Prince  Edward  Island,  the  smallest  province,  is  the  mosK 
densely  populated.  Agriculture  and  fishing  are  the  chief  occupa- 
tions.   Fish  and  eggs  the  principal  exports. 

Charlottetown  is  the  capital 

Newfoundland  is  noted  for  its  barren  soil,  cold  climate  and 
dense  fogs. 

The  dense  fogs  which  prevail  in  this  latitude  are  due  to  th$ 
meeting  of  the  cold  Arctic  Current  with  the  warm  waters  of  tbf^ 
Gulf  Stream.  During  the  spring  and  summer,  icebergs  and  pack- 
ke  are  brought  down  by  the  Arctic  Current,  and  drift  about  until 
melted.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  steam-ship  route  between 
America  and  Great  Britain  is  one  of  the  most  dangerous  in  the 
world. 

Its  cod,  salmon  and  seal  fisheries  give  employntent  to  abotili 
nine-tenths  of  the  inhabitants. 

St.  John's,  the  capital,  is  the  most  easterly  city  in  North  America^ 
-couth  of  Greenland. 

The  Territories  were  formerly  owned  by  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
jpany. 


346 


\ 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states.  Named  for  Hamphsire 
county,  England,  called  the  "Granite  State.''  Ratified  United 
States  Constitution  JuneSl,  1788.  Union  soldiers  33,937.  Num- 
ber counties  10 ;  miles  railroad  1,225,  All  elections  Tuesday  after 
first  Monday  in  Nov.,  number  senators  24,  ropresentativesSSB, 
sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  ineven-numbeied  years,  meet- 
ing first  Wednesday  in  June.  Terms  of  senators  and  representa- 
tives 2  years  each.  Number  electoral  votes  4,  congressmen  2, 
number  voters  92,348.  Paupers  excluded  from  voting.  Dart- 
mouth College,  at  Hanover,  founded  1769.  Compulsory  educa- 
tion law,  common  schools  excellent,  school  age  5-15.  Legal  in- 
lerest  6  per  cent,  usury  forfeits  three  times  the  excess.  Popula 
tion,  census  of  1900,  411,588.  Extreme  length  :N.  and  S.  185miles, 
extreme  width  90  miles,  area  9,305  so.  miles-  5,855,200  acres. 
Coastline  18  miles.  Highest  peak  Mt.  Washington.  Largest  lake, 
Winnipiseogee,  74  sq.  miles  General  elevation  1,200  ft.  Isles 
of  Shoals  form  part  of  state.  The  White  MountaiiiS  occupy  the 
northern  part  of  the  state  with  unsurpassed  scenery.  Soil  rocky, 
with  small  fertile  districts.  Hay  best  crop;  corn,  wheat,  oats 
and  ordinal y  vegetables  do  fairly  with  close  cultivation.  For- 
ests largely  exhausted,  except  at  the  north.  Cleared  lands  aver- 
age $16%  and  woodland  $35  per  acre.  Mica  quarried  at  Grafton, 
aoapstoneat  Haverhill,  Keene  and  Francestown,  granite  at  Ply- 
mouth, Troy,  Roxbury,  Concord.  State  ranks  high  in  cotton 
manufacturing.  Climate. — Winter  averages 24,  summer 69  deg. 
Extremes  great  in  White  Mountains.  Summer  short  and  hot, 
with  violent  storms.  Rainfall  41inches.  Frost  late  in  spring  and 
early  in  fall.  Winter  begins  in  Nov.,  cold  till  May.  Snow  lies 
two-thirds  of  year  in  mountains,  elsewhere  70  to  130  days. 
Health  good.  Principal  Industries.— Agriculture,  manufact- 
ure of  cotton,  woolens,  lumber,  leather,  boots  and  shoes,  etc. 
Quarrying  mica,  granite  and  soapstone.  Principal  Cities.— 
Census  of  1900— Manchester.  56.987;  Nashua,  23,895;  Concord, 
(the  capital),  19,632;  Dover,  13,207;  Portsmouth  (chief  harbor) 
10,637.  The  harbor  of  the  latter  place,  Great  Bay,  never 
freezes  over. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 


Governor.....  1:3,000 

Secretary  of  State  $800  and  fees 

Treasurer   1,800 

Attorney  General  ,   2,300 

Superintendent  Public  Institutions  2,000 

Three  Railroad  Commissioners   $2,000  to  3,500 

Adjutant  General   1,000 

Secretary  Board  of  Agriculture   1,000 

Librarian   800 

Chief  Justice    2,900 

Six  Associate  Justices   iJ,700 


348 


VERMONT. 

First  state  to  join  the  original  13.  Called  the  "Green  Mountain 
State."  Active  in  war  of  1812.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  33,288. 
Kumber  counties  14.  Miles  railroad  988.  First  railroad  built 
f^om  Bellows  Falls  to  Burlington  1849.  State  elections  biennial, 
first  Tuesday  in  Sept. ;  number  senators  30,  representative8245. 
Sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meet- 
ing first  Wednesday  in  Oct.  Terms  of  senators  and  representa- 
tives, 2  years  each.  Number  electoral  votes  4,  congressmen  2. 
Bribers  excluded  from  voting.  Colleges  2.  School  age 5-20.  L'egal 
interest  rate  6  per  cent.,  usury  forfeits  excessive  inteiest.  Pop- 
ulation, (jensus  of  1900,  343,641.  Length  N.  and  8.  149  miles, 
width 34  to 52  miles,  area  9,565 sq.  miles,  5,847,040 acres.  Highest 
Point  (Green  Mountains)  about  4,600ft.  Green  Mountains  run 
N.  and  S.  through  the  state  and  are  3,000  to4,600  feet  high.  The 
surface  is  generally  hilly.  Alleast  of  mountains  drained  by  the 
Cotinecticut,the  only  navigable  river.  Small  streams  abundant. 
Soil  rocky  but  good  in  narrow  strips  on  streams.  Potatoes  beet 
crop.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  hops  and  buckwheat  yield  moder- 
ately if  w^ll  attended..  Forests  remain  to  considerable  extent, 
but  are  cut  over  orciilled.  Clearedland  averages $17»50and for- 
est land  $18  per  acre.  Dairying  profitable.  Manganese,  copper, 
iron,  gold,  black,  white,  red  and  variegated  marble  and  slate  are 
found,  the  marble  in  great  abundance.  State  ranks  Ist  in  quar 
ries,  4th  in  copper.  Temperature  ranges  from  15dei?.  below  to 
95  deg.  above,  but  changes  not  sudden ;  winter  averages  IS.deg. 
to 33  deg.  Summer  averages  66  deg.  to  75  deg.  Summer  Fhort. 
Rainfall  greatest  at  south  and  east,  where  i  t  averages  43  inches ; 
in  other  sections  the  average  is  35  inches.  Snows  heavy.  Frosts 
early  in  fi  11  apd  late  in  spring.  Snow  lies  80  to  140  days,  Il-ealth 
excellent.  Death  rate  very  low,  less  than  1  %  in  the  100.  Indus- 
trie's very  varied,  numbering  2,600.  Principal  ones,  agriculture, 
dairying,  manufacture  of  flour,  furniture,  leather,  tin.  iron  and 
copper  wtu-e,  and  lumbei,  mining,  quarrying  and  finishing  mar- 
bles and  stones,  and  maple  sugar  mjiking. 

Principal  Cities,  Census  of  1900— Burlington,  18,640;  Rut- 
land, 11,499;  Montpelier  (capital)  6  266;  Brattleboro  and  Bel- 
lows Falls  are  thriving  towns  and  seats  of  large  industries. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 
Governor,  $1,500;  Lieutenant  Governor,  $6  a  day :  Secretary  •f 
State,  $1,700;  Treasurer,  $1,700;  Auditor,  $3,000;  Inspector  of 
Finances,  $500;  Railroad  Commissioner.  $500;  Adjutant  Gen- 
eral, 7.")0;  Superiniend(Mit  of  Public  Instruction,  $1,400;  Chief 
Justice,  $2,500;  Six  Associated  Justices,  $,\.500;  Senators  and 
Representatives,  a  day ;  District  Judge,  $3,500;  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue,  $2,6:>0 ;  Collector  of  Customs,  $1,000  aiiu  fees. 


349 


KENTUCKY. 

Name  Indian.  Signifies  dark  and  bloody  ground,  becaus 
the  state  was  the  hunting  and  battle  ground  of  the  tribci 
Called  "Corn-Cracker  State."  Louisville  founded  1780.  Admit 
ted  as  a  State  June  1,  1792,  State  furnished  7,000  troops  in  W£l 
of  1812,  and  13,700  m  Mexican  war.  Won  great  credit  in  latter 
Neutral  at  beginning  of  civil  war.  State  the  scene  of  continuom 
cavalry  raids  during  ihe  war,  and  some  sharp  battles  at  Perry b 
ville,  Kichmond,  etc.  Put  under  martial  law  1864.  Civil  govern, 
ment  restored  1865.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  75,760.  Numbet 
counties,  119.  State  elections  biennial,  first  Monday  in  August 
in  odd-numbered  years.  Number  senators  38,  representatives 
100,  sessions  of  legislature  biennial  in  even-numbered  years, 
meeting  last  day  of  Dec,  holds  60  days.  Term  of  senators  4 
years,  of  representatives  2  years.  Number  electorial  votes  13, 
number  of  congressmen  11,  Bribers,  robbers  and  forgers 
excluded  from  voting.  Number  of  colleges  15,  public  school 
system  framed  in  1838,  good  schools,  school  age  6  to  20 
years.  Legal  interest  6% ,  &y  contract  10% ,  usury  forfeits  excess 
over  10%.  Miles  of  railroad  3,093  Population  census  of  1900, 
2,147,174.  Number  of  slaves  in  1860,  225,4^9.  Extremelength  E 
and  W350,  width  179  mi^es,  area 40,000  sq.  miles525,6OO,O0O  acres: 
River  frontage  833  miles,  navigable  water  ways  4, 120  miles.  Soil 
fair,  except^  m  the  famous  "  Bluegrass  Region,"  extending  for 
40  or  50  miles  around  Lexington,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
sections  on  the  globe.  Natural  wonder  Mammoth  Cave, greatest 
in  the  world.  Kentucky  ranks  high  as  an  agricultural  and  stock; 
state.  Staple  crops,  corn,  wheat,  tobacco,  oats,  barley,  hemp, 
rye  and  vegetables.  Fruits  do  fairly.  Famous  for  thoroughbred 
horses  and  cattle.  Mules  and  hogs  largely  raised.  At  the  ^ast 
in  the  mountains  are  immense  forests  of  virgin  oak,  poplar, 
ash,  chestnut,  elm,  walnut,  cucumber  and  other  valuable  tim- 
ber trees.  Coal,  marbles,  minerals,  oil  stone,  etc.,  also  at^'nmd. 
Iron  deposits  of  immense  magnitude  are  known  to  jxist. 
Cleared  laud  averages  $20  and  woodland  $5  per  acre.  Thft 
average  of  the  former  is  raised  materially  by  the  hip^i;!  prices, 
often  $100  or  more  per  acre,  in  the  Bluegrass  section.  Mount 
ain  lands  rich  in  timber  and  minerals  and  not  without  agricul» 
tural  value,  rate  $2  to  $5  per  acre.  The  state  ranks  fi,rst  in  to 
bacco  and  fourth  in  malt  and  distilled  liquors.  Climate  vari. 
able,  favorable  to  health  and  a j^ri culture,  bealth'ilness  not 
surpassed.  Thermometor  ra))i2;os  from  5  deir.  belo'V  zero  to  9!| 
above,  rarely  greater  extremes  aie  known.  Temperature  aver 
ages,  summer  75  deg.,  winter  38  deg.,  rainfall  50  inches.  Snow^ 
fall,  but  disappear  in  a  fe\^  days.  Sleighing  only  for  a  day 
or  so.  Winters  moderately  long.  Malaria  very  rare,  except 
on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers.  Chief  Cities— Census 
1900— Louisville,  204,731 :  Frankfort  (the  capital)   ;  Cov- 
ington, 42.938.  Lexington,  former  capital,  founded  1776,  pop 
26,369.  Newport,  connected  with  Covington  by  bridge  pop 
28,301.    (Salaries  of  State  Officers,  page  439.) 


351 


TENNESSEE. 


«*  Big  Bend  State."  First  settled  1854.  Became  a  part  of  North 
Carolina  1777.  Organized  as  the  State  of  Frankiin  1785,  but 
again  became  part  of  North  Carolina  1788.  Ceded  to  United 
States  by  North  Carolina  1789.  Admitted  as  state  Jnne  1,  1796. 
Capital,  Nashville.  First  railroad  part  of  N.  C.^  1853.  Nash- 
ville to  Bridgeport,  miles  of  railroad  in  1890,  3,109.  Seceded 
June  8,  1861.  Re-entered  Union  1866.  Number  counties  66. 
State,  congressional  and  presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after 
first  Monday  in  November,  number  senators  33,  representatives 
99,  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first 
Monday  in  January ;  holds  75  days.  Terms  of  senators  and 
representatives  2  years  each.  Number  electoral  votes  12. 
Number  of  congressman^,  10.  Legal  interest  6  per  cent,  by 
contract  any  rate,,  y«ury  forfeit,  excess  of  interest  and 
tlOOfine.  Schools  r«tir.  Miles  railroad  2.166.  Population 
census  of  1900,  2,020.616.  Slaves  1860  ,  275,519.  Extreme 
length  E.  and  W.  430  miles,  width  110  miles,  area  42.056 
sq.  miles,  29,475,840  acres.  Mountainous  at  E.  where 
Apalachians  separate  state  from  North  Carolina.  Soil  fair, 
except  in  central  basin,  where  it  is  very  productive.  State 
abounds  in  coal,  iron,  fine  marbles  and  building  stones,  copper 
and  other  minerals.  Possesses  one  of  the  finest  areas  of  forest 
in  the  Union.  Principal  timbers,  vralnut,  oak,  poplar,  ash, 
hickory,  etc.  Staple  products,  mules,  hogs,  peanuts,  com, 
wheat,  cotton,  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  potatoes,  tobacco, 
hemp,  flax,  broomcorn,  iron,  copper,  coal,  marbles,  etc. 
Ranks  second  in  peanuts  and  third  in  mules.  Resources  but 
little  developed,  5,000  square  miles  of  coal  field,  with  3  to 7 
workable  veins.  Cleared  land  averages  $12.50,  forest  $5  per 
acre.  Grape  growing  pays.  Climate  one  of  healthiest  in  world. 
Mild  and  pleasant,  and  owing  to  varying  elevation  very  di- 
verse. Snow  light,  and  lays  briefly.  Ice  rarely  more  than  a 
mere  film  in  thickness.  Average  temperature  winter  38  deg. 
Summer  75  deg.  Extremes  seldom  occur.  Rainfall  45  to  47 
inches.   Air  bracing.  Chief  Cities.— Nashville,  capital,  80,865; 

Memphis,  102,320;     Chattanooga,    32,490;     Jackson  ; 

Knoxville,  32,637;  Clarksville,   Industries  chiefly  agri- 

cultural, mineral,  lumbering  and  iron-making. 


Salaries  of  Rtal  e  officers. 


Governor  

Secretary  of  State  

Treasurer  

Comptroller  

Attorney  General  

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Adjutant  General  

Commissioner  of  Agriculture  


 «4,000 

.'51,800,  and  fees 


.$2,750 
.  2,750 
.  3,000 
.  1,900 
.  1,300 
.  3.000 


352 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

One  of  the  13  original  Btates.  Called  "Old  North  State,"  "Fur 
State,"  and  "State  of  Turpentine."  Discovered  by  Lord  Ra. 
leiL'h,  1584.  Settled  by  English,  1650.  State  seceded  May  21,1861. 
Forts,  etc.,  seized  by  state  troops.  Soast  section  scene  of  sharp 
fighting  during  civil  war.  State  re-entered  Union  June,  1868. 
Number  counties,  96,  miks  of  railroad,  3,590.  All  elections 
Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov,  Number  senators  50,  rep- 
resentatives 120,  sessions  biennial,  in  odd  numbered  years, 
meeting  Wednesday  after  first  Monday  in  Jan.,  hold  60  days. 
Terms  of  senators  and  representatives  2  years  each.  No.  elec- 
toral votes  11, No.  congressmen  9.  Convicts  excluded  from  vot- 
ing. Public  school  system  adopted  1840,  at  present  over  2,000 
public  schools  in  operation;  school  age  6-21 ;  separate  schools 
for  whites  and  blacks.  Legal  interest  rale  6  per  cent,  by  con- 
tract 8,  usury  forfeits  interest.  Rate  of  tax  lens  than  50c  on  $10'). 
Population,  census  of  1900—1,893,810.  Number  of  slaves  in  1860 
331.059.  Greatest  length  E.  and  W.  453  miles,  greatest  width, 
185  miles,  area,  52,674  sq.  miles,  or  33,711.360  acres,  less  area 
water  surface.  Coast  line  423  miles  with  many  harbors  Much 
forest  yet  remains.  Swamps  extensive,  most  noted  of  them, the 
Great  Dismal,  north  of  Albemarle  sound. contains  148,000  acres. 
Small  streams  abundant,  water  powers  numerous  ;coru  best  crop 
tobacco  largest  product,  other  staples  are  orchard  products, 
sweet  potatoes,  rice,  wheat,  oats, peanuts,  cotton,  hay  and  vege 
tables  in  the  order  named.  North  Carolina  ranks  first  in  tar  and 
turpentine,  second  in  copper,  third  in  peanuts  and  tobacco, and 
fourth  in  rice.  lias  rich  deposits  of  gold  and  the  baser  miner- 
als. Stone,  elate,  coal,  marble,  rnica.  Excellent  fisheries.  Na|- 
ural  resources  but  slightly  developed.  Ample  opportunities  for 
homes,  enterprise  and  capital.  Cleared  land  averages  $10  and 
woodland  $5  per  acre,and  much  of  excellent  quality  in  the  mar- 
ket below  this  average.  Stock  thrives.  Scenery  varied, 
picturesque  and  grand.  Wheat  harvested  June.  Corn  ripe  Sept. 
Climate  is  varied,  warm  and  moistinlow  sections;  cool  and  dry 
in  mountains,  withallintermediateconditions.  Average  wmter 
temperature,  49  deg.,  summer,  78  to  79  deg.  Frosts  light  and 
seldom  come  till  the  end  of  fall.  Rainfall,including  some  snow 
in  mountains.  45  in.  Health  good.  Chief  Cities  of  N.  Carolina, 
Wilmington,  Raleigh  (capital),  Asheville,  Winston,  Fayette- 
ville.  New  Berne,  Charlotte  contains  assay  office.  Industries 
— Agriculture  principal  occupation.  Fi=.]iii;  r.  manufacture  of 
turpentine;  and  lumber,  mining,  etr  "f  difterent  in- 

dustries, 3,800     Number  boats  ti  u.sheries,  about 

3.000.    Copper  mined  1,640,000  lbs, 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 

Governor  $3,000,  Secretary  of  State  $i,000,  Treasurer  $3  000, 
Auditor  $1.500.Attorney  General  $2.0(X).Superintendent  ot  Pub- 
lic Instruction  $1,500,  Adiutant  G(!neral  3^i>(K),  (Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  $1,200.  Slate  Librarian  $750,  Chief  J ustice  $2,500. 


'^54 

SOl/TH  CAhtOLINA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  eiatee,  "Palmetto  state."  Re'*^ 
olutionary  record,  briJliaut.  English  seized  the  territory  bnt 
were  thrashed  at  Cowpens  and  Eutah  Springs  and  penned  up 
in  Charleston.  First  railroad  in  United  States  using  American 
locomotive,  1830.  First  state  to  secede,  Nov.,  1860.  Sumter 
bombarded  April  12-13,  1861.  Ordinance  of  secession  repealed 
Sept.  1865,  and  slavery  abolished.  Re-entered  Union  June  1868. 
No.  counties  41.  miles  railroad  2.688.  State,  congressional  and 
presidential  elections,  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov. 
State  senators  41,  representatives  124,  sessions  annual,  meet- 
ing fourth  Tuesday  in  Nov.  Term  of  senators  4  years,  rcpre- 
t^entative8  2  years.  No.  electoral  votes  9,  No.  congressmen  7. 
Insane,  inmates  of  asylums,  alms-houses  and  prisons,  United 
States  army  and  duelists  excluded  from  voting.  No.  colleges 
9,  school  age  6-16,  school  system  fair.  Legal  mt.  7%,  by  con- 
tract, any  rate.  Population,  census  of  1900—1.340  316.  Num- 
ber slaves  in  1860,  402.406.  Greatest  length  28U  miles,  greatest 
width  210  miles,  area  31,048  sq.  miles,  or  19,870,720  acres,  coast 
line  212  mrles.  Principal  river  Savannah,  navigable  VJ)  miles. 
Magnificent  water  power,  undeveloped.  Soi2  from  medium  to 
very  rich.  Forest'  extensive  and  valuable,  'LixvA  cleared  or 
uncleared,  avera^^es  $7  per  acre.  Rice  and  cotton,  best  crops. 
All  other  cereals  as  well  as  vegetables,  fruits,  grasses  and  fiber 
crops  grow  well.  Phosphate  beds  enormous,  gold,  mica,  mar- 
bles of  all  colors,  building  stones  found  in  large  quantities. 
Turpentine,  tar,  lumber  and  oysters  largely  produced.  Stock 
thrives.  Gold  mines  m  Abbeville,  Edgefield  and  Union  coun- 
ties, first  mint  deposits,  $3,500,  in  1827.  White  and  variegated 
marbles  found  in  Spartanburg  and  Laurens  counties.  Climate 
—Temp,  ranges  15  to  96  deg.  F.  Averages,  summer  82  dcg., 
winter  51.  Average  rainfall  48  inches,  decreasing  to  the  south. 
Health  good.  Epidemics  rare  and  confined  to  seaports.  Re- 
sort for  consumptives.  Changes  slight  and  infrequent,  frosts 
rare.    Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900 — Charleston,  55,807;  port  of 

entry,  seat  of  a  Catholic/bishop;  Columbia,  ;  Greenville, 

 ;  Spartanburg,   United  States  customs  districts  at 

Beaufort,  Charleston  and  Georgetown.  Capital,  Columbia. 
Principal^ndustries — Agriculture,  mining,  fishing,  quarrying, 
lumbering,  turpentine  and  tar  making  and  phosphate  digging. 

SALARIES  OP  STATE  OFFICERS. 

Governor  $3,000,  Lieutenant  Governor  $1,000,  Secretary  of 
State  $2,100,  Treasurer  $2,100,  Comptroller  General  $2,100,  At- 
torney General  $2,100,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
$2,100,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  $2,100,  Adjutant  and  In- 
specto^r  General  $1,500,  Chief  Justice  $4,000,  Associate  Justices 
$3,500,  Clerk  of  Supreme  Court  $1,000,  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives $5  per  day,  mileage  10  cents;  District  Judge  $3,500' 
Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  $3,250. 


355 
VIRGINIA. 

One  of  ihe  thirteen  original  states.  Called  the  "Old  trDmin* 
ion,"  and  "The  Mother  of  Presidents."  First  English  settle- 
ment in  America,  1607.  Active  in  lie  volution  and  subsequent 
steps  toward  founding  the  Union,  Virginia  won  the  title  of 
"Firsc  of  the  States."  l>.<itish  burnt  Norfolk  1779,  and  Rich- 
mond 1V81.  Yorktown  surrendered  Oct.,  1781,  practically  van- 
quishing England.  State  seceded  May  7,  1861,  and  capital  of 
Confederacy  moved  to  Richmond.  Scene  of  gigantic  energies 
of  the  war.  Bull  Run. the  Wilderness,  Cold  Harbor,  Fredericks- 
burg, iPort  Republic  and  many  other  fj^mous  battles  were  fought 
on  Virginia  soil.  Lee  surrendered  at  Appomattox  April  9,  1865, 
ending  the  war.  State  returned  to  the  Union  Jan.  S6,  1870, 
Number  couutiei?,  118.  Sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeting  first  Wednesday  in  December;  holds 
90  days.  Term  of  senators  90  days,  representatives  2  years. 
Number  electoral  votes  12,  congressmen  10.  Lunatics,  idiots, 
convicts,  duelists,  United  States  army  and  non-taxpayers  of 
capitation  tax  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges  7, schools 
4,502,  school  age  5-21^  school  system  fair.  Legal  interest  6  per 
cent,  by  contract  3  pet-  cent,  usury  forfeits  all  over  6  per  cent. 
Miles  of  railroad,  3,67S.  Population,  census  of  1900,  1,854,184. 
Slaves,  1860,  490,865.  Greatest  length  east  and  west,  445  miles, 
^^reatest  width,  190  miles,  area,  42,330  sq.  miles,  27,091,200  acres. 
Coast  line,  130  miles,  tidal  frontage,  1.556  miles.  The  state  is 
rich  in  iron,  gold,  salt,  coaj',  marble, slate,zinc,  lead,  stone,  tim- 
ber and  other  natural  resources  as  yet  little  developed.  Much 
good  farming  land  is  untilied.  Cleared  land  averages  $10  and 
woodland  $6  to  $7  per  acre.  The  opportunities  for  homes  and 
enterprise  are  inviting.  All  cereals,  tobacco,  peanuts  (state 
ranks  first  in  this  crop  and  second  in  tobacco),  fruits,  grapes, 
and  vegetables  are  extensively  raised.  Stock  thrives.  Climate 
varies,  is  genial  and  healthful,  cool  in  mountains  and  warm  in. 
lowlands  m  summer.  Winters  are  seldom  severe.  Winter  aver- 
ages 44,8ummer78 deg.  Rainfall, including snow,average8 44 in., 
being  heaviest  on  the  coast.  Chief  Cities— Richmond  (capital), 

85,050;  pop.  of  Norfolk,  46,624;  Petersburg,   ;  Hampton 

Roads,  one  of  best  harbofs  on  coast.  Seven  ports  of  entry.  In 
dustries — Half  population  engaged  in  agriculture,  balance  in 
quarrying,  ship-building,  lumbering,  the  trades,  iron  working, 
meat  packing,  tanning. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 

Governor  $5,000,  Lieutenant  Governor  $900,  Secretary  of  State 
t2,000.  Treasurer  $2,000,  Auditor  $3,000,  Secretary  Auditor  $2,000 
Attorney  General  $2,500,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
tS,500,  Adjutant  General  $600,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 
$1,500,  Superintendent  of  Land  Office  $1,300,  President  of  Su- 
preme Court  $3,250,  f  )ur  Judges  of  Supreme  Court  $3,000,  two 
District  Judges  $3,500,  Senators  and  Representatives  $540  per 
year. 


35(5 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Originally  part  of  Virginia.  Called  "Pan  Handle  SlaJbe.** 
History  up  to  1861  same  as  that  of  Virginia.  Refused  to  secede 
Apr.  22,  18G1.  F.  H.  Pierrepont  elected  govenior  June  20,  1861. 
Admitted  as  state  June  20, 1863,  and  Wheeling  made  the  capital. 
Capital  changed  to  Charleston  1870.  Gloved  again  to  Whi^^'ling 
1875,  and  to  Charleston  again  in  1884.  Union  soldi  I 
32,u68.  State  advanced  rapidly  in>wealth.  Num-b- 
Miles  railroad  2,143.  Governor  and  state  ofiicerscK-cLeu  L.v..  u;  i.- 
ennially,  and  legislature  every  two  years  on  second  Tuesday  in 
Oct. ;  number  senators  26  representatives  71.  Sessions  bien- 
nial in  odd-numbered  years,  holdiag  45  days.  Terms  of  sena- 
tors 4  years,  representatives  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes 
6,  congressmen  4.  Insane,  paupers  and  convicts  not  voting. 
Flourishing  free  school  system,  school  age  6-21.  Legal  interest 
6  per  cent,  by  contract  6,  usury  forfiets  excess  of  interest.  Popu- 
lation, census  of  1900,  858,800.  Number  of  slaves  in  1860, 18,371. 
Topography,  Area,  Soil,  Products,  Etc. — Length  N.  and  S.  241 
miles,  greatest  v.idth  158  miles,  area  24,404  sq,  miles,  16,682,580 
acres.  Surface  mountainous  with  fertile  va/jeys,  the  Aliegbenys 
principal  range.  Some  high  peaks.  Scenery  fine  and  much 
visited  by  tourist^'.  Western  part  hilly  but  gradually  descends 
from  2,500  feet  above  the  sea  toward  the  Ohio  river,  where  the 
elevation  is  800  to  900  feet.  Much  of  the  state  is  virgin  forest 
densely  clothed  with  oak,  walnut,  poplar,  ash  and  other  timber 
trees.  Mine  al  springs  abound.  The  soil,  where  not  mountain- 
ous, is  excellent.  Mineral  wealth,  including  coal,  oil,  iron, 
salt  is  prodigal.  Staple  products  include  the  minerals  named, 
sheep,  hogs,  tobacco,  jvheat,  com,  dairy  products,  fruit,  wine, 
lumber.  Petroleum  extensively  produced.  The  state  ranks 
fifth  in  salt  and  coal,  seventh  in  buckwheat,  iron  and  steel. 
Cleared  land  averages  $22.50.    Climate  moderate,  average  tern. 

Eeratnre,  winter  30  deg.,  summer  70  deg.  Elevation  rc^luces 
eat  which  in  the  valleys  averages  76"to  78  deg.  Average  rain* 
fall  42  to  45  inches.  Health  is  excellent.  Chief  Cities,  Census 
of  19UO--Wheeling,  38,878;  Charleston,  capital,   Parkers- 
burg,  ,  ...  ;  Martinsburg,                Chief  .Industries — Sixty  per 

cent  of  laborers  eniraged  in  agriculture,  balance  in  mining, 
iron  making,  lumbering,  manufacturing,  etc. 

SALARIES  or  STATE  OFFICERS. 

GoveTn(;r  $2,7(X),  Secretary  of  State  $1,000  and  fees.  Treasurer 
ftl,400,  Auditor  $2,000  and  fees.  Superintendent  of  Free  Schools 
$:,500,  Attorney  General  $1,000.  Presiding  J'aO'ic  of  Supreme 
Court  $2,250,  AFsocinre  Judtre^  $-i.'*.5i).  S.-n  sirw-s  aiul  Kepr.;- 
sexrtatives  $4  per  day,  niiU'ajj'c  li)  cents:  DisiricL  Judge  ^fo,.XU 
tWi  Collectors  of  Intemai  lievcnue  $2„870. 


I 


ALASKA. 


l>iBCovered  by  Vitus  Behxins  1741,  and  became  Russian  tti- 
ritory  by  ri|rht  of  discoverj.  Purchased  by  the  United  States 
for  $7,200,000,  1867,  as  a  deed  of  gratitude  to  Russia  for  her 
course  in  civil  war.  Haa  paid  5  per  cent  on  investrne^i^i  ever 
since,  and  promises  to  become  the  source  of  enormous  m' reral, 
lur,  agricultural  and  tixuber  wealth.  Governor  appo'-rV'^d  by 
the  president  of  the  United  States. 

Pop.— Census  of  1900—63,441;  Indians,  estimated:  Innuits 
18jOOO,  Aleutian  2,200,  Ninneh  4,000,  Tblinket  7,000,  Hyda  800. 

Extreme  length  north  and  south  1,200  miles,  width  800  miles, 
area  (estimtd.)  514,7?>0  sq.  miles.  Yukon,  chief  river,  80  miles 
wide  at  mouth,  navi'^able  840  miles,  length  about  1,300  miles; 
coast  line  5,000  miles.  Fertile  land.  Good  oats,  barley  and 
root  crops  are  raiped  without  difficulty.  Rich  grass  land  in 
the  valley  of  Yukon.  Timber  abundant.  Yellow  cedar  best, 
being  of  great  value  for  boat-building.  Berries  plentiful. 
Fine  quality  of  white  marble  is  on  Lynn  Channel.  Coal,  am- 
ber and  lignite  on  Aleutian  Islands,  the  best  coal  being  on 
Cook's  Inlet.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  cinnabar  and  iron  are 
found:  sulphur  abundant.  Noted  for  fur-bearing  animals,  the 
chief  of  which  afe  beaver,  ermine,  fox,  marten,  otter,  squirrel 
and  wolf.  The  main  revenue  is  the  fur  seal,  taking  of  which  is 
regulated  by  lat?.  The  walrus  is  of  value  in  furnishing  ivory 
and  oil.  Whales,  cod,  herring  and  halibut  and  salmon  are 
abundant. 

Climate— Pacific  coast  modified  by  Pacific  Gulf  Stream  and 
long  summer  days.  Temperature  at  Sitka  averages,  winter 
about  that  of  Washington,  D.  C.  Rainfall  copious  and  foggy 
weather  common  on  coasts  and  islands.  Sitka  one  of  the  rain- 
iest places  in  ihe  world  outside  the  tropics;  annual  precipiia- 
tion  65  to  90  inches ;  rainy  days  200  to  285  in  year. 

Chief  CitiuB— Sitka,  seat  of  Bishop  of  Greek  church,  and 
Fort  St  Nicholas,  Cook's  Inlet,  Fort  St.  Michael,  Norton's 
Sound,  and  a  number  of  other  mining  settlements.  Other 
harbors  at  Port  Clarence,  Michaelooski  and  Captain's  Harbor. 

Industri'^  «--Fishing,  canning,  trapping  and  mining. 

SALARIES  OF  TERRITORIAL  OFFICERS. 


Governor  $3,000 

District  J^.dge   3,000 

Clerk  of  District  Court  and  ex-officio  Secretary  and 

Treasurer   2,500 

District  Attorney   2,500 

Marshal  and  Surveyor  General   2,500 

Collector  of  Customs  $2,500  and  fees 

Three  Deputy  Collectors   1,P00 

One  Deputy  Collector   1,200 

Two  Ip^pectore,  per  day , . .    3 


360 


ALABAMA. 


Name  Indian,  means  "We  rest  here."  Mobile  founded  by 
French  170;^.  Admitted  to  Union  Dec.  14,  1819.  Seceded  Jan. 
11,  1861.  Montgomery  made  capital  of  Confederacy  Feb.  4,1861. 
Subsequently  removed  to  Richmond,  Va.  State  re-entered  Union 
July  14.  Number  counties  66,miles  of  railroad  3,846.  State  elec- 
tions biennial  first  Monday  in  Aug.,  number  senators  33,  repre- 
sentatives 100,sessions  of  legislature  biennial  in  even-numbered 
years,  meetings  Tuesday  after  second  Monday  in  Nov.,  and 
holding  50  days,  term  of  senators  4  years,  of  representatives  2 
years.  Number  of  electoral  votes  11,  congressmen  9.  Indians, 
idiots,  convicts  of  crime  excluded  from  voting.  Number  col- 
leges 4,  school  age  7-21,  schools  good.  Legal  interest  8  per 
cent,  usury  forfeits  entire  interest.  Population,  census  of 
1000,1,828,697.  Number  of  slaves  in  1860,  435,080.  Length  N. 
and  S.  330  miles,  width  averages  154  miles,  area  52,$50  sq.miles, 
32,985,600  acres.  Surface  at  N.  E.  rugged,  extending  into  Alle- 
gheny mountains,  gradually  descends,  forming  rolling  prairies 
at  center  of  state  and  flat  low  stretches  at  the  south.  Sea  coast 
68  miles.  Mobile  bay  best  harbor  on  the  gulf,  1,600  miles  of 
navigable  waterv^ays.  Has  fair  soil  and  is  enormously  rich  in 
coal,  iron,  lime  and  eandstbne,  timber  and  vkrious  minerals. 
Middle  section  soil  fertile  and  varied.  Coast  region  sandy,  but 
by  proper  cultivation  prolific.  Vegetable  farming  near  Mobue 
very  successful.  Cotton,  mules,  iron,  coal,  sugar,  rice,tobacco, 
hay,  oats,  corn,  staple  products.  Fruits  are  a  good  crop.  Much 
forest  remains.  Cleared  )and  averages  $7,and  woodland  $4  per 
acre.  State  ranks  fourth  in  cotton,  fifth  in  mules  and  molasses, 
sixth  in  iron  ore  and  sugar,  seventh  in  rice.  Climate. — Tem- 
perature mild,  cold  at  north,  warm  at  south,  average  winter  47 
deg.,  summer  81  deg.,  July  hottest  month,  range  of  themome- 
ter  20  to  95  deg.,  sometimes  for  a  day  reaching  102  deg.  Rain- 
fall 50  inches.  Snow  or  ice  very  rare.  Trees  bloom  in  Feb. 

Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900. — Mobile,  38.464;  Birmingham, 
38,415;  Montgomery  (the  capital),  30,346;  Selma,  8,713 ;  Hunts- 
ville,  8,068.  Leading  Industries. — Agriculture  and  kindred 
pursuits,  mining,  iron  making,  lumbering,  etc.  Number  in- 
dustries 2,070. 


Salaries  of  State  Officers. 


Governor  

Secretary  of  State  

Treasurer  

Auditor  

Attorney  Crcneral  

Superintendent  of  Fiiolic  Instruction 

Librarian  

T^aree  Railroad  Commissioners  

Chief  Justice  

Two  Associate  Justices  


$2,000  to  3,500 


$3,000 
1,800 
2,150 
l,8uO 
1,500 
2.->50 
J, 500 


3,000 
3,000 


362 


ARKANSAS. 


"Bear  State."  Settled  1685.  Arkansas  territory  o!  <;aiiized 
1819.  Admitted  as  a  state  June  15, 1836.  Slavery  acknov/ledged. 
Seceded  May  6,  1861.  Considerable  lighting  during  tiie  war, 
but  no  great  battles.  Re-entered  Union  1868.  Number  coun- 
ties 75.  Miles  railroad,  2,747.  State  elections  biennial,  in  even- 
numbered  years  first  Monday  in  Sept. ;  number  senators,  32, 
representatives  100,  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meetine  second  Monday  in  Jan.,  holding  60 
days,  term  of  senators  4  years,  representatives  2  years.  Num- 
ber of  electoral  votes  8,  congressmen  6.  Idiots,  Indians,  con- 
victs not  voting.  Number  colleges  5, school  system  progressive, 
school  age  6-21.  Legal  interest  rat^^  per  cent,  by  contract  10 
per  cent,  usury  forfeits  principal  and  interest.  Population, 
census  of  1900—1,311,564.  Length  N.  and  S.  240  miles,  average 
breadth  212  miles,  area  53,845  sq.  miles,  44,460,800  acres.  The 
leenery  varied  and  charming.    Hot  Springs  (temp.  140  deg.) 

treat  natural  wonder  and  famous  for  medicinal  properties, 
oil  varies,  but  greatbr  portion  exceptionally  rich  and  suited  to 
all  crops,  especially  fruits,  berries  and  gardening.  State  espe- 
cially favorable  to  agriculture.  Magnificently  timbered.  Pine, 
oak,  cypress,  cedar,  hickory,  wain.,  linn,  locust  chief  growth. 
Cleared  land  ctverages  $10  and  woodland  $3  per  acre.  Coal 
exists  on  the  Ash  river,  iron  in  theOzarks,  salt  near  Ouachita. 
Mlstone  near  Hot  Sprinpg,  kaolin  in  Pulaski  county.  Staple 
j^roducts,  corn,  wheat,  cotton,  tobacco,  oats,  sweet  potatoes, 
mules,  tar,  turpentine,  lumber,  etc.  Climate— Genial.  Temp, 
ranges  15  deg.  to  95  deg.,  on  rare  occasions  going  to  100  deg. 
Averages  winter,  45  deg. ;  summer  80  deg.  Rainfall  44  inches, 
heaviest  in  S.  E.,  lightest  inN.  W.  Health  unsurpassed,  espe- 
cially in  N.  W.  Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900— Little  Rock,  the 
capital,  38,307;  Helena,  5,550;  Fort  Smith,  11,587;  Hot  Springs, 
9,973;  Pine  Bluff,  11,496.  Industries,  2,100  in  number.  Cheifly 
agricultural. 


SALARIES  OF  STATE  OFPICEKS. 


Governor  

Secretary  of  State  

Treasurer  

Auditor  

Attorney  General  

Superintendent  of  Public  Inst  — 

Land  Commissioner.  

Chief  Justice  

Two  associate  JuHticos  

Senators  and  Representatives  

Two  District  Judges  

District  Attorney   

Two  /  saia'aut  District  Attorneys 


$3,000 
1,800 
2,250 
2,250 
1,500 
1,600 
1,800 
3,000 
3.000 


 $6  a  day. 

 3,600 

S200  and  fees. 
..$1,200,  1,000 


364 


ARIZONA  TERRITORY. 

Explored  1526.  Mineral  wealth  found,  no  important  settle- 
ments effected  because  of  hostile  natives.  Organized  as  terri- 
t«ry,Feb.24, 1863.  Numbercounties  11.  Miles  railroad  1,320.  All 
elections  Tuesday  after  nrst  Monday  in  Nov  ;  number  sena- 
tors, 12;  representatives,  24;  sessions  of  legislature  biennial, 
in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.,  holds 
60  days ;  terms  of  senators  and  representatives,  2  years  each. 
School  age,  6-21  years.  Legal  interest  rate,  10  per  cent.,  by 
contract,  an  y  rate ;  no  penalty  for  usury.  School  endowment 
in  lands  reserved  very  large. 

Population,  census  1900,  122,931.  Extreme  length  north  and 
south.  378  miles,  width,  339  miles,  area,  113,929  sq.  miles,  72,- 
Ql'Lfieo  acres.  Volcanic  peaks  reach  an  altitude  of  10,500  feet. 
Soulnern  portion  a  plain,  dipping  occasionally  below  sea  level, 
and  rising  only  to  a  very  moderate  elevation  (200  to  600  feet 
usually),  mountains  numerous,  highest  point  San  Francisco, 
11.056  feet.  Colorado  river  navigable  620  miles.  Flows  between 
perpendicular  walls  cut  in  solid  rock  in  places  7,000  feet  high. 
Agriculture  possible  only  in  the  valleys  or  where  irrigation  is 
practicable.  Soil  in  valleys  and  bottoms  very  rich  and  pro- 
lific. Wheat,  barley,  potatoes,  hay,  corn,  onions  are  staple 
field  crops,  corn  follows  wbeat  or  barley,  giving  two  crops 
yearly.  Oranges  and  all  semi-tropical  fruits  do  well  where 
water  is  obtainable.  Cattle  raising  extremely  profitable.  De- 
eerr  tracts  of  considerable  area  are  found.  Timber  grows  on 
the  mountains,  foot-hills  and  along  the  streams.  The  varieties 
mciuae  pine  and  cedar  on  mountains,  cotton-wood,  walnut 
and  CLierry  on  streams.  Size  of  trees  fair  and  quantity  large. 
Abundant  mineral  wealth  exists,  which  can  be  developed  with 
profit,  owing  10  completion  of  railways.  Nearly  all  mountain 
ranges  contain  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead.  Superior  quality 
of  lime  found  near  Preston  ana  Tucson,  beds  of  gypsum  in 
S*n  Pedro  valley,  remarkable  deposits  of  pure  transparent 
salt  near  Callville.  Territory  ranks  second  in  production  of 
silver. 

Climate  exceptionally  healthful,  and  generally  mild,  except 
In  mountains,  temperature  averages  38  deg.  winter,  ?3  sum- 
Mer,  mucli  warmer  at  south,  the  thermometer  reaching  occa- 
sionally 115,  and  rarely  falling  below  35  deg.  in  winter.  In 
central  portion  heat  seldom  exceeds  88  deg.  to  90  deg.,  snow 
in  mountains,  but  melts  soon.  Rainfall  on  Gila  6  inches,  in 
foot-hills  28  inches.   Heaviest  in  July  and  August. 

Chief  Cities.— Census  of  1900:  Tucson,  pop.  7,531;  Prescott, 
the  capital,  pop.  3,559.  Phoenix,  5,544. 

Leading  Industries.— -Mining,  grazing,  agriculture,  lum* 
bcring,  smelting,  etc. 


366 


CALIFORNIA. 

"Golden  State."  First  settled  at  San  Diego  1768.  Gold  dis- 
covered 1848.  Rush  of  immigration  set  in  1849.  State  constitu- 
tion, without  the  preliminary  of  a  territorial  organization, 
framed  Sept.  1849.  Admitted  as  a  state  Sept.  9,  1850.  Number 
counties 57.*  Miles  railroad  5,274.  Governor  and  state  officers 
elected  quadrennially  and  legislature  every  two  years;  number 
senators  40,  representatives  80,  sessions  of  legislature  biennial 
in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  1st  Monday  after  Jan.  1,  holds 
60  days ;  term  of  senators  4,  representatives  2  years.  Number 
electoral  votes  9,  congressmen  7.  ,  Idiots, 

Indians,  convicts  and  Chinese  excluded  from  voting.  School 
system  very  fair;  school,  age  5-17.  Legal  interest  7  per  cent, 
by  contract  any  rate.  Population,  according  to  census  of  1890, 
1,208,130.  Extreme  length  N.  and  S.  725  miles,  width  330  miles, 
area  158,360  sq.  miles,  91,350,500  acres.  Coast  line  over  800  miles. 
San  Francisco  Bay,  40  miles  long  9  miles  wide,  magnificent 
harbor.'  Yosemite  in  the  Sierras,  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
wonders  of  the  world  and  the  greatest  marvel  of  the  state, 
where  scenery  is  always  grand.  Mt.  Whitney  15,000,  highest 
peak.  Very  rich  agriculturally  and  in  minerals.  Soil  warm, 
genial  and  rich.  Two  crops  may  be  raised  in  season.  Irriga- 
tion necessary  in  parts  and  almost  always  desirable.  Wheat 
most  valuable  crop,  all  cereals,  root  crops  and  grasses  do  well, 
corn,  barley,  grapes,  fruit,  nuts,  silk,  hops  and  oats  staples. 
Mineral  deposits  include  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper,  mercury, 
coal,  stones,  salt,  soda,  etc.  Ranks  high  as  a  fruit  growing 
state,  fruits  of  temperate  climates,  sub-tropical  fruits  and  nuts, 
g^rapes  N.  to  41  deg.,  olives,  etc.,  grow  to  great  perfection.  Fine 
sheep  raising  country.  Ranks  first  in  barley,  grape  Culture, 
sheep,  gold  and  quicksilver,  third  in  hops,  fifth  in  wheat  and 
salt.  Noble  forests  of  redwood  and  other  valuable  growths. 
Land  runs  from  $1.25  to  several  hundred  dollars  per  acre.  Im- 
proved land  averages  $30,  unimproved  $7.50  per  acre.  It  is  the 
paradise  of  the  small  farmer.  Plenty  of  room  for  men  with  a 
little  something  to  begin  on. 

Climate  varies  with  elevation  and  latitude.  Mild  and  pleas- 
ant on  coast.  Average  temperature  at  San  Francisco  in  sum- 
mer 62  deg.,  winter  .50  deg.  Warmer  in  interior,  reaching  at 
times  100  deg.  Rainfall  variable,  from  7  to  .50  inches  at  San 
Francisco.  Average  at  S.  10  inches.  Melting  snow  from 
mountains  replaces  rainfall.    Frosts  rare. 

Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900— San  Francisco,  pop.  342,782; 
port  of  entry,  regular  line  of  steamers  to  Australia,  Panama, 
Mexico,  China  and  Japan;  Sacramento,  capital.  29,282;  Oak- 
land, 66,960 ,  San  Jose,  21,500;  Stockton,  17,506;  Los  Ansreles, 
102,479;  U.  S.  navy  yard  at  San  Pueblo  Bay;  Fresno,  12,47u, 
Alameda,  16,464;  Berkeley,  18,214;  San  Diego,  17,700. 

Leading  Industries-Agriculture,  stock  raising,  fruit  culture, 
mining,  lumbering,  etc. 


368 


CONNECTICUT. 

"Wooden  Nutmeg  State."  One  of  the  original  13  states  ex- 
plored by  the  Dutch  settlers  of  Manhattan  Island,  1615, by  whom 
eettlement  was  made,  1633,  at  Hartford.  The  state  furnished  a 
very  large  quota  of  men  to  the  Revolutionary  armies.  Yale 
College  founded  1701.  Union  soldiers  furnished  55,864.  Number 
countless.  Miles  railroad  1,009.  State  elections  yearly  on  same 
date  as  presidential  election.  Elects  24  senators,  252  representa- 
tives, 4  congressmen  and  6  presidential  electors.  State  senators 
hold  2  and  representatives  1  year.  Legislature  meets  yearly  on 
Wednesday  after  first  Monday  in  Jan.  Convicts  and  persons 
unable  to  read  not  permitted  to  vote.  School  system  superior, 
includes  3  colleges  with  160,000  books  in  libraries'.  School  age 
4-16  years.  Legal  interest  6  per  cent.  No  penalty  for  usury. 
Population,  according  to  census  of  1900,  908,355.  Area  4,990  sq. 
miles,  average  length  86  miles,  average  breadth  55  miles ;  sea- 
coast  110  miles.  Surface  less  rugged  than  the  other  New  Eng- 
land states.  Mountain  range  terminates  in  this  state  in  a  series 
of  hills.  The  coast  is  indented  by  numerous  bays  and  harbors. 
Soil,  except  in  valley,  light  and  stony.  Corn,  oats,  hay,  wheat, 
tobacco  and  vegetables  are  the  staple  cropsj  Cleared  land 
avemges  $40  and  Avood  land  $30  per  acre.  No  valuable  timber 
remains.  Stone  extensively  quarried.  Valuable  iron  mines 
exist.  CSimate  moderate  and  healthy;  average  temperature, 
Bummer  72  deg.,  winter  28  deg.  Occasionally  the  thermometer 
sinks  below  zero,  considerable  snow  falls,  summers  warm,  rain 
fall,  including  snow,  about  47  inches.  Chief  Industries — Manu- 
facture of  hardware,  clocks,  silks,  cotton,  rubber,  carpets,  wool- 
ens, arms,  sewing  machines  and  attachments,  dairying,  quarry- 
ing, agriculture,  etc. ;  total  number  of  industries  4,488.  Prin- 
cipal Cities,  census  of  1890— Hartford,  capital  and  noted  for 
banking  and  insurance  business,  pop.  79,850;  New  Haven, 
"City  of  Elms,"  seat  of  Yale  college,  108,027;  Bridgeport,  noted 
for  manufacture  of  fire  arms  and  sewing  machines,  70,996; 
Waterbury,  important  manufacturing  city,  45,859:  Danbnry, 
10,537;  Meriden,  24,296;  Middletown,  9,589 ;  New  Britain,  25,998 ; 
New  London,  17.748;  Norwich,  17,251;  Stamford,  15,997.  1-air- 
tieid,  Middletown,  New  Haven,  New  London  and  Stonington 
are  ports  of  entry, 

SAi:.Ar.IES  OF  STATE  OFFICERS, 


Governor    §4  O  H) 

Lieutenant  Governor   500 

Secretary  of  State   1,.'500 

Treasurer   1,500 

Comptroller   l'50O 

Secretary  State  Board  of  Education   3.000 

Adjutant  General   1.200 

Insurance  Commissioner   3,50<> 

Three  Railroad  Commissioners   3,000 

Chief  Justice   4  500 

Tout  Aseociate  Justices   4,000 


370 


COLORADO. 

*'CenteuDial  State."  John  C.  Fremont,  "  The  Pathfinder/" 
croeeed  Rockies  1842-44.  First  American  settlement  near 
Denver,  1859,  Mining  begun.  Organized  as  territory  Feb. 
1861.  Indian  troubles  1863-4.  Union  soldiers  furnished  4,903. 
Admitted  as  a  state  Aug.  1,  187''  Number  counties  56  No 
railroad  in  1870.  Mileage  1899.  4,572.  All  elections  Tuesday- 
after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  number  senators  36  representatives 
65,  sessions  biennial  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first 
Monday  in  Jan.,  limit  of  session  40  days,  term  of  senators  4 
years,  of  representatives  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes  4 
congr.essmen  2.  Convicts  excluded  from  voting.  Number 
colleges  3,  school  system  fair  endowment,  school  age  6-21 
years.    Legal  interest  10  per  cent.,  by  contract  any  rate. 

Population— census  of  1900—439,700. 

Length  E.  and  W.  380  miles,  width  270  miles,  area  103,925  eq. 
miles,  66,460,800  acres,  three-fifths  unsurveyed.  Rocky  moun- 
tains traverse  state  N.  and  S.  with  3  ranges  having  many  peaks 
more  than  13,000  feet  high.  Fine  grazing  grounds.  Scenery 
grand  beyond  words.  Much  rich  soil  along  streams  and  wher- 
ever irrigation  is  possible.  Cereals  do  very  well.  Corn,  wheat, 
oats,  hay,  staple  crops.  Cattle,  sheep  and  hog  raising  safe  and 
profitable.  Dairying  pays,  as  does  gardening.  Timber  re- 
sources moderate.  Mountains  fairly  clothed  with  pine  and 
other  trees.  Mineral  wealth  inexhaustible.  State  ranks  first 
in  silver,  fourth  in  gold.  Iron,  soda,  coal,  copper,  lead,  stone, 
mica,  etc.,  exist  in  large  deposits. 

Cllmate. — Dry  and  range  of  temperature  comparatively 
small.  Winters  mild,  summers  cool.  Average  temperature 
winter  31  deg.,  summer  73  deg.  Rainfall,  mainly  in  May,  June 
and  July,  average  18  inches.  On  mountains  winters  severe, 
accompanied  by  heavy  snowfall ;  violent  winds  common;  fogs 
unknown.    Health  unsurpassed. 

Chief  Cities. — Census  of  1900— Denver,  capital  and  me- 
tropolis, and  contains  assay  office  ;  pop.  133,859  Leadville, 
12,455  Colorado  Springs,  21,085  State  University  at  Boulder; 
Agricultural  College  at  Fort  Collins  ;  School  of  Mines  at 
Golden  City.    Pueblo,  28,157;  Cripple  Creek,  10.147. 

Leading  Industries. — Mining,  smelting  ores,  agriculture, 
grazing,  etc. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers, 


Govern   $5,000 

Lieutenant  Governor   1,000 

Secretary  of  Stale    3,000 

Treasurer   3,000 

Auditor   2,500 

Attorney  General   ...  2,000 

Chief  Justice   5,000 


NORTH    AND    SOUTH  DAKOTA 


Named  for  Dak'  tn  hidiHiKs.  Fn-^t  setteled  at  Pcii.r:;.  ^  ) 
Dakota  wu.:,  or;,u.uzod  Us  leiri.ory  Alareh,  1861,  auU  ..f  i  Jiied 
to  tbe  Union  aw  North  aud  South  Dakota  ou  Nov. Fir-t 
legislature  met  1862,  at  Yankton.  Immigration  becaiuo  a(  live 
1866.  Railroad  building  active  and  systeme  mammoth  in  their 
scale.  Number  counties  North  Dakota,  39;  South  Dakota,  53. 
Number  senators  and  representatives.  North  Dakota,  93;  South 
Dakota,  132;  sessions  biennial.  Teim  of  senators  4  years,  and 
of  representatives  2  years.  Legal  interest  rate  7  per  cent,  by 
contract  12  per  cent  .  usury  forfeits  excess.  Miles  railroad  in 
North  Dakota,  2,584.  in  South  Dakota,  2,802. 

Population,  census  of  1900,  N.  D.,  319,146;  S.  D..  401.570. 
Aieas,  N.  D..  70.894  sq.  miles  or  45,362.560  acres:  S.  D..  77  5S() 
sq.miles  or  49,661,200  acres.  Indian  reservation  principally  s\  •  t 
of  Mift&ouri  river,  42,000,000  acres,  one-seventh  gooU  fafmin^ 
land.  Surface  high,  level  plain,  950  to  2.600  U  ct  above  the  t^ea, 
traversed  by  ranges  of  lofty  hills,  which  at  the  W.  reach  an 
elevation  of  7,000  feet  in  the  Black  Hills.  The  Mist^ouri  river 
traverses  the  territory  diagonally  from  N.  \V.  to  S.  K.,  an'd  is 
navigable.  Lakes  are  numerous,  especially  in  the  n;  '-'li  and 
1  east.  Devil's  Lake  is  teuii-salt.  Other  large  lakes  .-Oil  is 
very  rich  and  peculiarly  suited  to  wheat,  which  is  the  staple 
crop.  Corn,  oats,  grasses  and  potatoes  do  well.  Fruit  is  not  a 
good  crop.  Cattle,  and  especially  sheep-raising,  favored  and 
growing  industries.  Timber  scarce,  except  along  the  streams 
and  some  of  the  hills.  Gold  and  silver  extensively  mined. 
Black  Hills  v?ry  rich  in  precious  minerals.  Ranks  fourth  in 
gold  output.  Good  coal  west  of  the  Missouri.  Not  much  de- 
Teloped  as  yet.  Deposits  of  tin  said  to  be  of  great  value  exist. 
Price  of  land  $1.25  to  $20  per  acre  (later  improved). 

Climate.— Temperature^ranges  from  32  deg. below  zero  to  100 
deg.  above.  Averages,  winter4  to 20  deg.,  summer  65  to  75  deg. 
Winters  at  north  severe,  with  heavy  snow.  Modeiate  at  the 
south.  Air  clear,  dry  and  free  from  malaria.  Cold  not  so  pene- 
trating as  in  moister  climates.  Springs  late  and  Suramet  s  of 
medium  length.  Rainfall  19  in.,  chiefly  in  spring  and  sunnner. 

Chief  Cities  of  North  Dakota.— Fargo,  northern  metrop- 
olis. Bismarck.  Gi  and  Forks. 

Chief  Cities  of  South  Dakota.— Yankton,  Pierre.  Dead- 
wood. 

Industries,— Almost  entire  laboring  population  c  i 
agriculture  and  mining. 

SALAREIS   OF    STATE  OFFICERS. 

Governor  N.  Dakota,  $3,000;  S.  Dakota,  2.600;  1 
Governors,  $1,000;  Secretaries  of  State,  82000;  Irt.     :  s, 
$2,000;  Auditors,  $2,000;  Superind^nts  of  Public  Instruction, 
$2,000;  Chief  Justices,  $3,000;  Senators  and  Representatives, 
^  a  day,  mileage  20  cents. 


MAP 

OF 

NORTH 
DAKOTA. 


Boyne 


Otterbifi 


Joli^ttT 

Garfield  ' 


^  ,      White  B^ch  Hill 
vres'ervatlonv  "^r^,,  .^-^-^-Crv-l*^ 

I  /   t-Ntw  X  ~U  ^  ^\  ^-''v-./^An.V  S  r>iewpul 

!        .     /    FO^pl^old  ^  o   0^  ^..Csvo^*^  ^         \\Mardellk  NiPbrtlanJ 


oGayteuiT 


La  IMoureo' 


Wahpeto 
Hud^<in 

J6lumbia\  re] 


^""^  /^-Prt  Yales  c(%  Ellendale 
Frederick, 
1^"  Stella^Westport, 
Grand  River  Aeencvd  Aberdeen 

-^^^^^J^y^*^^  Mollette 

SjVrw-Rapid  City  JSmttlisiU*-''^'''^  -         l^SV^if^'''''^^^'^  ?\  SiXx  Falls Jc; 
te-'^/z-fe  o^Vl^  ^       Crow  CreeE*^tForesn)nrgh^fe7r^^^ 

'|r^«er.?ille^^  ^Jiji^v-^'"''-"^^^^^^:^^  I 

•^uffaloGfap  J         Bijou  HilKi°  AlexandnSx,^ 

L  ,      ^  „„  STrandView  Mafvior, 


MAP  OF  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

Blomffren'Bro* .  Engr't- .Chicago   


374 


DELAWARE. 


One  of  the  thiirteen  original  states.  "The  Diamond  State.'* 
Settled  by  Swedes  1658,  who  bought  from  Indians.  Took  vig- 
orous part  in  the  revolution.  Was  a  slave  state.  Slaves  1860, 
2,000.  Union  soldiers  furnished  12,284,  the  biggest  percentage 
of  any  state.  Contains  three  counties.  Miles  of  railroad  3l7. 
All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November,  number 
senators  17,  representatives  35,  legislature  meets  in  odd-num- 
bered years  first  Tuesday  in  January,  holds  21  davs,  term  of 
senators  4  years,  of  representatives  2  years, ^number  electoral 
votes  3,  number  congressmen  1,  idiots,  insane,  paupers  and 
criminals  excluded  from  voting.  Colleges  at  Newark  and  Wil- 
mington, school  age  6-21,  schools  fair,  legal  interest  rate  6, 
usury  forfeits  the  principal.  Population  census  of  1900,  184,- 
735.  Length  north  and  south  nearly  100  miles,  width  10  miles 
at  north,  3b  at  south.  Area  2,050  square  miles,  or  1,248,000 
acres.  Available  area  large.  Northern  portion  rolling,  but  free 
from  large  hills.  Scenery  beautiful.  Southern  portion  level  and 
sandy,  with  frequent  cy  press  marshes.  Coast  low  and  swampy 
with  lagoorts  separated  from  sea  by  sand-beaches.  Streams  flow 
into  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  bays  and  are  small.  Tide  reaches 
to  Wilmington.  The  soil  is  good  and  the  state  of  cultivation 
superior.  Cleared  land  averages  $45  per  acre,  and  wood-land 
$40.  Staple  crops,  corn,  wheat,  peaches,  berries,  garden  vege- 
tables, flweet  potatoes.  Iron  is  found,  but  is  no  longer  worked, 
Climate  mild.  Tempered  by  sea  bree^tis.  Average  tempera- 
ture, winter,  32  deg.  to  38  deg. ;  summer,  72  deg.  to  78  deg. 
Rainfall  48  to  50  inches.  At  north  health  excellent.  Some  ma- 
l^ia  on  the  lowlands  bordering  the  swamps  at  the  south. 
Ohxef  Cities,  census  of  1900.— Wilmington,  pop.  76,508.  Dover, 
(cap.)  3,329, Newcastle  3,380.  Breakwater  protecting  Delaware 
Bay  at  Cape  Henlopen,  greatest  work  of  its  kind  in  America, 
€o«t  the  United  States  $2,127,400,  and  was  over  40  year»  in 
course  of  construction.  Industries. — Agriculture  and  kin- 
dred pursuits,  manufacture  of  flour,  lumber,  cotton,  iron,  steel, 
leather,  etc.,  shipbuilding,  fishing,  canning  and  preserving. 
Total  number  different  industries,  750. 


SALARIES  or  STATE  OFFICERS. 


Governor  

Secretary  of  State  *.  

Treasurer  

Auditor   

Adj  atant  General  

Attorney  General  

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

State  Librarian  

CLief  Justice    

Chancellor  

Three  Associate  Justices  

Sfenators  and  Representatives  


per  day  and  mileage. 


$2,000 


1,000 
1,450 
700 
200 
2.000 
1,500 
460 
2,500 
2,500 
2,200 


376 


FLORIDA. 

Named  for  its  flowers,  "Penmsula  State."  'Pensacola  taken 
frora  England  by  Gen.  Jackson  during  the  war  of  1812,  Entire 
province  ceded  to  United  States  1819.  Organized  as  a  territory 
1822.  Admitted  as  a  state  March  3,  1845.  State  seceded  Jan.  10, 
1861,  re-entered  Union  July  4,  1868.  Number  counties  45,  miles 
of  railroad  3,182.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in 
Nov.  Numbers  senators  32,  representatives  68*.  Sessions  of 
legislature  biennial,  in  ©dd-numbered  years,  meeting  Tuesday 
Piter  first  Monday  in  January,  holds  60  days.  Term  of  senators 

4,  of  representatives  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes  4,  con- 
gressmen 2.  Idiots,  insane,  criminals,  betters  on  elections  and 
duelists  excluded  from  voting.  Schools  fair,  school  age  4-21. 
Legal  interest  8  per  cent,  by  contract  any  rate.  Population^ 
census  of  1900— 528,542.  Number  of  slaves  in  1860,  61,745.  Four- 
fifths  of  Florida  is  in  tbe  peninsula, which  is  about  350  miles  N. 
and  S.  and  105  miles  E.  and  W.  Remainder  is  the  narrow  strip 
along  the  Gulf,  342  miles  E.  and  W.  and  10  to  50  miles  N.  and 

5.  Area  58,580  sq.  miles,  37,931,520  acres.  Twenty-first  state  in 
size.  State  surrounded  by  sea  except  on  north.  Coast  line  over 
1,200  miles.  Good  harbors  rare,  mostly  on  Gulf  The  northern 
section  is  a  limestone  formation,  affording  a  fair  soil.  In  the 
middle  section  ere  found  tracts  of  great  richness.  At  the  south 
the  soil,  when  dry  or  reclaimed,  is  inexhaustible.  Shores  very 
low  frequently  not  two  feet  above  tide  water.  Coral  growth  at 
eouth  continues.  Surface  dotted  with  lakes.  The  staple  pro- 
ducts are  corn  (most  valuable  crop),  sugar,  molasses, rice,  cot- 
ton, oats,  tobacco,  vegetables  of  all  kinds,  peaches,  oranges, 
and  all  tropical  and  semi-tropical  fruits,  cocoanuts,  lumber, 
fish,  oysters,  etc.  Poultry  and  stock  raising  are  successful. 
Cleared  land  averages  $12,  woodland  $3,  swamp  SI,  and  school 
land  $1.25  per  acre.  Much  forest  remains.  Timber.chiefly  pine, 
of  moderate-  size,  free  from  undergrowth.  Game  abounds.  Cli- 
mate superb.  No  snow.  Frosts  rare  at  north,  unknown  at 
south.  Temperature  ranges  30  deg.  to  100  deg.,  rarely  above  90. 
Winter  averages  59  deg.,  summer  81  deg.  Breezes  blow  across 
from  Gulf  fo  Atlantic  and  vice  versa,  temper  the  heat  and  keep 
air  dry  and  clear.  Average  rainfall  55  inches,  chiefly  in  summer. 
Chief  Cities,  census  of  J 900— Key  West, good  harbor  and  naval 
station,  17,114.  Jacksonville,  28,429.  St.  Augustine,  oldest 
town  in  United  States,  4,272.  Tallahassee,  capital,  2.981. 
Pensacola,  17,747.  Principal  Industries.  —  Almost  the 
entire  laboring  population  is  engaged  in  agriculture  and  fruit 
growing.  Fishing  for  fish  and  oysters  and  lumbering  largely 
folloT^^ud.  Railroads,  1890,  2,378  miles. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 

Governor  $3,500,  Lieutenant  Governor  $500,  Secretary  of  ^Ttate 
$2,000,  Treasurer  $2,000,  Comptroller  $2,000,  Attorney  Gentral 
12,000,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  $2,000,  Adjutant 
General  $2,000,  Land  Commissioner  $1,200,  Chief  Justice  "$3,500'. 


378 


GEORGIA. 

Odc  of  the  thirteen  original  states,  named  for  King  George 
II.  of  England,  called  the  "  Empire  State  of  the  South."  Orig- 
inally a  part  of  South  Carolina  and  claimed  by  Spain.  Active 
in  the  Revolution,  suffering  badly  from  devafetation  by  EngliBh. 
Severe  wars  with  Creeks  and  Cherokees  settled  by  treaties  1790 
and  1791.  Slate  seceded  January  19,  1861.  Many  hard  fought 
battlcB  duriTi'j;  civil  war,  including  Atlanta,  etc.  Re-entered 
Union  1870.  Number  counties  137,  miles  of  railroad  5,403,  state 
elections  first  Wednesday  in  October,  number  senators  44,  rep- 
resentatives 175,  sessions,  biennial  in  even-numbered  years, 
meeting  first  Wednesday  in  November,  hold  forty  days.  Terms 
of  senators  and  representatives  two  years  each.  Number  t  lec- 
toral  voies  13,  number  congressmen  11.  Idiots,  insane,  crim- 
inals and  non-taxpayers  excluded  from  voting.  Number  col- 
leges 7,  State  University  at  Athens  organized  1801,  public 
schools  excellent,  school  age  6-18.  No  state  license  law  gov- 
erning commercial  travelers,  but  Atlanta,  Athens,  Augusta  and 
Savannah  exact  a  tax.  Legal  intere6t7%,  by  contract  8%,  usury 
forfeits  excess  of  interest.  Population,  census  of  1890—1,837,- 
353.  Greatest  length  N.  and  S.  321  miles.,  greatest  width  255 
miles,  area  59,475  square  miles  or  38,064,000  acres,  exclusive  of 
water  area.  Surface  diver^ifled.  At  the  north  are  the  V/iuc 
Ridge,  Etowah  and  other  mountains.  In  the  southeast,  i."-  the 
Oke^inokee  swamp,  150  miles  in  circumference.  Coast  irregu- 
lar and  indented,  shore  line  about  500  miles,  three  ^ea^  oils. 
Mountain  streams  are  rapid  picturesque  cataracts  and  immense 
basins.  The  chief  falls  are  the  Tallulah,  in  Habersham  county, 
Toccoa,  in  the  Tugalo,  180  feet  high,  Towaliga,  in  JNlonroe  Co., 
and  the  Amicolah,  which  descend  400  feet  in  a  quarter  mile. 
Corn,  wheat,  oats,  cotton,  rice,  sweet  potatoes,  tobacc  o,  sugar 
and  melons,  chief  agricultural  staples.  Fruit,  both  temperate 
and  semi-tropical,  thrives.  Stock  flourishes.  Wool-growing 
important.  Gold  is  extensively  mined.  Coal,  iron,  marble  ex 
ist.  Cleared  land  averages  $8  and  woodland  $5.50  pei  acre. 
One-fourth  area  heavily  timbered  with  yellow  pine  of  great 
value  for  lumber,  turpentine,  etc.  Climate. — At  th-e  noith 
mild  and  extremely  healthy,  hot  in  the  lowlands.  Range  ui 
termperature  30  deg.  to  105  deg.  Average,  winter  40  deg.,  sum- 
mer 38  deg.  Rainfall  averages  55  inches.  State  Population, 
census  of  1900,  2,216,331.  Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900.— 
Savannah,  pop.  54,244.  Atlanta,  capital,  pop.  89,972;  Augusta, 
39  441.  Principal  Industries. — Three-fourths  of  population 
engaged  in  agriculture.  Remainder  in  various  pursuits.  Man- 
ufacturing important.  Raw  materials  becoming  more  abun- 
dant and  cheap. 


For  HAWAII  see  Page  204. 


380 
IDAHO. 

Gold  diBCOvered,  1880,  in  Oro  Fino  creek.  Organized  as  ter- 
ritory March,  1863.  and  admitted  to  the  Union  July  3,  1890. 
Number  counties  21.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  Nov.,  number  senators,  21,  representatives,  49>  sesbions  of 
legislature  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  second 
Monday  iu  Dec,  holds  60  days,  terms  of  senators  and  repre- 
sentatives, 2  years  each.  Electoral  votes  3;  1  congressman. 
School  age,  5-21  years.  Legal  interest  rate  10  per  cent.,  by 
contract  18  per  cent.,  usury  forfeits  three  times  excess  of  in- 
terest; miles  railroad,  1,106. 

Population,  1900—161,772. 

Topography,  Area,  Soil,  Products,  Etc.— Length,  140  to 
490  miles,  width  45  to  286  miles.  Area,  84,800  sq,  miles,  53,944,- 
600  acres.  Surface  table  land  and  mountains.  About  one- 
twelfth  is  arable  and  one-tenth  more  grazing  land.  One-third 
barren,  but  may  be  reclaimed  by  irrigation.  Many  lakes  are 
found,  as  well  as  numerous  water  powers.  Forests  estimated 
at  9,000,000  acres.  The  soil,  where  water  can  be  had,  is  fertile. 
Wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  potatoes  and  hay  are  good  crops,  and 
dairying  and  stock-rais-mg  profitable.  Gold  is  found  in  quartz 
veins  in  Idaho,  Boise  and  Alturas  counties,  silver  in  Owyhee 
county.  Some  of  the  mines  very  rich.  Wood  river  district  on 
fouthem  slope  of  Salmon  River  mountains,  at  headwaters  of 
Wood  or  Malad  rivers,  gives  promise  of  valuable  mining  oper- 
ations, chiefly  placers.  Coal  in  vicinity  of  Boise  City.  Terri- 
tory ranks  sixth  in  gold  and  silver. 

Climate  severe,  with  heavy  snows  in  mountains,  on  plains 
less  severe,  but  cold  and  bracing.  In  the  valleys  it  is  milder, 
with  moderate  snowfall.  Summers  cool  and  pleasant.  Tem- 
perature averages  20  deg.  in  winter,  70.  deg.  in  summer.  Rain- 
fall small  in  tne  Rocky  and  Bitter  Root  mountains,  and  very 
light  at  the  N.  and  W. 

Chief  Cities.— Boise  City  (capital),  5,957 ;  Pocatello,  4,046: 
Wallace,  2,265. 

Leading  Idustries.— Mining,  grazing,  agriculture,  smelting 
and  lumbering. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 


Governor  $3,000 

Secretary   1,800 

Treasurer   1,000 

Auditor   1,800 

Librarian   250 

Chief  Justice  3,000 

Two  Associate  Justices  3,000 

Senators  and  Representatives. ..$4  per  day  and 20  cents  mileage 

Two  District  Attorneys  $250  and  fees 

Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  2,250 

Three  Deputy  Collectors  $1,400  to  1,600 

Aesayer  2,000 


ILLINOIS. 


Name  derived  from  Illini  tribe  of  Indiane,  meaning  Superior 
Men.  Grilled  "Prairie  State*'  and  "Sucker  State."  Ft.  Dearborn 
(Chicago)  massacre,  1812,  by  Pottawatomies.  Admitted  as 
Btate,  1818.  Capital  moved  to  SpnnglieJd,  1836.  Soldiers  in 
Mexican  war,  5,000.  Union  soldiers,  259,092.  Number  counties, 
102.  All  elections,  Tuesday  afier  lirst  Monday  in  Nov. ;  num- 
ber senators,  51 :  representatives,  15  '';  sessions  biennial,  in  odd- 
numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jaji.,  term  of  sena- 
tors, 4years ;  representat  ives,  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes, 
^.'4;  congressmen,  22.  Idiots  and  convicts  excluded  from 
voting.  School  system  excellent;  number  colleges.  28;  school 
age,  6-21.  Legal  interest,  6  per  cent.  ;  by  contract,  8  per  cent. ; 
usury  forfeits  entire  interest.  Miles  of  railroad,  10,752.  Popu- 
lation, census  of  1900,  4,821,550.  Extreme  length  N.  and  S.386 
miles;  extreme  width,  218  miles.  A  v.  elevation,  482  ft.,  eleva- 
tion at  Cairo,  340  ft.;  highest  point,  1,140  ft.  in  norihw.  portion. 
Area,  56,000 sq.  m., 36,256,000  acres;  miles  of  navigable  water- 
ways,4, 100.  Frontage  on  Lake  Michigan,  110  miles.  Among 
first  agricultural  states  of  Union.  Staple  crops,  com,  wheat, 
oats,  rye,  barley,  broomcorn,  vegetables,  hay,  potatoes,  etc. 
Fruits  and  grapes  do  well  at  south.  Yield  of  all  crops  culti- 
vated, large.  Coal  area,  two-thirds  state.  First  coal  mined  in 
America  at  Ottawa;  quality  moderately  fair.  Considerable 
forest  of  hardwoods  at  south  on  hills  and  in  bottoms.  Superior 
quality  limestone  on  Fox  and  Desplaines  rivers ;  lead,  most  im- 
portant mineral ;  Galena  in  center  of  richest  diggings  in  N.  W. 
Rich  salt  wells  in  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties,  75  gal.  brine 
making  50 lbs.  salt.  State  ranks  first  in  corn,  wheat,  oats,  meat 
packing,  lumber  trafllc,  malt  and  distilled  liquors  and  miles 
railway;  second  in  rye,  coal,  agricutural  implements,  soap  and 
hogs;  fourth  in  hay,  potatoes,  iron,  steel,  mules,  milch  cows 
and  other  cattle.  ,  Cleared  land  av.  $28,  and  woodland  or  raw 
prairie,  $18  per  acre.  Climate  healthful  as  a  rule;  subject  to 
sudden  and  violent  changes  at  north.  Temp,  ranges  from  30 
deg.  below  zero  to  101  deg.  above.  Av.  temp,  at  Springfield,  30 
deg.  winter;  78  deg.  summer.  At  Chicago,  25  deg.  winter,  72 
deg.  Bummer.  At  Cairo,  38  deg.  winter,  80  d.  summer.  Frost 
comes  last  of  Sept.  Vegetation  begins  in  April.  Rainfall  37 
inches.  Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900 — Chicago,  pop.  1.698,575; 
Peoria,  56,160;  Quincy,  36,252;  Springfield  (capital),  34.159; 
Joliet,  29,353;  Rockford,  31,051.  Industries  —  Agriculture, 
mining,  stock  raising  and  manufacturing  of  all  kinds. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 

Governor  $6,000,  Sec.  of  State  $3,500,  Treas.  $3,500,  Auditor 
$3,500,  A,ttomey  General  $3,500,  Chief  Justice  $5,000,  Senators 
and  Representatives  $5  per  day,  mileage  10  cents  and  |5(y 


ob4 


INDIANA. 

*'Hoo8ier  State."  Settled  at  Fort  St.  Vincents,  now  Vincen- 
uee,  in  17  2,  by  French-Canadian  voyagers.  Admitted  as  a  state 
Dec.  11,  1816.  SixtL  state  admitted.  Soldiers  furnished  in 
Mexican  war  5,000.  Union  soldiers  196,303.  Isuinber  counties, 
S2.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov. :  number 
senators,  50;  representatives.  100;  sessions  of  legislature  bien- 
nial, in  odd-numbered  year.^. meet  Thursday  after  Arst  Monday, 
holds  60  days:  terms  of  senators  4  years,  of  representatives, 2; 
number  electoral  votes,  15;  number  congressmen,  13;  number 
voters,  498,437.  Fraudulent  voters  and  bribers  excluded  from 
voting.  Number  of  colleges  15,  State  University  at  Blooming- 
ton;  medical  school  at  Indianapolis,  university  at  Notre  Dame, 
flourishing  common-school  system  ;  school  age,  6-21.  Legal  in- 
terest rate  6  pet.,  by  contract  8 pet.,  usury  forfeits  excess  of  in- 
terest. Miles  of  railroad,  6  383.  Population  :  Census  of  1900— 
2.516.462.  Extreme  length  N.  and  S.  275  miles,  width  averages 
150  miles,  area  36,350  sq.  miles,  23.264,000  acres.  Surface  some- 
times hilly.  No  mountains.  Hills  200  to  400  feet  above  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Frontage  on  Lake  Michigan  43  miles.  River 
bottoms  wide  and  unsurpassed  in  fertility,  highlands  when 
level,  rich,  black  or  sandy  sbil.  All  crops  and  fruits  of  the  tem- 
perate zone  do  well  both  in  yie'd  and  quality.  State  highly  fa- 
vored for  agriculture  anji  manufacturing.  Ranks  second  in 
wheat,  fourth  in  corn,  hogs  and  agricultnral  implements,  fifth 
in  coai.  Cattle,  hogs,  sheep,  horses,  etc.,  are  most  successfully 
raised.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  staple  crops.  Timber  still  abundant 
at  south,  buG  in  scattered  tracts.  Coal  fields  in  southwestern 
portion  of  siate  o^-er  7,000  sq.  miles,  on  much  of  which  are  3 
workable  veins.  Kinds  of  coal,  block,  cannel  and  ordinary  bi- 
tuminous, cokes  well,  superiorfor  gas.  Building  stones  varied 
and  of  unsurpassed  quality,  including  the  famous  Bedford 
etone.  Supply  unlimited.  Land  is  cheap,  cleared  averaging 
$18,  and  woodland  $14  per  acre.  In  rich  section  to  southwest 
cleared  land  $15,  woodland  $10  to  $12.  Chances  for  making 
homes,  comfort  and  advantages  considered,  not  excelled  else- 
where.  Iron  ore  is  found. 

Climate  changable  in  winter, but  seldom  severe;  winds  from 
north  and  west ;  summers  moderately  long,  and  sometimes  hot ; 
temperature  averages,  winter  34  deg.,  summer  78  deg.  Trees 
blossom  in  March.  Rainfall  40  inches.  Health  excellent.  Ma- 
laria rapidly  disappearing  from  bottoms  before  proper  drain- 
age. 

Chief  Cities:  Census  of  1900— Indianapolis  (capital)  pop. 
169.164;  contains  deaf  and  dumb,  blind  and  insane  asylums; 
Terre  Haute,  pop.  36.673;  Evansville,  59.007;  Fort  Wayne,45,115; 
Michigan  City,  lake  port   ;  South  Bend,  35,999.  Indus- 

tries, mining  and  mannfactuiing. 


386 


INDIAN  TERRITORY. 

Set  apart  for  peaceful  tribes.  Organized  1834,  no  teiritorrial 
government.  Govertrnent  in  hands  ot  tribes.  Also  encloses 
Oklahoma  Territory, which  was  opened  to  settlement  by  procla- 
mation of  President  Harrison  on  April  22.  1889.  Each  tribe 
elects  oflicers,  legislatures  and  courts,  and  criminals  are  pun- 
ished as  in  the  states.  No  laws  for  collection  of  debts.  All 
lands  held  in  common,  and  any  Indian  may  cultivate  as  much 
as  he  wants,  but  one-quarter  mile  must  intervene  between 
farms.  Whites  can  hold  land  only  by  marrying  an  Indian. 
Miles  of  railroad,  1,200.  School  system  excellent;  pupils  ed- 
ucated and  supported  by  the  tribes,  half  entire  revenue  being 
set  aside  for  the  purpose.    Three  colleges,  200  schools. 

Pop.  census  of  1900,  391,960.  Cherokees  29,599.  Choctaws 
14,397,  Creeks  14,632,  Chicasaws  7,182,  Seminoles2,561,  Osages 
Cheyennes,  Araphoes,  Kiowas,  Pawnees  and  Comanches, 
all  together,  6808.  Two-fifths  of  entire  population  can  read. 
Extreme  length  east  and  west  470  m iles,average  length  320  miles, 
width  210  niiles,  area  69.991  miles,  44,154,240  acres.  Surface 
vast  rolling  plain  Blopinj  eastward.  Valleys  timbeied  heavily 
with  hard  woods.  South  of  Canadian  river  prairies  very  fertile, 
valleys  rich  and  productive  throughout  territory, grass  rich  and 
heavy  almost  everywhere.  Corn, cotton, rice, wheat, rye, potatoes 
are  staples.  Grazing  interests  large.  Coal  is  found,  but  extent 
unknown.    Fur-bearing  animals  numerous. 

Climate. — Mild  in  winter,  warm  in  summer.  Temperature 
averages  41  deg.  winter,  80  deg.  summer.  Rainfall  at  east,  50 
inches,  center  36,  far  west  22.  Health  as  good  as  anywhere  in 
Union. 

Chief  Cities. — Tahlequah,  capital  of  Cherokees,  Tishomin- 
go, capital  of  Chicasaws ;  Tushkahoma,  of  Choctaws;  Musco- 
gee, of  Creeks;  Pawhuska,  of  Osages;  Seminole  Agency,  of 
Seminoles;  Pawnee  Agency,  of  Pawnees;  Kiowa  and  Coman- 
che Agency,  of  Kiowas  and  Comanches. 

Leading  Industries. — Agriculture  and  grazing. 

INDIAN  AGENCIES. 

ARAPHOE.  OiAGE. 

Agent  $  900   Agent...*  $1,600 

Physician   1,800 

'^HEYENNE.  OTOE, 

Agent   2,200   Agent   1,500 

Physician   1,200   Physician  1,000 

KAW.  PAWNEE. 

Superintendent   1,600   Clerk   1,200 

Physician   1,200   Physician   1,000 

KIOWA  AND  COMANCHE.  PONC  A. 

Agent   1,000  Superintendent   1,200 

Physician   1,000   Clerk   720 

OAKLAND,  QUAPAW.  SAC  AND  TOX. 

«upt  $1,000  Agent  $1,500  Agent  $1,200 

3  Teachers.,.    600  Physician.,..  1.200  2  Physicians.  1,000 


a88 


IOWA. 

"Hawkeye  State."  Settled  first  by  Dubuque,  1788,  a  French 
Canadian,  for  whom  that  city  is  named.  First  settlers  miners  of 
lead.  Active  immigration  began  1833.  Iowa  territory  organized 
July  4,  1838.  Admitted  as  state  1846.  Union  soldiers  furnished 
76.242.  Number  counties  99,  miles  of  railroad  8,508.  State  elec- 
tions annual,  Tuesday  after  second  Monday  in  October,  ex cept- 
ing  years  of  presidential  elections,  when  all  elections  occur  to- 
gether. Number  senators  50,  representatives  100,  sessions  of 
legislature  biennial,  in  even-numbered  years,  meeting  second 
Monday  in  January.  Terms  of  senators  4  years, of  representa- 
tives 2  years.  Number  electoral  votes  13,  congressmen  11. 
Idiots. insane  and  crimiLuls  excluded  from  voting.  Number 
colleges  19,  school  age  5-21.  School  system  admirable,  endow- 
ment liberal.  Legal  interest  rate  6  per  cent.,  by  contract  10  per 
cent.,  usury  forfeits  10  per  cent,  per  year  on  amount.  State 
has  adopted  prohibition. 

Population,  census  or  1900,  2,231,853. 

Extreme  length  E.  and  W.  208  miles,  width  208  miles,  area 
56,025  sq.  miles,  35,850,000  acres.  Surface  almost  an  un'?roken 
nrairie,  without  mountains  and  with  very  few  low  hills.  Nat- 
ural meadows  everywhere,  and  water  abundant.  Many  small 
lakes  at  north:  Highest  point  Spirit  Lake,  1,600  feet  above  the 
sea.  Soil  superior.  Corn, wheat,  oats,  potatoes,hay,barlGy, sor- 
ghum, rye,  staples.  Apples  unsurpassed  in  United  States  ;pears, 
plums,  cherries,  grapes  and  berries  are  excellent  crops.  Cattle 
and  other  stock  interests  large  and  thrifty.  Dairying  attractive. 
Forest  area  small— scarcely  equal  to  home  requirements.  Coal 
area  fair.  Other  minerals  unimportant.  Manufacturing  active. 
Improved  land  averages  $20 :  unimproved,  including  railroad 
and  government  domains,  $12.50.  State  ranks  first  in  hogs, 
second  in  milch  cows,oxen  and  other  cattle,corn,  hay  and  oats; 
third  in  horses ;  fifth  in  barley  and  miles  of  railway. 

Climate  subject  to  extremes.  Winter  severe,with  sharp  north 
and  west  winds ;  summers  pleasant.  Temperature  averages, 
summer  72  deg., winter  23  deg.  ;range8  from  10  deg.  below  to  99 
deg.  above  zero.  Rainfall  42  inches.  Wheat  harvest  in  August. 

Chief  Cities— Census  of  1900— Des  Moines,  metropolis  and 
capital,  pop.  62,139;  Dubuque.  36,297;  Davenport,  35  254;  Burl- 
ington, 23  201;  Council  Bluffs,  25,802-  Keokuk,  Burlington 
and  Dubuqne  are  United  States  ports  of  delivery.  Cedar 
Rapids,  25,6.56.  , 

Leading  Industries.— Agriculture,  stock-raising  and  niar>u- 
facturing. 


ca  o  ca  UJ 


<  ca  o  a 


390 


KANSAS. 

Name  Indian,  means  "Smoky  water."  Called  the  "Gardaaa 
State."  Kansas  Territory  organized  May,  ia54.  Law  known 
*'Mis80uri  Compromise,"  forbidding  slavery  in  states  formed 
ftutof  Louisiana  purchase  north  of  latitude  36  deg.  30  min.  re- 
pealed, and  question  of  slavery  left  to  the  territory.  At  first  it 
was  decided  for  slavery.  Constitution  prohibiting  slavery 
addpted  J  uly, 1859.  Admitted  as  a  state  1861.  Union  soldiers  fur- 
nished,<{0,149,number  countiesl06,miles  railroad  8,790,  firat  rail- 
road built  1864,  40  miles  long.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first 
Monday  in  Nov.  senators  40,  representatives  124, sessions  bien- 
nial, meeting  second  Tuesday  in  Jan.  in  odd-numbered  years, 
limit  of  session  50 days;  term  of  senators  4  years,  of  represent- 
atives 3  years.  Number  electoral  votes  9, congressman  7.  Idiots, 
insane,  convicts  and  rebels  excluded  from  voting.  Number  col- 
leges 8,  number  schoolhouses  over  8,000,  school  age  5-21  years ; 
school  system  magnificent.Endowment  immense.  Legal  interest 
7  per  cent,  by  contract  12  per  cent,  usury  forfeits  excess  of  inter- 
est. < 

Population.— Cen&jis  of  1900, 1,470,495. 

Extreme  length  E.  and  W.,  410  miles,  breadth  210  miles,  area 
82,236  sq.  miles,  51,631, 040 acres.  No  mountains.  There  is  little 
navigable  water.  Water  powers  of  fair  proportion,  irrigation 
necessary  in  large  sections.  Coal  area  of  moderate  extent ;  veins 
usually  thin;  quality  fair.  Soil  fine.  Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hemp, 
flax  and  rye,  staples.  Castor  beans  and  cotton  grows  success- 
fully. Soil  of  prairies  deep  loam  of  dark  color;  Dottoms  sandy 
loam.  Peculiarly  favorable  to  stock-raising.  Prairie  rich  in 
grasses.  Dairying  favored.  Fruits  successful.  Forests  small. 
Limestone  and  colored  chalk  furnish  building  materials. Value 
improved  land  averages  $13  per  acre,woodland  $15.  Manufactur- 
ing growing.  State  ranks  fifth  in  cattle,corn  and  rye.  Climate— 
Salubrious;  winters  mild,  summers  warm,  air  pure  and  clear. 
Temperature  averages  wititer  31  deg.,  summer  78  deg.,  ranges 
6  deg.  below  to  101  deg.above  zero:  such  extremes  exoeptional. 
Rainfall  averages  45  inches. at  east,  33  inches  at  west. 

Chief  Cities— Census  of  1900. — Leavenworth,  pop  ,To- 

peka  (capital)  33,608  Atchison  ,  Fort  Scott.  ;  Wichita 

,  ,  Lawreoce   State  University  at  Lawrence,  state  asy- 

lums for  insane  and  feeble-minded  at  Topeka  and  Ossawato- 
mie ;  institution  for  education  of  the  blind  at  Wyandotte,  for 
deaf  mutes,  Olathe. 

Industries.— Agriculture,  8tock-raising,raanufacturing,etc. 

SALARIES  OP  STATE  OFFICERS. 

Governor  $3,000,  Secretary  of  State  $2,000,  Treasurer  $2,500, 
Auditor  $2,000,  Attorney  General  $l,500,Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Inst.  $2,000,  Secretary  Board  of  Agriculture  $2,000.  Insur- 
ance Commissioner$2,5l)0,three  Railroad  Commissioners  $3,000, 
State  Librarian  $1,500,  Chief  Justice  $3,000,  two  Associate 
Justices  $3,000,  Senators  and  Representatives  $3  per  day,  mile- 
age 15  cents,  District  Jiid'^e  $?.,50(),  Pension  Agent  $1,000. 


392 


LOUISIANA. 

Named  for  Louis  XIV  of  France.  Called  the  "Pelican  State" 
And  the  "Creole  State."  First  sugar  cane  cultivated  in  United 
States  near  New  Orleans  1751.  First  sugar  mill  1758.  First 
Bhipment  of  cotton  abroad  1784.  Purchased  by  United  St-ates 
1803,  for  $15,000,000.  Louisiana  admitted  as  a  state  under  pres- 
ent name  April  8,  1812.  In  the  war  with  England  immediately 
toilowingj  the  state  made  a  glorious  record,  and  at  the  battle  of 
NfefwOrleans,Jan,8, 1815,  humiliated  the  British  and  ended  the 
war.  Seceded  Jan.  26,1861.  Some  fighting  on  the  river  between 
boats  and  forts.  New  Orleans  captured  May  1, 1862.  1868.  in 
June,  state  re-entered  Union.  Capitol,  Baton  Rouge.  Number 
0f  parishes  or  counties  59,  miles  railroad  2,501.  Legislature  and 
Btate  officers  elected  quadrennially,member9  congress  biennial- 
ly, state  elections  Tuesday  after  third  Monday  in  April, number 
senators  35,  representatives  98.  sessions  biennial,in  even- num- 
bered years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  May,  holds  60  days, 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives  4  years  each.  Number 
electoral  votes  8.  congressmen  6.  Idiots,  insane  and  criminals 
excluded  from  voting.  Legal  interest  5  per  cent.,  by  contract 
8  per  cent.,  usury  forfeits  entire  interest.  Educational  facil- 
ities average.  Population  :  Census  of  1900 —  1,381,625. 
Number  of  slaves  in  1860  was  331,726.  Extreme  length  east 
and  west  294  miles,  breadth  241  miles,  area  49,626  square 
miles,  31,760,000  acres.  Coast  line  1,276  miles,  very  irregular 
navigable  rivers  2,700  miles.  Mississippi  dows  in  or  on  the 
borders  of  the  state.  Bays  numerous  on  coast  but  harbors  in- 
different. Many  small  islands  in  Gulf.  Staple  products,  sweet 
potatoes,  sugar,  molasses,  rice,  corn,  cotton,  grasses,  oats,  etc. 
All  fruits  of  the  semi-tropical  climate  thriv^.  State  ranks  first 
in  sugar  and  molasses  and  third  in  rice.  Forests  almost  inex- 
haustible. Timber  superior  in  kind  and  quality,  lumbering  im- 
portant industry.  Salt  produced  on  a  large  scale.  Iron  discov- 
ered. Cleared  land  averages  $12.50,  woodland  $3  to  $4  per  acre. 
Reclamation  of  marshes  very  profitable  and  beginning  to  be 
done  on  a  large  scale.  Moss-gathering  profitable  and  invites 
more  attention.  Climate.— Temperature  ranges  from  44  to  lOQ 
deg.,  average  summer  81  deg.,  winter  55  deg.  Rainfall  57  in- 
ches, chiefly  in  spring  and  summer.  Summers  long  and  occa- 
sionally hot.  Health  average.  Actual  death  rate  lower  than  in 
many  northern  sections.  Occasional  yellow  fever  in  the  cities. 

Chief  Cities— Census  ojf  1900.  New  Orleans  port  of  entry  and 
largest  cotton  market  in  the  world  287,104,  Baton  Rouge,  (cap- 
ital)  ,  Shreveport  ,  Morgan  City  port  of  entry.  State 

institution  for  insane  at  Jackson,  for  deaf  mutes  and  blind 
Baton  Rouge.  Industries. -Three-lifths  of  laboring  population 
engaged  in  agriculture.  Average  income  of  rural  population 
among  highest  in  Union.    Number  industries  1,600. 


394 


MAINE. 


Called  the  "Piue  Tree  State"  or  "Lumber  State  ;"  oiiginally 
included  New  Hampshire;  settled  by  French  1604,  English  ii) 
1607.  Number  counties  16,  Union  soldiers  70,107,  miles  of  rail- 
road 1,340.  State  elections  fiecond  Monday  in  Sept.,  number 
senators  31,  representatives  151,  sessions  biennial  in  odd-num- 
bered years,  meeting  first  Wednesday  in  Jan.,  terms  of  senators 
and  representatives  2  years  each.  IN' umber  electoral  votes  6, 
congressmen  4,  paupers  and  Indians  not  taxed  excluded  from 
voting.  Number  colleges  3,  system  of  common,  high  and  nor- 
mal schools  excellent,  school  age  4-21  years,  legal  rate  interest 
6,  by  contract,  any  rate.  Population.— Census  of  1900.  694,466. 
Indians— Penobscots  625,  Passamaquoddies  502.  Extreme 
length  north  and  south  298  miles,  wjdth  21)  miles,  shore  line 
about  2,480  miles,  area  33,056  sq.  miles,  land  29,885  sq.  miles 
21,155,840  acres,  37th  of  states  and  territories  in  size.  Surface 
hilly,  mountainous  toward  center.  Highest  point,  Katahdin, 
5,400  feet;  largest  island.  Mount  Desert,  92  sq.  miles.  Area  of 
lakes  and  streams,  one-thirteenth  entire  state.  The  soil  ip 
medium,  only  except  on  some  of  the  streams,  where  it  is  rich. 
Hay  the  best  crop."  Wheat,  oats,  corn,  hops,  potatoes,  buck- 
wheat and  the  ordinary  vegetables  grow.  Cattle  do  fairly, 
dairying  pays.  Half  the  state  is  forest  of  excellent  timber. 
Cleared  land  averages  $15  and  forest  land  $14  per  acre.  Slate^ 
copper  and  granite  are  found  in  large  quantities.  Winter  aver- 
age 29  deg,,  summer  67  deg.,  rainfall  45  inches,  snow  lies  80  to 
lS)days.  Climate  excellent,  except  for  pulmonary  troubles,- 
Death  rate  low.  Chief  mdustries — Agriculture  and  kindred 
pursuits,  lumbering,  fisheries,  $3,620,000  yearly;  quarrying, 
ehip-building  (380  establishments).  Principal  cities,  census  of 

1900. — Portland  (seaport)  pop  50,145,  Lewiston   ,  Bangor 

(port  of  entry)   ,  Biddeford   ,  Augusta  (the  capital) 

 ,  Bath  ,  Rockland  


Salaries  of  State  Officers. 


Governor  

Secretary  of  State  

Treasurer  

Attorney  General  

Adjutant  General  

Superintendent  Common  Schools. 
Secretary  Board  of  Agriculture... 

State  Librarian  

Chief  Justice  

Seven  Associate  Justices  

Senators  and  representatives  

District  Judge.....  

Collector  Internal  Revenue  

Collector  Customs  

Surveyor  Customs  

Fensioii  AgeiU  


.$2,000 


1,200 
1,600 
1,000 
900 
1,000 
600 
600 
3,000 
3,000 


.$150,  mileage  20  cents 


3,500 
2,500 
6,000 
4,500 
4.00O 


395 


MARYLAND. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states.  Baltimore  laid  1730.  Fed- 
•eral  congress  met  at  Annapolis  1783,  when  Washington  re- 
signed command  of  array.  Federal  constitution  ratiiid  April 
28,  1778.  Fiedericktown  and  other  places  burned  in  wa-r  of 
1812,  and  Fort  McHenry  bombarded.  First  blood  of  civil  war 
shed  at  Baltimore.  April  19,  1861.  Legislature  opposed  war 
April  26,  1861,  but  passed  resolutions  favoring  the  South.  Bat- 
tle of  Autietam  Sept.  16  and  17,  1862.  Slavery  abolished  1864. 
Union  soldiers  furnished  46,638.  No.  counties  24.  Miles  railroad 
1,316.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Num- 
ber senators  26,  representatives  91,  sessions  biennial  in  even- 
numbered  years,  meet  first  Wednesday  in  Jan.,  and  hold  90 
days.  Term  of  senators  4  years,  of  representatives  2  years. 
Number  of  electoral  votes  8,  congressmen  6.  Insane,  convicts 
and  bribers  excluded  from  voting.  No.  colleges  11,  school  age 
5-20,  school  system  fair.  Legal  interest  6  per  cent,  usury  for- 
feits excess  of  interest.  Population:  census  of  1900,  1,190- 
050.  No.  of  slaves  in  1860,  87,189.  Topography,  Area,  Soil,  Pro- 
ducts, etc.— Length  E.  and  W.  196  miles^  width  8  to  122  miles, 
areal2,297sq.  miles.  Acreage  of  state  7,871,000;  water  surface 
large.  Western  and  northern  sections  mountainous  and  broken. 
Chesapeake  Bay  almost  divides  the  state.  Tide  water  coast 
nearly  500  miles.  Chief  navigable  rivers  Potomac,  Susque- 
hanna, Patuxent,  Patapsco,  empty  into  the  bay.  At  the  west  is 
the  Youghiogheny.  Soil  varies  from  very  poor  to  very  good. 
Cleared  land  averages  $22.50  and  woodland  $14  per  acre.  The 
average  value  of  latter  lowered  by  mountain  sections.  Consider- 
able good  timber  remains.  Enormous  coal  fields  west.  Copper 
is  found  in  Frederick  and  Carroll  counties,  iron  ore  in  Alle- 
gheny, Anne  Arundel,  Carroll,  Baltimore,  Frederick  and  Prince 
George^s  counties.  Great  oyster,  fish,  fruit  and  vegetable  pro- 
ducing state.  Oyster  beds  most  valuable  in  Union.  Wheat, 
com,  oats,  buckwheat  and  tobacco  staple  crops.  Opportunities 
for  capital  are  yet  excellent.  Climate  mild,  agreeeable  and 
healthful,  some  little  malaria  in  lowlands.  Temperature  soften- 
ed by  ocean.  Winter  averages  37  deg.  summer  78  deg.  Rainfall 
42  inches.  Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900,  Baltimore,  port  of  entry, 
pop.  508,957 :  Annapolis,  capital,  contains  United  States  Naval 

Academy,   ;  Cumberland,   ;   Hagerstown  ; 

Frederick   Chief  industries,  agriculture  and  fruit-grow- 

ing, oyster  and  other  fishing,  canning,  coal,  iron  and  copper 
mining,  manufacturers  of  cotton  goods,  etc. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 
GowQMfcor  $4,500,  Secretary  of  state  $2,000,  Treasurer  $2,500, 
Corap*roller  $2,500,  Attorney  General  $;3.000.  Chief  Justice 
$3,500,  Seven  Associate  Justices  $3,500.  District  J udge $4,000, 
Senators  and  Representatives  $5  per  day  and  mileage,  two  col 
lectors  internal  revenue  $2.e2'.  to  $4.'  00,  Collector  of  Customs 
•7,000,  two  collectors  $250  and  $1,200  fees,  Auditor  $2,500,  Naval 
Officer  $5,000,  Surveyor  $4,500. 


898 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

•*  Old  Bay  State,"  one  of  the  thirteen  original  states.  First 
settlement  1602,  abandoned  the  same  year.  Explored  1614  by 
Capt.  John  Smith.  First  permanent  settlement  1620.  Pilgrims 
landed  on  Plymouth  Rock  Dec.  22.  Boston  settled  1630.  First 
American  newspaper,  Boston,  1690.  Massachussetts  was 
ac^ve  in  bringing  on  Revolution.  Boston  massacre,  March  5, 
im.  Destruction  of  tea  Dec.  16,  1773.  Boston  Port  Bill 
passed  March,  1774.  Battle  of  Lexington,  first  blood  of  revolu- 
tion. Ratified  U.  S.  constitution  Feb.  6,  1788.  Union  soldier© 
146,730,  Desides  sailors.  Number  counties  13.  Miles  railroad 
2,124.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Nlim- 
ber  senators  40,  representatives  240,  meeting  first  Wednesday  ia 
Jan.  Yearly  terms  of  senators  and  representatives  1  year.  Num- 
berelectoral  votes  15,  coiigressraen  13.  Paupers,  persons  under 
guardians,  non-taxpayers  and  men  unable  to  read  and  write 
excluded  from  voting.  School  system  excellent,  attendance 
compulsory,  age  5-15  years.  Seven  colleges,  including  Harvard. 
Legal  interest  6  per  cent,  by  contract  any  rate.  P'^pulatioTj — 
Census  of  1900,  2,805,346.  Females  outnumber  males.  Length. 
N.-E.  to  S.-W.,  163  miles;  breadth  47  miles  in  western  and  100 
in  eastern  part;  area  ot'  8,315  square  miles,  5,321,600  acres. 
Coast  extensive  and  irregular  with  numeious  good  harbors. 
The  Merrimac  River  only  large  stream  entering  the  sea 
within  the  state.  The  Taconic  and.Hoosac  ridges  traverse  the 
state  at  the  west.  Saddle  Mountain,  3,600  feet,  the  highest 
peak.  The  east  and  northeast  divisions  are  hilly  and  broken, 
and  the  southeast  low  and  sandy.  Scenery  very  beautiful, 
especially  in  Berkshire  hills.  Soil  generally  light.  Hay  best 
crop.  Wheat,  oats,  corn  and  vegetables  grown.  Forests  practi- 
cally exhausted.  Cleared  land  averages  $80  and  woodland  $45 
per  a-^re.  Stone  is  found.  No  minerals  mined,  Elizabeth 
islands,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Nantucket  and  smaller  islands  ta 
the  south  belong  to  tue  state.  Winters  severe  and  protracted, 
summers  short  and  warm.  Thermometer  ranges  from  10  deg. 
below  to  100  deg. ;  averages,  summer  73  deg.,  winter  24  deg. 
Snow  falls  October  to  April.  Rainfall,  including  snow,  44 
incnes.  Chief  industries,  agriculture  and  kindred  callings, 
fishing  for  cpd  and  mackarel  (half  the  fishing  vessels  of  the 
Union  owned  here),  manufacture  of  cotton,  woollen,  worsted, 
eilk,  iron  and  steel  goods,  soap  and  implements,  quarrying. 
Principal  Cities  :  Census  of  1900— Boston,  560,892;  Lowell,  94,- 
969;  Lawrence  and  Fall  River,  famous  for  cotton  manufac- 
tures. 62,559  and  104,863:  Worcester,  railroad  and  itianufactur- 
ing  center,  118,421 ;  Cambridge,  seat  of  Harvard  College,  91,786; 
Lynn,  famous,  for  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  68,513;  New 
Bedford,  greatest  whaling  port  in  the  world.  62,442;  Spring- 
field, contains  greatest  arsenal  in  the  United  States.  62,059. 
;poi"ts  of  entry  9, 


400 


MICHIGAN. 

Called  "Wolverine  State."  First  gettlement  by  Father  Mar- 
quette, 1668,  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  Admitted  as  state  Jan.  26, 
1837.  Thirteenth  state  to  enter  Union.  Received  upper  penin- 
sula as  compensation  for  disputed  territory  same  year.  Capital, 
Lansing.  Union  soldiers  furnished  87,364.  Number  counties  83 
Miles  railroad  7,974.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday 
in  November.  Number  senators  32,  representatives  100,  sessions 
of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first 
Wednesday  in  January ;  terms  of  senators  and  representativciS  3 
years  each,  number  electoral  votes  14,  number  congressmen  12. 
Duelists  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges  9,  eflacient 
pnblio  schools,  school  age  5-20 years.  Legal  interest  7  percent, 
by  Contract  10  per  cent,  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest.  Popu- 
lation, census  of  1900,  2,420,982.  Extreme  length  lower  penin- 
sula north  and  south  978  miles,  breadth  260  miles.  Extreme 
length  upper  peninsula  east  and  west  320  miles,  width  24  to  165 
miles,  area  97,990  sq.  miles,  or  62,713,000  acres.  Length  shore 
line  2,000  miles.  Lower  penmsula  consists  of  plains  and  table 
lands,  heavily  timbered  with  pine  and  hardwoods  and  small 
prairies.  Soil  eenerally  good,  but  patches  of  sand  occur.  Fruit 
raising,  especially  apples,  peaches  and  grapes,  very  successful. 
All  cereals  make  good  crop,  except  corn  at  north.  Staples, 
wheat,  corn,  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  barley,  etc.  Upper 
peninsula  broken,  rocky  and  almost  mountainous,  rising  at 
west  to  2,000  feet  above  sea.  Western  portion  mining  region, 
eastern  portion  favorable  to  agriculture.  Rivers,  inlets  and 
small  lakes  numerous.  Water  good  and  well  distributed.  Cop- 
per, valuable  iron,  coal  and  salt  abundant.  Timber  yet  in  im- 
mense tracts  of  virgin  pine  and  hardwoods.  State  ranks  first 
in  copper,  lumber  and  salt,  second  in  iron  ore,  third  in  buck- 
"wheat,  fifth  in  sheep,  hops  and  potatoes.  Cleared  land  aver- 
ages $20  per  acre,  forest  $10.  Climate. — Temperature  averages 
at  Detroit  winter  30  deg.,  summer  70  deg. ;  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
winter  23  deg.,  summer  65  deg.  Rainfall  at  Detroit  30  inches, 
at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  24  inches.  Health  excellent.  Temperature 
at  Marquette  averages  about  3  deg.,  lower  than  at  Sault  Ste. 
Marie. 

Chief  Cities,    Census  of  1900.— Detroit,  285,704;  Grand 

Rapids,  87,765;  Lansing  (capital)  ;  Bay  City,  27,628; 

Saginaw,  42,345;  Jackson  25,180;  Muskegon,   ;  Alpena. 

 ;  Battle  Creek,   ;  Flint,    ;  Kalamazoo,   ; 

Menominee,  ;  Port  Huron,    Detroit,  Marquette, 

Port  Huron  and  Grand  Haven  are  ports  of  entry. 

Chief  Industries.— Lumbering,  mining,  farming,  fruit  rais- 
ing, manufacturing,  fishing,  etc. 


402 


MINNESOTA. 

"Gopher  sthte."  Explored  by  Fathers  Hennepiu  and  La  Salle, 
1680,  via  Missieeippi  river  to  Falls  St.  Anthony.  Amitted  as  state, 
1858.  Foreign  immigration  immense.  Number  Union  soldiers 
tarnished,  25,052.  Number  counties,  82.  Miles  railroad,  6,216. 
All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November ;  number 
eenators,  C3;  representatives,  119;  sessions  of  legislature,  bien- 
nial, in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  Tuesday  after  first  Mon- 
day in  January ;  holding  60  days ;  term  of  senators,  4  years ;  rep- 
resentatives, 2  yearn.  Number  electoral  votes,  9;  congressmen, 
7 ;  idiots,  insane  and  convicts  not  voting.  Num"ber  colleges,  5 ; 
school  age,  5-21 ;  school  system,  |irst-class.  Legal  interest  rate, 
7%  ;  by  contract,  10%  ;  usury  forfeits  excess  over  10%. 

Population,  census  of  1900,  1,751,394;  Indians,  2,300.  Length 
N.  and  S.  378  miles, average  width  261  miles,  area  86,335  sq.miles, 
55,244,400  acres.  Surface  rolling  plain  1,000  feet  above  sea  level, 
s^'xcepi  at  N.  E., where  are  a  series  of  sand  hills  called  "Heighti 
of  Land,"l,600feet  high.  It  is  the  state  of  small  lakes,  including 
over  7,000,  varying  from  a  few  rods  to  32  miles  across.  In  one  of 
these.  Itasca,  the  Mississippi  rises  and  flows  800  miles  through 
the  state.  The  other  principal  rivers  are  the  Minnesota,  Red 
Kiver  of  the  North,  and  the  St.  Louis.  Small  streams  and  lakes 
Make  water  plentiful.  The  scenery  is  picturesque  and  beautiful. 
The  soil  is  splendid,  as  a  rule,  and  the  accessibility  to  market 
and  general  attractions  render  the  state  especially  favored  by 
agriculturists.  The  forests  of  the  state  are  small  (2,000,000 
acres) ,  but  in  parts  are  rich  in  fine  timbers  Two-thirds  of  the 
state  is  unoccupied.  Cleared  land  averages  $12.50  per  acre  and 
woodland  $8,  Wheat  is  the  great  crop.  Corn,  oats,  barley,  hay 
and  dairy  products  are  also  staples.  State  ranks  fourth  in  wheat. 

Climate. — Healthful.  Air  pure  and  dry,  summers  warm, 
averaging  68-70  deg. ;  winters  cold,  averaging  9-24  deg.  Rain- 
fall, :i6  inches,  chiefly  in  summei.  Snowfall  medium.  Thedry* 
aess  mitigates  the  cold  in  winter.  Chief  Cities,  Census  of 
1900. — Pembina,  port  of  entry  on  Red  River.  St.  Paul,  capital, 
163,065;  Minneapolis.  202.718;  Duluth,  52.969;  Winona, 


Stillwater,    Chief  Industries. — Aj^jricultiire,  dairying, 

inillirig,  etc. 

Salaries  of  State  ^>fficer.s. 

Governor  $5,000 

Lieutenant  Governor   600 

Secretary  of  State   \,SO0 

Treasurer   3,500 

Auditor  :  3,000 

Attorney  General  2,500 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction   2,500 

Adi'U'!T!t  f^.'iieral   1,500 

Tuiiier     3,000 

(iiiiinif^^ioiier   2,000 


404 


MISSISSIPPI. 

Indian  name  meaning  Father  of  Waters.  "Bayon  State.** 
Visited  by  De  Soto  1M2,  by  LaSalle  1682.  Settled  Biloxi,  1699,by 
M.de  Iberville.  Formed  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Louisiana, and 
belonged  to  France.  Admitted  as  a  state  Dec.  10, 1817.  Seventti 
state  admitted.  Capital  fixed  at  J ackson,  1822.  Shiloh  the  most 
notable  battle  of  the  rebellion  in  the  state.  State  re-entered 
Union  1870.  Number  counties  75,number  miles  of  railroaa  2,681 
State  officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two 
years, all  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov., sessions 
of  legislature  biennial,  in  even-numbered  yeais, meeting  Tues 
day  after  first  Monday  in  Jan.,number  senators  37,  representa^ 
tives  120,term  of  senators  4  years,  of  representatives  2  years- 
number  electoral  votes  9,  congressmen  7.  Idiots,  insane  and 
criminals  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges  3,8Chool  age 
5  -21,  school  system  fair.  Legal  interest6  per  cent,  by  contract 
10  per  cent.,  usury  forfeits  excess  of  interest.  Population, 
census  of  1900,  1,551,270.  Number  of  slaves  in  1860,  436,631. 
Greatest  length  north  and  south,  364  miles,  average  width 
143  miles,  area  49,919  sq.  miles,  31,948,160  acres.  Coa-st  line,  in- 
cluding islands,  512  miles.  Harbors,  Biloxi,  Mississippi  City, 
Pascagoula  and  Shieldsburg.  Surface  undulating  with  a  gradual 
elope  from  elevation  of  700  feet  at  N.  E.,  W.  and  S.  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Gulf.  Some  hills  reach  200  feet  above  surrounding 
country.  From  Tenn.  line  S.  to  Vicksburg.  Mississippi  bot- 
toms wide,  flat,  with  more  or  less  swamp,  and  covered  with 
cypress  and  oak.  Soil  an  inexhaustiole  alluvium.  Soil  light 
but  productive,  at  south  sandy  wiuh  pine  growth.  Cotton  pro- 
lific. Staple  crops,  cotton,  rice,  sugar,  molasses,  tobacco, corn, 
sweet  potatoes, grapes  for  wine.  Fruits  and  vegetables  are 
splendid  crops,  but  are  neglected. '  Forest  area  large,pine, oak, 
chestnut,  walnut  and  magnolia  grow  on  uplands  and  bluffs, 
long-leafed  pine  on  islands  and  in  sand.  Lumbering  important 
industry,  mules  raised  with  great  success.  State  ranks  second 
m  cotton,  fifth  in  rice.  Oyster  and  other  fisheries  valuable. 
Cleared  land  averages  $7.50  per  acre,  woodland  $3.  Climate 
mildjSnow  and  ice  unknown.  Summers  long  and  warm,  July  and 
Aug.  hottest  months.  Temperature  averages  summer  80  deg., 
winter  50  deg.  Rainfall  46  in. at  north,58in.at  south.  Highlands 
very  healthy.    Malaria  in  bottoms,  v  Chief  Cities,  census  of 

1900— Jackson  (capital)  Natchez,  ;  Vicksburg,  .... 

. .  .  ;  Meridian,  ;  Columbus,   ;  Yazoo  City,   Lead- 
ing Industries. — Agriculture,  lumbering,  fishing  and  canning. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers- 
Governor  $3,500 .Lieutenant  Governor,  $800,  Secretary  of  State 
12  500  Treasurer  $2,500,  Auditor  $2,500,  Attorney  General  $2,500, 
Superintendent  of  Public  Education  $2,000,  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  $l.rOO,  Lund  Commissioner  $>1,000. 


406 


MISSOURI. 

Kame  Indian,  means  *'  Muddy  River."  Settled  llrst  at  St,  ■ 
Genevieve.  Organized  as  territory  under  present  name  1812, 
included  Arkansas,  Indian  Territory,  etc.  Admitted  March, 
1821.  Eleventh  state  admitted.  Admission  aroused  much  dis- 
cussion. "Missouri  Compromise'-'  effected  and  state  permitted 
to  retain  slavery.  State  divided  on  secession  and  was  scene  of 
perpetual  internal  warfare.^  Martial  law  declared  Aug.,  1863. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  109,111.  Number  counties  115.  Miles 
railroad  6,762.  State  officers  elected  quadrennially,and  legisla- 
ture every  2  years.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in 
Nov.,  number  senators  34,  representatives  140,  sessions  of  leg- 
islature biennial  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  Wednesday 
after  Jan.  1,  holds  70  days,  term  of  senators  4  years,  representa- 
tives 2  years.  Number  electoral  votes  17,  congressmen  15. 
United  States  army  and  inmates  of  asylums,  poorhouses  and 
prisons  excluded  from  votmg.  Number  colleges  17,  school  age 
^20,  school  system  good, endowment  large.  Legal  interest  rate 
6  per  cent,by  contract  10  per  cent, usury  forfeits  entire  interest. 
Population,  census  of  1900—3,106,665.  ^ 
Length  N.  and  S.  575  miles.  Average  width  246  miles.  Area 
69,137  sq.  miles,  44,747,680  acres.  Soil  generally  good.  South 
the  surface  is  broken  with  hills,  sometimes  1,000  feet  high  The 
most  noted.  Iron  Mountain  and  the  Ozarks.  West  of  Ozarks 
is  a  prairie  region  with  wide,  deep,  fertile  valleys.  Entire  area 
well  watered  by  small  streams,  springs,  etc.  Chief  crops,  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  potatoes,  tobacco.  Fruits  do  splendidly.  Feachea 
«specially  fine.  Vegetable  gardening  successful.  Improved 
land  averages  $12.  unimproved  $7  per  acre.  Coal,  iron,marble, 
granite,  limestone,  lead  and  copper  found  in  enormous  depos- 
its. Lead  area  5,000  sq.  miles.  Forests  magnificent.  Growth 
walnut,  poplar,  oak  and  the  hardwoods,  grazing  a  leading  busi- 
ness both  in  extent  and  profit.  Stock  of  all  kinds  raised  with 
success.  State  ranks  first  in  mules,  third  in  oxen,  hogs,  com 
and  copper,  fifth  in  iron  ore.  > 

Climate  variable,  with  sudden  changes,  but  generally  pleas- 
ant and  healthy.  Summers  are  long  and  warm,  but  not  ener- 
vating. Winters  moderate, with  occasional  severe  days.  Aver- 
age temperature, summer  76  deg., winter  39  deg.  Rainfall  great- 
test  in  May,  average  34  inches. 

Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900.— St.  Louis,  largest  city  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  port  of  entry  and  great  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing point,  575,238.    Capital,  Jefferson  City,    Pop. 

St.  Joseph,  102,979;  Kansas  City.  163,752;  Springfield,   ; 

Hannibal,  

Leadinq  Industries. — Agriculture,  mining,  manufacturing, 
quarrying,  gmziui;,  fruit  and  vegetable  growing,lumbering,etc. 


408 


MONTANA. 

Gold  discovered  1860.  Formed  part  of  Idaho,  organized  1863. 
Organized  aa  territory  May,  1864.  Custer  masBacre  June  25, 
1876,350  men  of  the  7th  United  States  Cavalry  annihilated  by 
Sioux  under  Sitting  Bull,  on  the  Little  Big  Horn  river.  Number 
counties  Hz.  Miles  of  railroad  2.915.  AH  elections  Tuesday 
after  first  Monday  in  November.  Number  senators  24,  repre- 
sentatives 70.  Sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-num- 
bered years,  meeting  second  Monday  in  Januap^,  holds  60 
days,  terms  of  senators  and  representatives  2  years  each. 
School  age  4-21  years,  graded  schools  in  Deer  Lodge  City^ 
Virginia  City  and  Helena.  School  lands  reserved  for  sale  when 
territory  becomes  state  valuable  and  extensive.  Legal  inter- 
est 10  per  cent,  by  contract  any  rate.  Admitted  1890. 

Population.— Census  of  1900—243.329.  Extreme  length  E. 
and  W.  540  miles,  average  width  274  miles,  area  147.061  sq, 
miles,  94.119,040  acres,  two-fifths  good  farm  land,  of  which 
about  4,000  acres  is  cultivated.  Three-fifths  of  territory  rolling 
plains,  rest  mountainous.  Surface  fairly  supplied  with  small 
streams.  Timber  supply  ample.  Soil  good.  Immense  area  of 
arable  land.  Wheat  best  crop,  oats,  potatoes,  hay,  also  staples. 
To  cold  for  corn.  Area  grazing  land,  over  two-thirds  territory. 
Grazing  interest  great.  Splendid  grazing  grounds  yet  untaken. 
Mineral  wealth  great.  Ranks  fifth  in  silver  and  in  gold.  Cli- 
mate dry.  Rainfall  about  12  inches.  Warmer  than  same  lati- 
tude farther  east.  Snows  heavy  in  mountains,  light  in  valleys 
and  on  plains.  Temperature  averages  summer  62  deg.,  winter 
18  deg.   Colder  in  mountains.   Health  excellent. 

Chief  Cities. — Three  Cnited  States  districts,  court  held 
twice  a  year  at  Helena,  twice  at  Virginia  City,  and  three 
times  at  Deer  Lodge.  Helena,  capital  and  most  important 
town. 

Leading  Idustries.— Mining,  lumbering,  grazing,  agricul- 
ture, smelting,  etc. 

Salaries  of  Territorial  Officers. 


Governor  $2,600 

Secretary   1,800 

Treasurer   1,500 

Auditor   1,500 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction   1,200 

Chief  Justice   3,000 

Two  Associate  Justices   3.000 

Senators  and  Representatives. ..$4  per  day  aiid20  cents  itiileage 

Surveyor  General   2,500 

Chief  Clerk   1,800 

Chief  Draftsman   1,600 

Collector  of  Internal  Revenue   2,500 


410 

NEBRASKA. 

Narae  Indian,  means  "Shallow  Water."  Nebraska Territoiy 
organized  May,  1854.  Few  Bettlements till  1864.  Idaho  cutoff 
March,  1863,  and  present  boundaries  fixed.    Bill  to  adroit  J  uly, 

1866,  unsigned  by  President  Johnson,  and  another  January, 

1867,  vetoed.  Bill  passed  over  veto  February,  1867.  Admitted 
tbat  year.  Lincoln  capital.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  3, 157. 
Number  of  counties  90.  Miles  of  railroad,  1899,  2,915.  All 
elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November,number  sen- 
ators 33,  representatives  lOO,  sessions  biennial,  in  odd-numbered 
years,  meeting  first  Tuesday  in  January,  holding  40  days,  terms 
of  senators  and  representatives  2  years  each,  number  electoral 
votes  8,  number  congressmen  6.  U.  S.,  array,  idiots  and  con- 
victs excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges  9,  school  age 
5-21,  school  system  superior,  school  endowments  liberal. 
Legal  interest,  7  per  cent,  by  contract  10  per  cent,  usury  for- 
feits interest  and  cost. 

Population,  census  of  1900,  1.068.539. 

Topography,  Area,  Soil,  Products,  Etc,— Extreme  length 
K.  and  W.  424  miles,  width  210  miles,  area  77,531  eq.  miles,  49- 
619,840  acres.  Surface  a  vast  plain,  undulating  gently,  and 
principally  prairie  with  af  ew  low  hills.  At  extreme  northwest 
are  spurs  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  Black  Hill  country  be- 
gins, general  slope  from  W.  to  E.,  Missouri,  Platte,  Niobrara, 
Republican  and  Blue,  principal  rivers,  and  are  fed  by  numer- 
ous smaller  streams.  Southern  portion  of  state  peculiarly 
favorable  to  all  kinds  of  crops,  western  half  magnificent  series 
of  pastures  and  best  suited  to  grazing.  Whole  eastern  two- 
fifths  a  great  natural  garden.  Corn  the  great  crop ;  wheat,  oats, 
hay,  rye,  buckwheat,  barley,  flax,  hemp,  apples,  plums,  grapes, 
Jberries,  staples  and  flourish.  Cattle  raising  of  vast  importance 
and  magnitude.  Good  herd  laws.  No  important  minerals. 
Manufacturing  growing  wonderfully.  Improved  land  aver- 
ages $9,  unimproved  $5  and  woodland  $18  per  acre. 

Climate  dry,  salubrious  and  free  from  malaria.  Temperature 
a-^'erages,  summer,  73  deg.,  winter  20  deg.  Rainfall  east  of  100th 
meridian,  including  snow,  25  inches,  heaviest  in  May.  At  west, 
precipitation  falls  to  17  inches.    Rainfall  gradually  increasing. 

Chief  Cities,  Census  of  1900  — Omaha,  U.  S.  port  of  delivery, 
commercial  center,  102,555;  Lincoln  contains  State  University, 

40,16i>;  Plattsmouth,  ;  Nebraska  City,   ;  Hastings 

 ;  Fremont,  :  Columbus,  

Leading  Industries.— Agriculture,  cattle-raising,  dairying, 
manufacturing,  etc. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 

Governor  $2,500,  Lieutenant-Governor  $6  a  day,  Secretary  of 
State  $2,000,  Treasurer  $2,500.  Audi  tor  of  Publi^Accouuts  $2,500, 
Attorney -General  $8,000,  Superintendent  of  Public  Ins.  $2,000. 


412 


NEVADA. 


"Sage  Hen  State."  First  settlements  in  Washoe  and  Carson 
Talleys  1848,   Gold  discovered  1849,  silver  1859.   Territory  or- 

fanized  March,  1861.  Admitted  as  state  October,  1864.  Nam- 
er  counties  14.  Miles  railroad  898.  Governor  and  state 
oflacials  elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  2  years, 
on  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  November;  number  sena- 
tors 15,  representatives  30,  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in 
odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  January,  hold- 
ing 60  days.  Term  of  senators  4  years,  of  representatives  2 
years.  Idiots,  insane  and  convicts  excluded  from  voting. 
School  age  6-18  years.  Legal  interest  rate  10  per  cent,  by  con- 
tract any  rate. 

f  Population,  census  of  1900— 42,335. 

Extreme  length  N.  and  S.  485  miles,  width  320  miles,  area 
110,679  sq.  miles,  70,834,560  acres.  Lake  Taboe,  1,500  feet  deep, 
10x22  miles  in  area  and  9,000  feet  above  sea,  temperature  year 
round  57  deg.  Many  mineral  springs,  warm  and  cold.  Great 
part  of  surface  unavailable  for  cultivation.  Considerable  areas 
of  grazmg  land;  many  valleys,  rich,  easily  worked  and  prolific 
BoiT.  Com,  wheat,  potatoes,  oats  and  barley,  staple  crops; 
horses,  mules,  cattle,  hogs  and  sheep  do  well.  Forests  valu- 
able. Mineral  resources  enormous.  Com  stock  lode  supposed 
to  be  richest  silver  mine  in  the  world;  Eureka  one  of  the  most 
prod  active.  Rich  in  lead  and  copper;  zinc,  platinum,  tin  and 
nickel,  plumbago,  manganese,  cobalt,  cinnebar,  etc.,  found. 
Extensive  deposits  of  borax.  Coal  and  iron.  Ranks  second 
in  gold,  fourth  in  silver.  Kaolin,  building  stones,  slate,  soda 
«na  salt  are  obtained.   Little  land  improved. 

Climate  mild  in  valleys ;  little  snow  except  on  mountains. 
At  north  mercury  sometimes  falls  to  15  deg.  below  zero ;  ak 
bracing,  health  good.  Extremes  of  cold  unknown.  Summer 
heat  occasionally  reaches  above  100  deg.  Temperature  averages, 
summer 71  deg.,  winter  36  d.   Rainfall  slight,  chiefly  in  Bprmg. 

Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900— Virginia  City,  chief  commercial 

center,  pop  ;  Carson  City  (capital),  and  contains  a  branch 

mint,  pop  

Leading  Industries— Mining,  reducing  ores,  lumbering,  agri- 
culture, etc. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 


Governor  $4,000 

Lieutenant  Governor  3,000 

Secretary  of  State   ...  .  3,000 

Treasurer  3,000 

Comptroller   ...   3,000 

Attorney  General     3»000 

Superintendent  of  Public  Inst   3,400 


414 

NEW  JERSEY 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states.  Battles  of  Trenton,Princc- 
ton,  Monmonth  and  others  fought  wi  thin  its  borders  during  the 
Revolution.  State  Constitntion  adopted  1776,  revised  1844,  and 
amended  in  the  present  decade.  Lnited  States  Constitution 
ananimously  adopted  Dec.  1787.  Capital  established  at  Trenton 
1790.  A  slave  state  till  1860, when  but  18  slaves  remained,  audit 
was  counted  a  free  state.  Union  soldiers  furnished,  75,814. 
State  contains  21  counties,  and  has  2,287  miles  railroad.  State 
elections  annual,  same  date  as  congressional  and  presidential. 
Number  of  seLators  21,  representatives  60,  meeting  of  legisla- 
ture 2d  Tuesday  in  January.  Term  of  senators  3  years,  repre- 
sentatives 1  year.  Number  of  electoral  votes  9,  congressmen  7. 
Paupers,  idiots,  insane  and  convicts  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges  4,  schools  good,  school  age  5-18.  Legal  in- 
terest 6  per  c^nt,  usury  forfeits  entire  interest.  Population, 
census  of  1900—1,883,669  Miles  of  railroad  in  1900,  2,237  Length 
north  and  south  158  miles,  width  38  to  70  miles,  area  8,173  sg^. 
miles,  or  5,230,'720  acres.  Forty-third  state  in  size.  Atlantic 
coast  128  miles,  Delaware  Bay  coast  118  miles.  The  famotis 
palisades  of  the  Hudson  at  the  northeast  are  600  feet  high. 
Toward  center  state  slopes  to  a  rolling  plain,  and  at  south  be- 
comes flat  and  low.  Hudson  river  forms  the  eastern  border. 
Delaware  Water  Gap  and  Falls  of  Passaic  are  the  natural  won- 
ders of  the  state.  Cleared  land  averages  3S0  and  woodland  $60 
per  acre.  Hay  the  best  crop.  Other  staple  cro^^s  are  potatoes, 
wheat,  corn,  rye,  buckwheat,  cranberries,  fruit  an<I  g^arden  pro- 
duce. Little  woodland  valuable  for  timber  remains.  Iron  and 
fertilizing  marls  are  abundant.  Climate  variable ;  temperature 
averages,  summer  68  deg.  to  75  deg.,  winter  31  deg.  to  38  v^g. 
Bange  of  temperature  from  about  zero  to  100  deg.  Rainfall, in- 
cluding snow,  46  inches,  reaching  50  inches  in  the  highlandi!, 
and  falling  to  40  inches  at  the  south.  Highlands  and  seashoie 
healthy.  Ague  and  malarial  fevers  in  the  lowlands.  Prinoipac* 
Cities,  census  of  1890.— Newark,  Perth  Amboy,  Great  Eg^^ 
Harbor,  Tuckerton,  Bridgeton  and  Lumberton  are  ports  of  en- 
try. Newark,  pop.  246,070;  Jersey  City,  206,433;  Trenton  (cap- 
ital) 73,307;  Paterson  105,171 ;  Elizabeth 52,130;  Hoboken  59,364; 
Camden  75,935;  Atlantic  City,  27,838;  Bayonne  32,722;  New 
Brunswick   ;  Passaic  27,777. 

Chief  Industries.— Manufacture  of  fabrics,  jewelry,  clay 
wares  and  brick,  flour,  crystals,  fishing,  oyster  fishing, garden- 
ing, agriculture,  marl  and  iron  ore  digging,  etc. 

SALARIES  OF  STATE  OFFICERS. 

Gavernor  $10,000,  Secretary  of  State  $6,000,  Treasurer  $4,000, 
Comptroller  $4,000,  Attorney  General  $7,000,  Superintendent 
Public  Instruction  $3,000,  Adjutant  General  $1,200,  Libraria;? 
$1,500,  Chief  Justice  $7,500,  Eight  Associate  Justices  $7,000, 
Chancellor  $10,000,  Senators  and  Representatives  $500  a  year. 
District  Judge  $3,500,  Superintendent  of  Life  Saving  I3ervic» 
11^.  Thirty-nine  Keepers  $700. 


416 


NEW  MEXICO. 

Name  supposed  to  be  of  Aztec  god.  Settled  earlier  than  any 
other  part  U.  S.  Permanent  settlement,  1596.  Santa  Fe,  th^n 
an  Indian  town,  chosen  as  a  seat  of  Spanish  government.  The 
natives  were  enslaved  and  forced  to  work  in  the  fields  and 
mines.  Organizad  as  Territory,  1850.  Santa  Fe  captured  by 
Confederates,  1862,  but  soon  abandoned.  Number  counties  13. 
All  elections,  Tuesci^iy  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Number  sen- 
ators 12,  representatives  24,  sessions  of  legislature  biennial,  in 
€ven  numbered  years,  meeting  first  Monday  in  Jan.,  held  60 
days.  Terms  of  senators  and  representatives  2  years.  School 
age,  7-18  years.  Legal  interest  rate,  6  per  cent,  by  contract  12 
per  cent.    Miles  railroad  in  1900,  1539.  ^ 

Population,  census  o9  1900.-195,310. 

Average  length  north  and  south, -368  miles,  width  335  miles. 
Area  122,687  sq.  miles,  78,519,680  acres.  Elevation  3,000  to  4,000 
feet.  Mountain  peaks  12,000  feet.  The  staked  plain,  an  elevated 
region,  unwatered  and  without  wood,  extends  into  the  south- 
-eastern part  of  the  territory.  No  streams  are  navigable  in  the 
territory.  Timber  scarce,  except  in  few  sections.  The  mount- 
ains are  clothed  with  pine,  spruce  and  fir.  Cedar  grows  in  foot- 
hills, and  Cottonwood  and  sycamore  in  valleys.  Soil  rich  where 
water  can  be  had  for  irrigation  or  on  streams.  Corn,  wheat, 
-oats,  alfalfa,  grapes,  vegetables,  especially  onions  and  root 
crops  and  semi-tropical  fruits  are  prolific.  Sheep  raising  very 
profitable.  Grazing  interests  extensive.  Gold  found  in  Grant, 
Lincoln,  Colfax  and  Bernalillo  counties,  rich  copper  mines  in 
Bernalillo  county,  and  in  the  Finos  Altos  region.  Zinc,  quick- 
«ilver,  lead,  manganese  and  large  deposits  of  coal  have  been 
found.  Irrigable  surface,  7,000  sq.  miles. 

Climate  varies  with  different  elevations.  Temperature  aver: 
ages,  summer,  70  deg.,  winter,  33  deg.  Range  of  temperature, 
4  deg.  below  zero  to  90  deg.  above.  It  is  much  warmer  than  the 
average  in  the  lower  altitudes,  and  colder  in  the  higher.  Air 
dry,  rarified  and  pure.   Rainfall,  9  to  11  inches. 

Chief  Cities.— Santa  Fe,  capital,  pop  ,  Las  Vegas,  Sil- 
ver City  and  Albuquerque. 

Leading  Industries. — Mining,  stock-raising  and  agri- 
culture. 

SALARIES  OF  TERRITORIAL  OFFICERS. 


Governor  $2,600 

Secretary   1,800 

Treasurer   1,000 

Auditor     1,000 

Commissioner  of  Immigration    900 

Librarian..   600 

Chief  Justice   3,000 

Two  Associate  Justices   .  3,000 


418 


NEW  YORK. 

One  of  the  13  original  states,  '-Empire  State."  Exploiiei  by 
Henry  Hudson,  Sept.,  1609.  Samuel  de  Champlain  discovered 
and  named  Lake  Champlain.  Holland  owned  the  territory.  The 
Dutch  btjttled  on  Manhattan  Island,  1614.  Country  called  "New 
Netherlands."  Manhattan  Islands  purchased  from  Indians  for 
:t24, 1626.  Indian  troubles  1640-45.  Swedish  settlements  on  the 
Delaware  incorporated  with  the  New  Netherlands,  1655.  Eng- 
land claimed  the  country  as  part  of  Virginia,  captured  (Man- 
liattan  New  Amsterdam)  Aug.,  1664,  and  named  it  New  York. 
ITew  York  the  battle-field  of  the  French-English  war  1754, 
was  prominent  in  the  Revolution.  West  point  fortified  1777-78. 
New  York  city  capital  1784  to  1797.  Slavery  abolished  1817. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  448,850;  numb  r  counties  61,  custom 
districts  10,  first  railroad  Albany  to  Schenectady  1831,  miles  of 
railroad  b,Z99,  miles  canal  900.  State  officers  elected  every  4  and 
senators  (32  in  number)  every  2  years,  representatives  (125  in 
number)  yearly,  on  same  day  as  presidential  election.  Legisla- 
ture meets  first  Tuesday  in  b'eb.  yearly,  congressmen  34,  presi- 
'dential  electors  36.  Election  betters  and  bribers  and  convicts 
excluded  from  voting.  School  system  superior,  includes  28 
<;ollege8.  School  age  5  to  21  years.  Legal  interest  6  per  cent, 
iiBury  forfeits  principal  and  interest.  Population,  census  of 
1900—7,268,012.  Extreme  length  E.  and  W.  410  miles,  extreme 
-width  311  miles,  area  53,719  sq.  miles,  34,380,160  acres,  water 
Irontage  900  miles,  surface  varied.  The  Hudson  rising  in  the 
Adirondacks,  and  flowing  south  over  300  miles  to  New  York 
%ay,  is  the  chief  stream.  The  Allegheny  and  its  tributaries 
<drain  the  S.  W.,  and  the  Susquehanna  the  southern  central  di- 
vision. The  Mohawk  is  the  chief  ffiuent  of  the  Hudson.  The 
state  is  noted  for  the  beauty  of  iis  lakes.  Long,  Manhattan 
-iind  Staten  Islands  form  important  divisions  of  the  state.  The 
«oil  is  also  varied,  and  agriculturally  the  state  is  very  rich. 
Cleared  land  averages  $60  and  wooded  $40  per  acre.  Consider- 
able forests  yet  remain.  The  production  of  corn,  wheat  and 
dairy  products  is  very  large.  The  state  ranks  first  in  value  o' 
manufactures,  soap,  printing  and  publishing,  hops,  hay,  pota- 
toes, buckwheat  and  milch  cows,  second  in  salt,  silk  goods, 
malt  and  distilled  liquors,  miles  railway  and  barley,  third  in 
agricultural  implements,  iron  ore,  iron  and  steel,  oatc  and  rye. 
Climate  diverse,  mean  annual  temperature  for  the  state  47  deg. 
In  the  Adirondacks  the  annual  mean  is  39  deg.,  in  the  extreme 
south  it  is  50  deg.,  average  rainfall  43  in.  including  snow,  the 
fall  being  greatest  in  the  lower  Hudson  valley,  and  smallest 
(32  in.)  in  the  St.  Lawrence  valley.  Range  of  temperature  10 
'deg.  below  to  100  above  zero.  Chief  Cities,  census  of  1900— 
New  York  City,  pop.  3,437,202;  Brooklyn  (incl.  in  New  York) ; 
Bulfalo,  "Queen  City  of  the  Lakes"  352,387;  Rochester  162,608; 
Syracuse  108,374;  Albany  (capital)  94,151;  Troy  60,651;  Biug- 
liatiipton  39,647;  Auburn  30,345.  Chikf  Industries.— Manu- 
f uc.turin^;;  of  all  kinds,  af<riciiltiii  e,  dairying,  the  trades,  etc. 


420 
OHIO. 

"Bnckeye  State.**  Explored  by  LaSalle  1679.  Ohio  Territory 
organized  May  7,  1800.  Admitted  as  a  etate  April  30,  1802. 
Number  Union  Boldiers  furnished  313, 180.  Number  counties  88. 
State  and  congressional  elections  second  Tuesday  in  October. 
Number  senators  29,  representatives  108,  sessions  biennial,  but 
'•adjourned  sessions"  practically  amount  to  annual  meetings  • 
assembles  first  Monday  in  January.  Terms  of  senators  and 
representatives  2  years  each.  Number  electoral  votes 23.  Num- 
congressmen  21.  Insane  and  idiots  excluded  from  voting. 
Number  colleges  35,  school  age  6-21,  school  system  first-class. 
Legal  interest  rate  6  per  cent,  by  contract  8  per  cent,  usury  for- 
feits excess.  Miles  of  railroad  8,736.  Population,  census  of 
1900.-4,157,545.  Exrteme  length  E.  and  W.  225  miles,  breadth 
200  miles,  area  44,464  sq.  miles,  28,456,960  acres.  Includes  Kel- 
ley's  and'Bass  islands  in  Lake  Erie.  Lake  frontage  230  miles^ 
Ohio  river  frontage  432  miles.  Entire  state  v^^ell  watered.  Val- 
leys extremely  productive.  Uplands  fertile  as  a  rule.  Ohk> 
ranks  first  in  agricultural  implements  and  wool,  second  in 
-dairy  products,  petroleum, iron  and  steel, third  in  wheat,  sheep, 
coal,  malt  and  distilled  liquors,  fourth  in  i)rinting  and  publish- 
ing, salt,  miles  railway  and  soap,  fifth  in  milch  cows,  hogs, 
horses,  hay,  tobacco  and  iron  ore.  Coal,  building  stones,  iron 
ore  and  salt  are  found  in  vast  quantities.  Staple  crops,  wheat, 
corn,,  oats,  potatoes,  tobacco,  buckwheat,  etc.,  vegetables, 
apples, and  the  haidier  fruits.  Cleared  land  averages  $45,  wood- 
land ^0  per  acre.  Little  forest  valuable  for  lumber  remains, 
except  in  small  reserves.  Climate  as  healthful  as  any  in  the 
United  States.  Warmest  on  Ohio  River.  Temperature  for  state 
average:",  winter  35  deg.,  summer  77  deg., range  of  temperature 
16  deg.  below  zero  to  lOl  deg.  above.  Snowfall  considerable. 
Average  rainfall,  including  snow,  42  inches,  decreases  to  37  in. 
at  north  and  increases  to  47  inches  at  south.  Chief  Cities, 
censns  of  1900— Cincinnati,  325,902;  Cleveland,  381,768;  Colum- 
bus, capital,  125,560 ;  Dayton,  85,333;  Springfield,  38,253;  To- 
ledo, 13,1822;  Canton,  30,667;  Youngstown,  44,885. 


OKLAHOMA. 

Means  in  Indian  "Beautiful  couatry."  Formerly  a  part  of 
Indian  Territory;  opened  up  for  settlement  by  Pres.  Harrison, 
April  22,  1899.  Organized  as  a  Territory  in  1890;  increased  by 
a  large  tract  in  1891,  and  again  by  the  addition  of  the  Cherokee 
Strip  or  Outlet  in  the  North,  1893.  Bounded  by  Kansas  and 
Colorado  on  the  North,  Indian  Territory  on  the  East,  Texas 
and  New  Mexico  on  the  West.  Area,  39,030  sq.  mi.,  or  24,979,- 
200  acres.  Began  (1890)  with  a  population  of  61,834.  Census 
of  1900,  pop.  398,245,  equal  to  the  population  (in  the  same  cen- 
sus) of  the  States  of  Nevada,  Wyoming  and  Utah  combined. 

Chief  Cities.— Guthrie  (capital),  Oklahoma  City, Woodward. 


422 


OREGON. 

"Name  means  "Wild  Thyme.'*  Oregon  territory  organized 
August,  1848.  Indian  troubles,  1844,  '47  and  '54.  Oregon  ad- 
mitted as  a  Slate  1859.  Number  counties  32,  miles  railroad  1,599. 
State  officers  elected  quadrennially,  and  legislature  every  two 
years;  number  of  senators  30,  representatives  60,  sessions  of 
legislature  biennial  in  odd-numbered  years,  meeting  first  Mon- 
day in  Jan.,  holds  40  days,  term  of  senators  4  years,  representa- 
tivesSyears.  Number  electoral  votes  4,  congressmen  2.  United 
States  army,  idiots,  insane,  convicts  and  Chinese  not  voting. 
Number  of  colleges  7,  school  age  4-2i),  school  system  good. 
Legal  interest  rate  8  per  cent,  by  contract  10  per  cent,  usury 
forfeits  principal  and  interest. 

Population— Census  of  1900,  413,536. 

Average  length  E.  and  W.  362  miles,  average  width  260  milf  s, 
Varea  96,838  sq.  miles,  61,976,320  acrea.  Two-thirds  entire  state 
mountainous,  with 'wide  rich  valleys.  Columbia  river  1,300 
miles  long,  navigable  175  miles,  full  of  cascades  and  runs 
through  entrancing  scenery.  Soil  generally  superior.  Wheat 
the  best  crop,  superior  in  yield  and  quality;  other  crops  do 
well,  as  do  also  fruits  and  vegetables,  etc.  Extremely  favorable 
to  cattle  and  sheep.  Rich  in  minerals,  gold  in  Jackson,  Jo- 
sephine, Baker  and  Grant  counties,  copper  in  Josephine,  Doug- 
las and  Jackson,  iron  ore  throughout  the  state,  coal  along  coast 
range.  Timber  resources  enormous,  aud  but  little  touched. 
Salmon  fisheries  among  best  in  world.  Improved  land  aver- 
ages $17.50,  unimproved  $4.  Area  arable  two- tifths  state,  forest 
one-sixth  state. 

Climate — In  western  Oregon  moist,  equable,  ramfall  59 
inches.  In  eastern  Oregon  dry.  Both  pleasant  and  healthful, 
though  subject  to  occasional  extremes  at  east.  Crops  in  east 
do  not  suffer,  however,  from  drouth.  At  west  snow  and  ice 
unknown,  except  on  peaks,  where  it  is  perpetual.  Frosts  on 
high  lands.  Average  temperature  summer 65  deg.,  winter  45d. 

Chief  Cities— Census  of  1900:  Portland,  Astoria  and  Coos 
Bay  ports  of  entry.  Portland,  90,426;  Salem  (capital,  .  ...  ; 
East  Portland,   ;  Astoria,  

Leading  Industries— Agriculture,  grazing,  mining,  fishing, 
limbering,  fruit  growing,  canning,  etc. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 


^vernor   $1,500 

Secretary  of  State,  Auditor  and  Comptroller   1,500 

Treasurer   800 

"Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction   1,500 

State  Librarian   500 

Chief  Justice   2,000 

Two  Associate  Justices   2,000 

Senators  and  Representatives . .  .$3  a  day  and  15  cents  per  mile 
District  Judge   3,500 


424 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

One  of  the  thirteen  original  states,  named  for  Wm.  Penn,  the 
"Keystone  State."  State  invaded  ttiree  times  by  confederates, 
1862, 1863,  when  battle  of  Gettysburg  was  fought,  and  1864, when 
Chambersburg  was  destroyed.  Union  soldiers  f  urni6hed,337,930. 
Number  counties  67,  miles  railroad,  9,909.  State  elections  an- 
nual,  same  date  as  presidential.  Number  senators  50,  represent- 
atives 204,  sessions  biennial,  meeting  first  Tuesday  in  Jan.,  hold 
150  days,  term  of  senators  4  years,  representatives  2  years,  num- 
ber electoral  votes  30,  congressmen  28.  Non-taxpayers  and  brib- 
ers excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges  26,  school  age,  6-21, 
school  system  good.  _  Legal  interest  6  per  cent.  Usury  forfeits 
excess  of  interest.  Population.— Census  of  1900—6.302,115. 
Topography,  Area,  Soil,  Products,  Etc. — Length  east  and 
west  800  miles,  width  176  milas,  area  45,928  sq_.  miles,  29,393,920 
acres.  Surface  very  diverse.  Level  at  the  southeast,  hilly  and 
mountainous  toward  the  center,  and  rolling  and  broken  at  the 
west  and  southwest.  Soil  varies  from  barren  hills  to  sections 
of  great  fertility.  Many  superb  farms.  Cleared  land  averages 
$45,  woodland  $i30  per  acre.  Much  good  timber  remains.  Farms 
average  100  acres. ^  Oil,  coal  (anthracite  at  east,  bituminous  at 
west),  iron,  copper,  kaolin,  building  stones,  salt  abound.  Rye, 
com,wheat,  buckwheat,  potatoes, vegetables,  hay,  oats,  tobacco 
are  staple  crops.  Dairying  and  stock  flourish.  Cimate  in  moun- 
tains severe  in  winter,  with  much  snow,  summers  pleasant. 
Summers  hot  on  the  Delaware  reaching  100  deg.  Summers  long 
in  Susquehanna  valley.  West  of  mountains  summers  hot  and  of 
moderate  length,  winters  cold.  Average  winter  temperature  34 
deg.,  summer  74  deg  ,  rain  fall  including  snow  averages  42  inches 
Climate  healthy.  Chief  Cities.— Census  of  1900,  Philadelphia 
contains  mint 'and  navy  yard,  1,293,697;  Pittsburg,  extensive 
manufacturing  city,  321,616;  Harrisburg,  capital,  50,167;  Alle- 
ghany, 129,896;  Erie,  52,733 ;  Scranton,  102,026;  Lancaster,41,459; 
Reading,  78,961;  Wilkesbarre,  51,721.  Industries. — Pennsyl- 
vania is  the  great  oil  and  coal  state.  The  other  industries  ii>- 
elude  agriculture  and  kindred  pursuits,  lumbering,  manufac- 
ture of  paper,  woolens,  liquors,  implements,  machinery,  etc. 

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 


Governor  $10,006 

Lieutenant  Governor   3,006 

Secretary  of  State   4,005 

Treasur^^r   5,00& 

Auditor  General   3,00a 

Attorney  General   3,500 

Chief  Justice   8,500 

Six  Associate  Justices   8,00d 


Senators  and  Representative*,  H,QQO  fo*  200  days ;  9M)  per  d^; 
BftiJee^  5  cen^s. 

For  the  Philippines  and  Porto  Rico  see  pages  533—535* 


426 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

One  of  the  13  original  etatee.  Called  "Little  Hhody.'  Plret 
Bettled  at  Providence,  1(336,  by  Roger- Williams.  It-land  of  A  cquid* 
neck  (Rhode  Island)  bought  from  Indians,  1638,  and  Nfiwport 
and  Portsmouth  founded.  Lands  of  N a rragan sett  Indians  ac- 
quired by  purchase,  1709.  R.  1.  seamen  distinguish  themselve© 
in  the  Anglo-French  wars,  1750  to  17G3,  andin  the  RevtJlution. 
Union  soldiers  furnished,  23,236.  Number  counties,  5.  Miles 
railroad,  223.  State  elections  first  Wednesday  in  April.  Elects 
72  representatives, 37  senators,  2  congressme n  and  4  presidential 
electors.  Legislature  meets  annually  on  last  Tuesday  in  May, 
at  Newport,  and  holds  adjourned  sessions  annually  at  Provi* 
dence.  Terms  of  senators  and  representatives  one  year.  Per- 
sons without  property  to  the  value  of  $134  excluded  from  voting. 
Brown's  University  at  Providence  founded  1764.  CommoB 
school  system  excellent.  School  age  5-15.  Legal  int  erest  rate  6 
per  cent.,  by  contract  any  rate.  Population,  census  of  1900, 
428.556.  Area  1,247  sq.  miles,  oi  799,080  acres.  Length  N.  and 
S.  46  miles,  width  40 miles.  Narragansett  bay  divfdes  the  slate 
unequally,  the  western  and  larger  part  extending,  N.  from  the 
ocean  some  27  miles.  The  bay  is  3  to  12  miles  wide,  and  contains 
several  islands,  of  which  Acquidneck,  Canonicut  and  Prudence 
are  largest.  Block  Island,  at  the  western  entran  ce  of  the  bay, 
also  belongs  to  this  state.  Surface  of  state  broken  and  hilly, 
femall  rivers  unfit  for  navigation  are  numerous,  and  afford  val- 
uable water  powers.  Chief  rivers:  Pawtucket  and  Pawtuxet, 
entering  Narragansett  Bay,  and  Pawcatuck,  falling  into  Long 
Island  Sound.  The  state  contains  numerous  small  lakes,  some 
of  great  beauty.  Scenery  varied  and  pretty.  Soil  middling 
quality.  Hay  best  crop.  Potatoes,  corn  and  oats  are  the  next 
most  important  products.  No  forests.  Dairying  profitable. 
Land  high-priced.  No  minerals  mined.  Climate,  owing  to 
nearness  to  sea,  moderate.  Average  temperature— winter  24  to 
42  deg. ,  summer  44  to  74  deg.  Rainfall  43  inches.  Snow  lies  60 
to  100  days.  Health  good.  Chief  Industries.— Manufacture 
of  fabrics  of  cotton,  flax,  linen,  wool,  boots  and  shoes,  rubber 
goods,  metals,  jewelry,  etc.,  agriculture,  dairying.  Rhode 
Island,  in  proportion  to  size,  is  the  largest  manufacturing  state 
ia  Union.  Principal  Cities.— Census  of  1890.— Providence, 
capital  and  seaport,  175,797.    Newport,  capital,  seaport  finest 

in  the  world,  and  great  pleasure  resort   Brisiol.  seaport. 

  Warren,  seaport.  Pawtucket,39,231.  Woonsocket.28,204. 

Westerly,   

Salaries  of  State  Officers. 

Governor,  $1,000;  Lieutenant-Governor,  $500;  Secretary  ot 
State,  $2,500;  General  Treasurer,  $2,500;  State  Auditor,  Insur- 
ance Commissioner,$2,500;  Railroad  Commis8ioner,$500;  Attor- 
ney General, $2,500;  Adjutant  General,$600;  Commissioner  Pub- 
lic Schools,$2,500 ;  Chief  Ju8tice,$4,500 ;  Four  Associate  Justices, 
•4,000;  Senators  and  Repre8entativee,$l  per  day,mileage  8  cents ; 
District  Judge,  83,500;  Appraiser  of  Customs,  $3,000. 


428 
TEXAS. 

**Loiie  Star  State."  Settled  first  by  French  under  LaSalle  1685, 
was  a  part  of  Old  Mexico.  Independence  declared  Dec.  20,1835. 
Houston  inaugurated  as  president  Oct.  1836.  Independence  of 
the  republic  recognized  by  United  States  March,  1837,  by  Euro- 
pean powers  1839  and  '40.  Continued  wars  with  Mexico,  em 
barrassed  finances.  Proposition  for  union  with  United  States 
1845,  and  admitted  as  a  state  Dec.  29.  State  paid  $10,000,000  by 
United  States  for  all  lands  outside  present  limits  1850.  Seceded 
Feb.  1861.  Houston,  who  refused  to  secede,  deposed.  Military 
operations  small.  Last  battle  of  the  war  near  Rio  Grande  May 
12,  1865.  Re-entered  Union  1870.  Number  counties  224,  miles  of 
railroad  9,650.  All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov., 
number  of  senators  and  representatives  159,  sessions  of  legisla- 
ture biennial  in  odd  numbered-years,  meeting  second  Tues.  in 
Jan.,  holds  60  days,  term  of  senators  4  years,  of  representatives 
2  years.  Number  electoral  votes  15,  congressmen  13.  United 
States  army,  lunatics,  idiots,  paupers  and  convicts  excluded 
From  voting.  Number  colleges  10,  school  age  8-14.  School  en- 
dowment enormous, includes  23,470,377  acres  yet  unsold.  Legal 
interest  8  per  cent,  by  contract  12  per  cent,usury  forfeits  entire 
Interest.  Population,  census  of  1900—3,048,710.  Topography, 
Area,  Soil,  Products,  Etc.— Extreme  length  E.  and  W.  830 
miles,  extreme  width  750  miles,  area  170,247,040  acres,  largest 
of  the  states  and  territories.  Coast  line  412  miles,  Galveston 
bay  largest,  has  13  feet  of  water  35  miles  inland.  Rio  Grande 
(navigable  440  miles).  Lands  extremely  fertile,  except  in  the  N. 
W.,  where  water  is  scarce.  .Lands  on  Rio  Grande  and  at  south 
require  irrigation  for  good  results,  although  crops  will  grow  to 
some  extent  without.  Entire  state  covered  with  rich  grasses, 
affording  pasture  the  year  round.  All  cereals,  root  crops,  vege- 
tables,fruit  and  stocks  flourish.  Cotton  best  crop.  Other  staples, 
sugar, molasses,  sweet  potatoes,  com,  wheat,  grapes  and  fruits. 
Dairjring  extensive.  Cattle,  sheep,  goat  and  hog  raising  on 
mammoth  scale.  Cotton  picking  July  to  Dec,  com  planting 
middle  of  Feb.,  grain  harvest  May,  com  harvest  J uly.  Ranks 
first  in  cattle  and  cotton,  second  in  sugar,  sheep,  mules  and 
borses.  Coal  area  6,000  sq.  miles,  quality  good.  Iron  ore  and 
Bait  deposits  extensive.  Other  minerals  found  but  extent  un- 
known. Improved  land  averages  $8,  and  unimproved  $3  to  $4 
per  acre.  Uncultivated  and  timber  land  seven-eighths  of  area, 
timber  area  one-fourth.;  Climate  varies,  temperate  at  North, 
eerai-tropical  at  south.  Health  everywhere  most  excellent. 
Thermometer  ranges  from  35  to  98  deg.,  but  seldom  rises  to  the 
latter  temperature.  At  Austin  averages  winter  56  deg.,  summer 
80  deg.  Rainfall  averages  at  Austin  35  inches,  increases  on 
coast  and  to  the  south,  decreases  to  13  inches  in  N.  W.  Chief 
Cities,  Census  of  1900— San  Antonio,  53,321;  Dallas,  42,638; 
Galveston,  37,789;  Fort  Worth,  28,688;  Houston,  44,633. 


430 


UTAH. 


Settled  1848  at  Salt  Lake  by  Mormons  from  Illinois,  March, 

1849,  state  of  "Deseret"  organized.  Congiess  refused  to  re- 
ceive constitution  adopted.    Utah  territory  organized  Sept., 

1850.  Trouble  with  government  till  1858  Federal  officers 
driven  from  territory  1856. 

The  Territory  of  Utah  became,  by  proclamation  of  President 
Cleveland,  the  Forty-fifth  State  of  the  Union  at  10:00  a.m., 
January  4th,  1896. 

The  prominent  features  of  the  Constitution  cf  the  new  State 
are  the  following : 

1.  No  union  of  state  and  church.  2.  No  church  shall  dom- 
inate the  state,  or  interfere  with  its  functions  3.  No  inhab- 
itant of  the  state  shall  ever  be  molested  in  person  or  property 
on  account  of  his  or  her  mode  of  religious  worship.  4.  Po- 
lygamous or  plural  marriages  are  forever  prohibited.  5.  The 
penalties  imposed  under  previous  territorial  laws  for  polygamy 
are  re-enacted  in  the  new  Constitution. 

Number  counties  27,  miles  railroad  1,417.  Elections  annual, 
first  Monday  in  August.  Number  senators  and  representatives 
63,  sessioE;*  of  legislature  biennial,  in  odd-numbered  years, 
meeting  second  Monday  in  Jan.,  holds  60  days.  Terms  of  sen- 
ators and  representatives  2  years  each.  School  system  fair, 
school  age  6-18  years,  number  colleges  1.  Legal  interest  10 
per  cent.,  by  contract  any  rate. 

Population,  census  of  1900,  276,749. 

Average  length  350  miles,  width  260  miles,  area  84,928  miles, 
54,353,920  acres.  Surface  rugged  and  broken  with  some  rich 
valleys.  Traversed  by  Wahsatch,  Uintah,  Roan,  Little,  Sierra 
Lasal,  Sierra  Abajo,  San  Juan,  Sierra  Panoches,  and  Tusoar 
mountains.  Southeast  portion  elevated  plateaux, western  por- 
tion disconnected  ridges  Great  Salt  Lake  is  130  sq.  miles  in 
area.  In  N.  W.  a  large  area  of  desert  land.  Soil  in  valleys 
very  productive.  Yield  ffne  crops  of  cereals  and  vegetables. 
Wheat  best  crop.  Fruits  successful.  Grazing  important  in- 
terest. Dairymg  profitable  and  interest  is  growing  rapidly. 
Forests  sufficient  for  home  purposes.  Gold,  copper  and  silver 
in  Wahsatch  mountains.  Silver  predominates.  Coal  in  valley 
of  Weber  River.  Salt  found  in  large  deposits,  and  the  lake  sup- 
ply inexhaustible.    State  ranks  third  in  silver. 

Ciimate  mild  and  healthy.  Warmer  W.  of  Wahsatch  mount- 
ains. Summers  dry  and  hot  in  S.  W.  Rainfall  averages  16 
inches  at  S.  and  17  at  N,  chiefly  in  Oct.  and  April.  Sprinp 
opens  in  April.  Cold  weather  begins  late  in  Nov.  In  mount- 
ains winters  severe  and  snows  heavy.  Temperature  at  Salt 
Lake  averrges,  winter  35  deg  ,  summer  75  deg. 

Chief  Cities,  Census  of  1900— Salt  Lake  City,  capital,  53,531 ; 
Ogden,  ;  Provo  City.      . .  ;  Logan,  

Leading  Industries,— iMining,  stock  raising  and  agriculture. 


433 


WASHINGTON. 

learned  for  George  Washington.  First  settlement  1845,  pre- 
ceded, however,  by  Hudson  Bay  Co.'s  trading  posts.  Organ- 
ized as  territory  1853,  and  admitted  to  the  Union  Nov.  11, 1889. 
First  legislature  assembled  at  Olympia  February,  1854.  India© 
wars  1855  and  1858.  Gold  discovered  1855.  Island  San  Juan  in 
dispute  between  United  States  and  England  la'^',  Rights  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  and  Puget  Sound  Co.'s  purchased.  Number 
counties  i54.  Miles  railroad  2,829.  All  elections  Tuesday  after 
firct  Monday  in  Nov.  Number  senators  34,  representatives  78, 
sessions  of  legislature  biennial  in  odd-numbered  years,  meet- 
ing first  Monday  in  October.  Terms  of  senators  and  repre- 
sentatives 2  years  each.  Number  colleges  2,  school  age  4-21 
years,  school  endowment  reserve  large.  Legal  interest  10  per 
cent.,  by  contract  any  rate. 

.Population,  census  of  1900—518,103. 

Topography.  Area,  Soil,  Products,  Etc. — Extreme  length  E. 
and  W.  341  miles,  width  242  miles,  area  70,574  square  miles,  45- 
169,360  acres.  Coast  line  200  miles.  Columbia  rivei  navigable 
175  miles.  Excellent  harbors  in  Puget  Sound,  Admiralty  Inlet 
and  Hood's  canal  Scenery,  especially  on  Columbia,  grand. 
Columbia  river  current  overcomes  tide  at  the  mouth,  and  water 
in  the  bar  drinkable.  Cereals  flourish  but  com  not  su-ccessful. 
Wheat,  oats,  hops,  fruit  of  temperate  climates,  excepttpeaches, 
are  staple.  Grazing  region  entire  section  east  of  Cascades, 
covered  with  inexhaustible  supply  pf  bunch  grass.  Stock 
raising  and  dairying  growing  industries.  Lumber  resources 
unsurpassed.  Coal  on  Bellingham  bay  and  at  Seattle,  area  of 
coal-bearing  strata  20,000  sq.  miles.  Gold-bearing  quartz  and 
silver  lodes  in  Cascade  and  Coast  ranges.  Copper,  cinnabar, 
lead  and  other  minerals  are  found. 

Climate — On  coast  dry  season  April  to  November,  rest  of 
year  rainy.  Rainfall  averages  at  north  96  inches,  for  entire 
section  54  inches.  Winters  mild,  little  snow  or  ice.  Summers 
cool  with  sea  breezes.  Temperature  averages  winter  39  deg., 
summer  61  deg.,  ranges  30  deg.  to  90  deg.  Eastern  section 
dry,  rainfall  10  inches. 

Chief  Cities— Census  of  1900 :  Seattle,  80,671 ;  Tacoma,  37.714 ; 
Spokane,  36,848. 

Leading  Industries — Agriculture,  lumbering,  grazing,  iiiin- 
ing,  etc. 

SALARIES  OF  STATE  OFFICERS. 


Governor  $4,000,  Secretary  $1,800,  Treasurer  $1,200,  Auditor 
il,200.  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  $1,000,  Librarian 
$400,  Chief  Justice  $3,000,  three  Associate  Justices  $3,000,  Sena- 
tors and  Representatives  $4  a  day  and  20  cents  mileage, 
Surveyor  General  $2,500,  Chief  Clerk  $1,800,  Chief  Draftsman 
$1,700. 


434 


WISCONSIN. 

Badger  State."  Settled  first  by  French  at  Green  Bay,  1609. 
Formed  part  of  northwest  territory.  Included  in  Indiana  ter- 
ritory, 1800.  Became  part  of  Michigan  territory,  1F05.  Wiscon- 
sin territory  organized  1836.  Present  boundaries  fixed  1838. 
Madison  made  capital  1838.  Admitted  as  state  May  1848. 
Seventeenth  state  to  join  Union.  Number  Union  soldiers  fup- 
BiBhed  91,327.  Number  counties  7U-  Miles  railroad 6.398.  All 
elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.  Number  sena- 
tors 33,  representattvee  100,  sessions  biennial  in  odd-numbered 
years,  meeting  second  Wednesday  in  Jan.,  term  of  senators  4 
years,  of  representatives  2  years.  Number  electoral  votes  12, 
number  congressmen  10 ;  insane,  idiots,  convicts,  bribers,  bet- 
ters and  duellists  excluded  from  voting.  Number  colleges  7, 
number  puolic  schools  6,588,  school  age  4-20  years.  Legal  in- 
terest 7  per  cent,  by  contract  10  per  cent,  usury  forfeits  entire 
interest.  i 
Population,  census  of  1900,  2,069,042. 

Topography,  Ared,  Soli,  Products,  Etc.— Extreme  length  N. 
and  S.  298  miles,  width,  260  miles,  aiea  65,805  sq.  miles,  42,115.- 
200  acies.  Besides  the  great  lakes  Michigan  and  Superior  the 
«tate  contains  Green  Bay,  Winnebago,  Geneva,  Devil's  lake 
knd  innumerable  other  lakes  in  the  central  and  northern  sec 
tions  of  the  state,  of  unsurpassed  beauty,  making  the  state  a 
favorite  place  of  summer  resort.  Much  of  state  prairie,  but 
enormous  stretches  of  magnificent  pine  and  hardwood  timbers 
remain  untouched.  Soil  excellent  and  adapted  to  farming, 
dairying  and  stock  raising.  Fruits  grow  and  berries  are  a  fine 
crop.  Cranberries  largely  raised.  Wheat  the  best  crop,  flax, 
buckwheat,  hay,  corn,  oats,  staples.  Extensive  lead  mines  in 
OraMt,  Lafayette  and  Iowa  cotinties,  native  copper  in  the 
north,  in  Crawford  and  Iowa  counties.  Iron  ores  in  Dodge, 
Sauk,  Jackson  and  Ashland  counties.  Ranks  second  in  hops, 
third  in  barley  and  potatoes,  fourth  in  rye  and  buckwheat, 
fifth  in  oats  and  agricultural  implements.  Improved  land 
averages  $18  and  unimproved  $10  Per  acre.  Much  government' 
and  railroad  land  yet  untaken. 

Climate— Temperature  avepages  winter  20  deg.,  summer  71 
deg.,  ranges  from  32  deg.  below  zero  to  95  deg.  Rainfall  31 
inches,  includmg  snow.  Snows  heavy,  especially  at  north; 
filing  late,  summers  short,  falls  pleasant.  Milwaukee  river 
frozen  over  an  average  of  105  days  in  year. 

Chief  Cities— Census  of  1900 :  Milwaukee,  port  of  entry,  great 
pork-packing  and  beer-brewing  center,  grain  and  wheat  mar- 
ket, 285,315;  Madison  capital,  ;  Eau  Claire   ;  Fond 

du  Lac,   ;  Oshkosh,  28,284;  La  Crosse.  28,875;  Racine, 

29,102;  Superior.  31,091;  Sheboygan,   ; .  Janesyille,  

Leading  Industries  — Lumbering,  farming,  mining,  manu- 
facturing, brewing,  pork  packing,  d;u!\ing,  etc. 


436 


WYOMING. 

First  settlement,  Ft.  Laramie,  1867.  Organized  as  a  territory 
in  1868,  and  admitted  to  the  Union  July  8,  1890.  Counties,  13. 
All  elections  Tuesday  after  first  Monday  in  Nov.,  number 
senators  19,  representatives  38,  sessions  biennial,  in  even-num- 
bered years,  meeting  second  Tuesday  in  Jan.,  hold  60  days, 
terms  of  senators  and  representatives  2  years  each.  Good 
school  system,  school  age  7-2\ .  Legal  interest  rate  12  per  cent. , 
by  contract  any  rate.    Miles  of  railroad,  1179. 

Population.— Census  of  1900,  92,531. 

Length  350  miles,  width  275  miles,  area  97,878  sq.  miles, 
62  641,920acres.  Surface  traversed  by  Rocky  Mts.,  forming  the 
continental  divide,  and  is  high  and  mountainous, varying  in  ele- 
vation from  4,800  to  12,000  feet.  At  the  N.  W.  is  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park,  3,600  sq.  miles  in  area,  and  one  of  the  greatest 
natural  wonders  of  the  continent.  It  varies  from  6,000  to  over 
12,000  feet  in  elevation,  and  its  scenery  is  one  vast  panorama. 
Along  the  streams  and  in  the  valleys  are  tracts  of  arable  lands 
which  may  be  made  to  produce  prolifically  with  irrigation. 
Mountains,  covered  with  forests  of  considerable  extent,  contain 
precious  and  base  metals  in  great  deposits.  Soil,  where  water 
can  be  had,  is  good ;  soil  chiefly  suited  to  grazing.  Half  the 
territory  grazing  land.  Wheat,  rye,  oats  and  barley  flourish, 
firost  too  frequent  for  corn.  Water  plentiful,  game  and  fur- 
Ssearing  animals  numerous,  iron  ore  abundant,  mainly  red 
hematite.  Copper,  lead,  plumbago  and  petroleum  found,  gold 
in  the  Sweetwater  country  and  near  Laramie  City,  valuable  de- 
posits of  soda  in  valley  of  the  Sweetwater.  Coal  abundant 
and  of  good  quality  at  Evanston,  Carbon,  Rock  Springs  and 
other  points.  Climate  cold,  severe  in  mountains,  milder  in 
^?aUeys.  Healthful,  air  pure,  dry  and  bracing.  Rainfall,  15 
inches.  Temperature  averages,  summer  66  deg.,  winter  18 
deg.,  ranges  from  31  deg.  below  to  80  deg.  above.  July  warm- 
est month,  January  coldest,  latter  averages  10  deg. 

Chief  Cities. — Cheyenne,   (capital),  pop   Laramie 

City,  pop  

Chief  Industries. — Grazing,  mining  and  agriculture,  but 
little  is  done  in  manufacturing. 


Salaries  of  State  Officers. 

Governor  $2,500 

Secretary   1,800 

Treasurer  $800  and  com. 

Auditor   1,000 

Snperintendent  of  Public  Inst   400 

Librarian   400 

Chief  Justice   3,000 

Two  Associate  Justices   3,000 

Senators  and  Representatives  $4  a  day  and  SO  cents  mileage 


48d 

DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA, 
named  for  Colambna.  Fixed  bb  seat  of  XT.  S.  governmeat  IW 
bf  act  of  Congress.  Formed  oat  of  Washington  Co.,  Md.  (6i<^[. 
miles).  Government  removed  to  District  1800.  Captnred  m 
British  1814,  and  capitol,  ezecative  mansion  and  congressixnml 
library  burned.  Governed  by  Congress  till  1871,  when  a  legteft^- 
tive  body  of  33  ( 1 1  appointed  by  the  president  and  22  elected)  wM 
created.  Executive  ofllcers  still  appointed  by  president.  Offieew 
Appointed  are  paid  bv  the  United  States,  those  elected  bv  tbo 
District.  Citizens  of  District  have  no  vote  for  national  omcerB. 
Schools  superior.  Legal  interests  per  cent.by  contract  10,more 
forfeits  entire  interest.  Population,  1900,  278,718.  Miles  rail- 
road, 29.  Surface  made  up  of  flats  and  hills.  Similar  in  all 
features  and  products  to  Southern  Maryland.  Cities. — Wash- 
ington (capital  U.  S.),  pop.  218,196,  Georgetown,  pop.  14,549. 

THE  WHITE  HOUSE  AT  AVASHINQTON,  D.  C. 

The  White  House,  at  Washington,  D.  C.  is  170  feet  long  by  80 
feet  wide.  The  largest  apartment,  known  as  the  east  room,  is 
^  by  40  feet  in  dimension  and  22  feet  high.  The  adjoining  bine 
room,  finished  in  blue  and  gold, is  devoted  to  receptions,  dif^* 
matic  and  social.  The  green  and  red  rooms,  so  called  from  thdr 
finishing,  are  each  30  by  20 feet.  The  rooms  on  the  second  floor 
are  occupied  by  the  executive  office  and  the  apartments  of  Ihe 
President's  family. 

THE  WASHINGTON  MONUMENT. 

The  corner-stone  was  laid  by  President  Polk,  July  4th,  1848, 
and  December  6,  1884,  the  cap-stone  was  set  in  position.  The 
foundations  are  126^  feet  square  and  36  feet  8  inches  deep.  TIm 
base  of  the  monument  is  55  feet  1^  inches  square,  and  the  walls 
16  feet  %  inch  thick.  At  the  500  foot  mark,  where  the  pyramidal 
top  begins,  the  shaft  is  34  feet  b%  inches  square  and  the  walls  am 
18  inches  thick.  The  monument  is  made  of  blocks  of  marble 
two  feet  thick,  and  it  is  said  there  are  over  18,000 of  them.  The 
height  above  the  ground  is  555  feet.  The  pyramidal  top  termim- 
ates  in  an  aluminum  tip,  which  is  9  inches  high  and  weighs  100 
ounces.  The  mean  pressure  of  the  monument  is  5  tons  per 
square  foot.and  the  total  weight, fonndation  and  all.is  nearly  81,- 
000  tons.  The  door  at  the  base,  facing  the  capitol.is  8  feet  wide 
and  16  feet  high,  and  enters  a  room  25  feet  square.  An  immense 
Iron  f  ramework  supports  the  machinery  of  the  elevator,  which 
is  hoisted  with  steel  wire  ropes  two  inches  thick.  At  one  side  be- 
gin the  stairs,  of  which  there  are  fifty  flights,  containing  eighteen 
steps  each.  Five  hundred  and  twenty  feet' from  the  base  there 
are  eight  windows,  18x24  inches,  two  on  each  face.  The  area  at 
the  base  of  the  pyramidal  top  is  l,187H/eet,  space  enough  for  a 
six-room  house. each  room  to  be  13x16  feet.  The  Cologne  Cathe- 
dral is  525  feet  high;  the  pyramid  of  Cheop8,486;  Strasburg  Cathe- 
dral,474 ;  St  . Peter's, at  Rome,448 ;  the  capitol  at  Washington ,306, 
and  Bunker  Hill  monument,  221  feet.  The  Washington  monu- 
ment is  the  highest  monument  in  the  world  ;total  cost, $1,500,000. 


439 


LIQUID  FUEL  IN  STEAMERS. 

The  steamship  Cowrie  of  the  Shell  Transport  and  Tradl- 
Ing  CJompany  (British),  which  recently  discharged  a  car- 
go of  oil  in  the  Thames,  has  steamed  all  the  way  from 
Borneo  to  London— 9.250  miles— nsing  nothing  but  liquid 
luel:  and  the  boilers  for  supplying  the  steam  for  th6 
pumps  discharging  the  cargo  were  fired  by  the  same  ma- 
terial. The  oil  is  not  burned  by  a  thin  layer  of  incandes- 
cent coal,  as  is  the  case  in  some  systems,  but  is  pulverine* 
or  reduced  to  spray  by  means  of  a  steam  jet  at  the  fur- 
nace door,  where  it  is  delivered  from  furnace  tanks  aboTo 
the  boilers.  The  Cowrie  was  formerly  fired  with  coal, 
and  her  conversion  to  liquid  fuel  has  been  attended  with 
advantageous  lesults.  Her  complement  of  stokers  has 
been  reduced  to  six,  as  aa:ainst  sixteen,  necessary  witk 
coal,  and  Ler  speed  has,  at  t  he  same  time,  been  slightly 
improved.  Moreover,  the  change  has  effected  an  import- 
ant saving  in  bunker  space,  lor  her  consumption  of  oil  oa 
this  voyage  was  only  22  tons  a  day,  whereas  her  daily 
consumption  of  coal  used  to  be  35  tons,  and  a  ton  of  oil  is 
calculated  to  only  34  cubic  feet,  aaainst  45  feet  required 
for  coal.  Oil  ,  too,  can  be  carried  in  the  water-ballast 
tanks,  and  can  also  be  taken  on  board  much  more  quickly 
than  coal— on  a  recent  occasion  300  tons  were  pumped 
into  a  German  steamer  in  one  hour. 


THE  ARMENIAN  MASSACRES. 

Armenia,  formerly  a  homogenous,  independent  king- 
dom of  Western  Asia,  is  now  divided  between  three 
powers,  Turkey,  Russia  and  Persia.  Its  Inhabitants.  wh» 
all  belong  to  the  Christian  Armenian  Church  but  not  ia 
communion  with  either  the  Greek  orthodox  or  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  have  preserved  their  own  language  and 
literature,  and  are  found  all  over  the  East  among  the 
foremost  business  and  professional  men.  Their  Christian 
creed  however  has  caused  constant  i^prisings  against 
them  on  the  part  of  their  neighbors,  the  Kurds,  a  confed- 
eration of  fanatic  tribes  of  a  peculiar  Mahometan  sect. 
The  Turkish  authorities  have  proved  powerless  to  pre- 
vent these  periodical  raids,  and  are  now  held  responsible 
for  them.  American  missions  possessing  large  intei*ests 
all  over  the  country,  the  United  States  Congress  called 
for  the  intervention  of  our  executive  to  protect  them 
from  maltreatment  and  reimburse  them  for  losses  already- 
Incurred.  The  jealousy  of  Western  powers— Great  Bri- 
tain, Prance,  Rus.sia.  etc.— render  any  durable  pacifica- 
tion -jf  the  country  an  almost  impossible  task. 


440 


44i 


VENEZUELA. 


THE  BOUNDARY  CONTROVERSY. 


No  document  has  issued  from  the  White  House  s?i 
Washington,  since  Lincoln's  famous  Proclamation  i  f 
Emancipation  of  September,  lSd2,  that  has  created  such 
world-wide  interest  as  the  message  sent  to  Ck>ngress  by 
President  Cleveland  on  the  17th  of  December,  1895,  calling 
attention  to  the  controversy  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  Republic  of  Venezuela  concernirg  the  boundary  lines 
dividing  Venezuelan  and  British  territory.  The  British 
claims  concerning  the  extent  of  the  colony  of  British 
Guiana  are  resented  by  the  Republic  of  V^enezuela.  As  a 
matter  of  fact  the  boundary  lines  of  this  Republic  have 
never  been  definitely  fixed.  The  total  area  claimed  by 
Venezuela  is  632.807  square  miles,  but  of  this  only  4:39 r 
000  square  miles  are  actually  under  Venezuelan  admin- 
istration. 

Taking  his  stand  firmly  on  the  Monroe  Doctrine  as 
a  recognized  element  of  International  law,  the  President 
has  asked  the  British  Government  to  submit  the  whole 
matter  to  arbitration.  This  being  refused,  the  United 
States  Government  unanimously  passed  a  bill  on  the 
20th  of  December,  1895,  authorizing  the  President  to 
appoint  a  commission  to  "Investigate  and  report  on  the 
true  divisional  line  between  the  Republic  of  Venezuela 
and  British  Guiana." 

The  bill  based  on  the  President's  Message  passed  the 
house  and  the  senate  in  about  forty-eight  hours.  Never 
was  a  law  passed  so  rapidly  nor  supported  with  such 
enthusiastic  patriotism. 

$100,000  was  a-vpropriated  for  the  expenses  of  said 
commission. 

The  Commission  thus  appointed  consisted  of  David 
J.  Brewer,  Richard  H.  Alvey,  Andrew  D.  White,  Frederic 
Coudert,  Daniel  C.  Gilmore. 

Venezuela  has  a  delightful  climate  and  is  a  realm  of 
matchless  tropical  beauty.  Its  palms  and  ferns  are  of 
gigantic  growth.  Its  chief  crops  are  manioc  and  maize. 
It  exports  coffee,  cocoa,  tobacco  and  cotton.  Its  mines 
are  rich  in  gold,  copper,  phosphates  and  coal.  The 
Republic  is  divided  into  eight  states,  eight  federal  terri- 
tories, the  federal  district,  and  two  national  colonies.  Its 
population,  according  to  the  last  census,  was  2.198,820. 

There  are  two  universities,  one  at  Caracas,  and  the 
other  at  Merida.  There  are  nineteen  federal  coUecres. 
The  standing  army  consists  of  2,800  men.  Every  male 
subject  between  eighteen  and  forty-five  must  be  enrolled 
in  the  militia.  The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  religion  of  the 
state,  but  liberty  of  worship  is  guaranteed  by  law.  The 


44-2 


constitution  is  modeled  after  that  of  the  United  States 
There  is  a  President,  agisted  by  eight  ministers  and  a 
federal  council.  There  are  two  houses  of  legislature, 
which  constitute  the  congress,  a  senate  of  twenty-four 
members,  and  a  chamber  of  deputies,  of  fifty-two  mem- 
bers. The  members  of  the  chamber  of  deputies,  one  for 
every  35,000  inhabitants,  and  one  more  for  an  excess  of 
1.5,000,  are  elected  every  four  years,  directly  by  the 
electors  of  the  states  and  the  federal  district,  those  of  the 
senate  by  the  legislative  bodies  of  the  different  states, 
three  for  each.  The  congress  elects  the  members  of  tiie 
federal  council,  the  federal  council  elects  tne  President. 
The  federal  council  and  the  President  remain  in  office  for 
t  wo  years. 

The  coast  of  Venezuela  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
laud  sighted  by  Columbus,  who  during  his  third  voyapre 
in  1498,  entered  the  gulf  of  Paria.  and  sailed  along  tne 
coast  of  the  delta  of  Orinoco.  In  ir).50  the  territory  was 
(^rented  into  the  Caotain-Generaiey  of  Caracas,  and  re- 
mained under  Spanish  rule  till  1810.  Then  followed  a 
ten  years"  war  under  the  lead^^r^hip  of  the  redoubtable 
Bolivar  a  native  of  Caracas,  who  was  the  soul  and  inspi- 
ration of  the  revolt.  The  Independence  of  Venezuela  was 
recoftuized  by  Spain  in  the  treaty  of  IVLadrid,  March  30, 
1845  Affairs  were  in  an  unsettled  state  for  many  years. 
On  M  .X3h  28,  1864,  a  federal  constitution  was  drawn  up 
for  th6  republic.  In  December  1870.  Don  Guzman  Blatico, 
who  had  proved  himself  to  be  :t  state>>man  of  remark.ible 
ability  was  declared  Provisional  President.  It  was  not. 
however,  until  February  '20.  1874,  that  Blanco  assumed 
the  dignity  and  authority  of  Constituiionil  President. 
He  was  elected  to  this  office  for  a  term  of  four  years. 
Th^n  came  days  of  peace  and  prosperity  for  Venezuela. 


THE  VENEZUELAN  AWARD. 

The  Anglo-Venezuelan  Boundary  Commission,  after  a 
session  at  Paris,  France,  beginning  June  15,  1899,  on 
October  3,  1899.  rendered  its  award  by  unanimous  agree- 
ment and  both  Great  Britain  and  Venezuela  accepted  the 
decision.  The  arbitrators  were  Chief  Justice  Fuller, 
Associate  Justice  Brewer,  Lord  Chief  Justice  Russell  of 
Killowen,  Sir  Richard  Henn  Collins  and  Professor  Mar- 
tens. Ex-Preisident  Harrison,  General  B.  F.  Tracy,  M. 
Mallet-Provost  and  tne  Marquis  of  Rojas  were  counsel 
for  Venezuela,  and  Attorney-General  Sir  Richard  Web- 
ster and  Sir  Robert  Reed  for  Great  Britain. 


443 


NEW  U.  S.  TARIFF  LAW 


Enacted  July  24,  1897 

Compared  With  the  McKinley  (1890)  and  Wilson 
(1894)  Tariffs. 

The  Tariff  Bill,  known  generally  as  the  "Dingley  Bill,"" 
became  a  law  by  signature  of  the  President  at  4:06  p.  m. 
on  July  24,  1897.  It  was  in  force  as  to  the  collection  of 
customs  duties  from  12:01  a.  m.  on  the  same  day. 

It  was  just  one  hour  from  the  conclusion  of  the  roll  call 
in  the  Senate  that  the  President  placed  his  signature  to 
the  bill.  In  those  sixty  minutes  the  bill  over  which  Con- 
gress worked  for  more  than  four  months  went  to  the  House 
to  be  signed  in  open  session  by  Speaker  Reed,  thence  back 
to  the  Senate  for  the  signature  of  Vice-President  Hobart, 
and  thence  to  the  White  House,  where  it  was  signed  by 
President  McKinley. 

It  had  taken  Congress  exactly  four  months  and  nine 
days  to  prepare  and  enact  this  most  complicate  piece  of 
legal  machinery  called  a  Tariff  Law.  To  the  energy  and 
constant  vigilance  of  Speaker  Reed  is  due  a  great  part  of 
the  credit  for  this  unequalled  legislative  achievement. 
President  Cleveland  was  inaugurated  March  4,  1893,  md 
it  was  only  in  October,  1894,  that  the  Wilson  Tariff  Bill 
became  a  law  without  the  President's  signature. 


Schedule  A— Chemicals,  Oils,  and  Paints. 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

Law. 

Law. 

ley  Law 

Acids — 

Ac;etic,  not  exceeding  specific 

^clb 

20  pc 

l^c 

2c 

20p  c 

4c 

5c 

3c 

3c 

5c 

4c 

6c 

5c 

20  p  c 

20  pc 

7c 

25pc 

10c 

10c 

20p  c 

20  pc 

Free 

He 

444 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Tannic  

Gallic  

Tartaric  

All  other  acids  

All  alcoholic  perfumery  and 
toilet  preparations  containing 
alcohol,  and  alcoholic  com 
pounds  not  provided  for. .... 


Alkalies,  alkaloids,  distilled, 
essential,  expressed  and  ren- 
dered oils,  and  combinations 
of  them,  and  chemical  com- 
pounds not  otherwise  provid- 
ed for   

Alumina  

Alum,  alum  cake,  etc  

Ammonia,  carbonate  of  

Muriate  of  

Sulphate  of  

Argols  containing  not  more 
than  40  pc  bitartrate  of  potash 

Containing  more  than  40  p.  c. 

Partly  refined,  containing  not 
more  than  90  p.  c.  

Containing  more  than  90  p.  c. . 

Rochelle  salts  

Cream  of  tartar  

Blacking  

Bleaching  powder  

Blue  vitriol  

Bone  char,  suitable  for  decol- 
orizing sugars  

Borax  

Borales  of  lime  containing  more 
than  36  p.  c.  of  anhydrous 
boracic  acid  

Not  more  than  36  p.  c  

Camphor,  refined  

Chalk  (not  medicinal  or  toilet) 
precipitated  or  prepared  in 
cubes,  blocks,  or  sticks,  in- 
cluding tailors',  billiard,  red, 
or  French  

Other  chalk  

Chloroform  

Coal  tar  dyes,  not  provided  for. 

Other  products  of  coal  tar  


50c 
10c 
7c 
25  p  c 


60c 
&  45  pc 


25  pc 
6-lOc 

VAc 

3-lOc 

Ic 

4c 
5c 
4c 
6c 
25p  c 
l-5c 

20  p  c 
5c 


Ic 
25  p  c 
20c 
30pc 
20p  c 


60c 
20p  c 
20p  c 


$2  gal 

i:  50  pc 


20  p  c 
4- 10c 
4-lOc 
20p  c 
10  p  c 
20  p  c 

Free 
Free 

20p  c 
20p  c 
2c 
20p  c 
20p  c 


Free 

20  p  c 
5c 


VAc 
10  p  c 


25c 
25  p  c 
Free 


445 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin. 
ley  Law 

Cobalt  oxide  of 

25  p  c 

25  p  c 

30  p  c 

Collodion 

50c 

40c 

50c 

60c 

50c 

60c 

I^sinuf  sctured 

65c  & 

45  p  c 

60c  & 

25  p  c 

25  p  c 

1    •     t    \^  »  A 

50  p  c 

50  p  c 

50  p  c 

Copperas  

%c 

Free 

3-lOc 

^bu^s  ^dried^^in^ects*  g^nf' 

Duts  sidvanced  invalue  not 

provided  for  

10  p  c 

10  p  c 

10  p  c 

Ethers- 

40c 

40c 

4Dc 

25c 

25c 

25c 

Fruit  ethers,  oils,  or  essences. . 

$2 

$2.50 

$1 

$1 

None   shall  pay  less  than 

^  25  p.  c. 

JLXtracts  and  uecoctions  ot  log- 

wood etc.  not  provided  for. 

10  p  c 

^^^'^^S*^  /^u    Q^*^*"^^^*^  and 

in  n  r 
lU  p  C 

/8C 

Extracts    of    sumac    and  of 

woods  other  than  dye  woods. 

IVI  p  C 

^^clatine,  glue,  etc.,  valued  not 

above  10c  lb 

672  C 

£0  p  C 

l^C 

above  35c  lb 

25  p  C 

25  p  c 

30c 

Valued  above  35c  lb 

15c  & 

25  p  c 

30c 

20  p  c 

Grlycerine  crude 

Ic 

Ic 

oc 

oC 

He 

^C 

Indifo'  ra^  ^cts  or  paste  

3/r 

Free 

«  I-     J  •  V"^*^^  ,  

lUC 

Free 

•60  p  C 

25  p  c 

ov  p  c 

Iodine  resublimed 

20c 

Free 

50c 

$1 

$1 

$1 .50 

DC 

o>^c 

Chicle  

10c 

Free 

Free 

Magnesia,  carbonate  of,  medi- 

3c 

3c 

4c 

7c 

7c 

8c 

l-5c 

l-5c 

3-lOc 

446 


j^lRTICLES. 


Dinglcy 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Oils- 
Alizarin,  etc.,  liquid  or  solid, 

■where  50  per  cent,  castor  oil 

is  used  

Less  than  50  per  cent,  castor  oil 

used  

All  other  alizarin  not  provided 

for  

Castor  oil  

Cod  liver  oil  

Cottonseed  oil  

Groton  oil  

Flaxseed  

Fusel  oil  

Hempseed  and  rapeseed  oil 
Olive  oil  not  provided  for. . . 
Packed  in  bottles,  jars,  etc. 

Peppermint  oil  

Seal,  herring,  and  other  fish  oil 
Opium,  crude,  containing  9  per 

cent,  of  morphia  

Morphine  and  all  salts  of  opium 
Aqueous  extracts  of  opium  not 

provided  for  

Opium  containing  less  than  9 

per  cent,  of  morphia,  and 

opium  prepaid  for  smoking. 

Paints,  Colors,  &  Varnishes- 

Baryta,  sulphate  of,  including 
bartyes  earth,  unmanufac- 
tured   

Manufactured  

Blues,  such  as  Berlin,  etc.,  con- 
taining ferrocyanide  of  iron, 
in  pulp,  dry  or  ground  in  oil. 

Blanc-fixe  

Black,  from  bone,  ivory  or  veg- 
etable, dry  or  ground  in  oil 
or  water  

Chrome  yellow,  green,  etc. ,  dry 
or  mixed  with  oil  or  water. . . 

Ochre,  sienna,  umber,  crude, 
not  powdered  or  washed  .... 

Powdered  or  washed  

Ground  in  oil  or  water  

Orange  mineral  

Red  lead  


30c  gal 

15c 

30p  c 
35c  gaJ 
15c 
4c 
20c  lb 
20c  gal 
Mclb 
10c  gal 
40c 
50c 
50c  lb 
8c  gal 

$1  lb 
$1  oz 

40  pc 


$6  lb 


75c  ton 
$5.25 


8c  lb 


25pc 
4^c 


3^c 
2%c 


30  p  c 
30p  c 

30  p  c 
35c 

20  p  c 
Free 
Free 
20c 

10  p  c 
10c 
35c 
35c 

25  p  c 

25  p  c 

Free 
50c 

20  p  c 


$6 


$1.12 
$3 


6c 
25  p  c 

20  p  c 

3c 

Free 
Free 


447 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Ultra-marine  blue   and  wash 
blue  containing  ultra-marine 
Varnishes,  including  gold  size. 
Spirit  varnishes  


Vermilion  red  and  other  colors 
containing  quicksilver  

Not  containing  quicksilver  

White  lead  and  other  pigment 
containing  lead  

Whiting  and  Paris  white,  dry. 

Ground  in  oil  or  putty  

Zinc  oxide  of,  or  pigment,  con- 
taining zinc,  but  not  lead,  dry 

Ground  in  oil  

Sulphide  of,  or  white  sulphide 
of  zinc  

Chloride  and  sulphate  of  

All  paints  and  pigments,  lakes, 
crayons,  smalts,  frostings,  or 
crude,  dry,  or  mixed,  ground 
with  water,  oil,  or  other  solu- 
tions not  provided  for;  artists' 
paints  in  tubes,  pans,  or  cakes 

Paris  green  and  London  purple 

Lead- 
Acetate  of  white  

Brown,  gray,  or  yellow  

Nitrate  of  

iLitharge  

Ph<isphorus  

Potash- 
Bichromate  and  chromate  of . 

Caustic  of,  refined,  in  sticks  or 
rolls  

Chlorate  of  

Hydriodate,  iodide,  iodate  of. 

Nitrate  of,  refined  

Prussiate  of,  red  

Yellow  

Cyat^ide  of  potassium  

Prcjwrations — 

Medicinal  preparations  con 
taining  alcohol,   or  in  the 
preparation  of  which  alcohol 
IS  used 


3Kc. 
35p  c 
$1.32  gal 
and 
35  p  c 

10c  lb 

5c 


2J/8C 

Ic 
Ic 


sop  c 
15  p  c 

Zl^c  lb 

2Hc 

18c 

3c 

Ic 

2;^c 
25c 

'Ac 
8c 
4c 

12MPC 


3c 
25  p  c 
$1.32  & 
add  for 
alcohol 

20  p  c 
6c 

IV2C 
Vac 
He 

Ic 
Ic 

^5  p  c 
25  p  c 


12J^  pc 

2Kc  lb 
IKc 
VAc 
IXc 
15c 

25p  c 

Free 
20p  c 
25pc 

25  p  c 
25  p  c 
20  p  c 


&o'  ca&c  to  pay  less  than  25  p.  c. 


55c  lb 


50c 


4Mc 
35  p  c 
$L32& 
add  for 
alcohol 

12c 
20  p  c 

3c 
'Ac 
Ic 

25  p  c 
25  p  c 


Ic 
25  p  c 

5Kc  lb 


20c 

3c 

Ic 
20p  c 
50c 
Ic 
10c 
5c 
20  p  c 


50c 


448 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Medicinal  preparations  not  con- 
taining alcohol,  and  alcohol 
not  used  in  preparation  

Calomel  and  other  mercurial 
preparations  

Plasters,  healing  or  curative. . . 

preparations  for  hair,  mouth  or 
skin,  cosmetics,  etc. ,  in  which 
alcohol  is  not  used  

Santonin  and  salts  thereof,  con- 
taining 80  p.  c.  of  santonin.. . 
Soap- 
Castile  

Fancy  toilet  and  medicinal. . . . 

All  other  soaps  

Soda — 

Bicarbonate  of.and  alkalies  con 
taining50p.  c.  of  bicarbonate 

Bichromate  and  chromate  of 
soda  

Crystal  carbonate  of  soda  

Chlorate  of  

Hydrate  of  soda  

Nitrite  of  

Sal  soda,  not  concentrated  

Hyposulphite  and  sulphide  of. 

Soda  ash  

Arseniate  of  soda  

Silicate  of  soda  

Sulphate  of  soda  

Sea  moss  

Sponges  

Manufactures  sponges  

Strychnia  and  all  salts  thereof. 

Sulphur,  refined  or  flowers  of.. 

Sumac,  ground  

Vanilla  


25p  c 

35  p  c 
35pc 


50  p  c 
$1.00  lb 

15c 
20  p  c 

%c 

2c 
3-lOc 

2c 

Kc 

2>^c 
2- 10c 
'Ac 

Vsc 

VAc 

Kc 
$1.25ton 
10  p  c 

20  p  c 
40  p  c 
30c  oz 
$8  ton 
3- 10c  lb 
80c  oz 


25  p  c 

25  p  c 
25  p  c 


40  p  c 

$1.00  lb 

20  p  c 
35pc 
10  p  c 

VAc 

25  p  c 
25  p  c 
25  p  c 

25  p  c 


25  p  c 

He 

Free 


10  pc 
10  p  c 
30c 
20  p  c 
3- 10c  lb 
25  p  c 


Scbediile  B— Earths,  Earthenware,  and 
Glassware. 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Brick  and  Tile — 
Fire  brick,  weighing  not  more 
than  10  lbs.  each,  not  glazed 

$1.35ton 

25  p  c 

$1.^ 

449 


Articles. 

Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin- 

Law. 

Law. 

ley  Law 

40  p  c 

tiU  p  c 

0  p  c 

Brick,  other  tli^n  fire  brick,  not 

OK 

do  p  c 

4o  p  c 

40  p  C 

45  p  c 

30  p  c 

45  p  c 

Tiles,  pl^in,  one  color,  exceed- 

4c  s  f 

25  p  c 

-o  p  c 

Gla2ed,  ceramic,  mosaic,  orna- 
mented, and  all  earthenware 

tiles,  valued  at  not  more  than 

8c  s  I 

^5  p  c 

<65  p  C 

Exceeding  40c.  sq.  ft  

10c  s  f 

40  p  c 

45  p  c 

&  25  p  c 

v^ement,  j_«ime  and  x  laster — 

I^oman,  Portland,  and  other 

■^lydraulic,  in  barrels,  sacks, 

ft 

cc  cwt 

oG 

fir- 

In  K.tlb- 

7c 

7c 

4  C 

20  p  c 

10  p  c 

20  p  c 

5c  cwt 

DC 

6c 

J^iaster,  rock,  or  gypsum, crude 

50c  ton 

#1.25 

$2.25 

$1.25 

»1.  ii> 

20  p  c 

9L.OU 

91.  <<> 

Pumice  stone,  wholly  or  par- 

$D  ton 

r  ree 

r  ree 

10  p  c 

Free 

Fre& 

Clays  or  Earths- 

Clays  or  earths,  unwrought  or 

91  ton 

^1 

£1  tin 

$2 

$2 

??<i.OU 

9^ 

Limestone  rock,  asphalt,  con- 

taining not  more  than  15  p.  c. 

50c  ton 

r  ree 

r  ree 

Asphaltum  and  bitumen,  not 

provided  for,  crude,  if  not 

dried  or   advanced   in  any 

iti  tin 

ree 

Dried,  or  advanced  in  any  man- 

$3  ton 

r  ree 

r  ree 

$>l 

91. DU 

91 

$3 

$2 

»<$ 

Earthenware  and  China — 

Common  yellow  and  brown, 

plain,  embossed,  or  glazed, 

25  p  c 

20  p  c 

25  PC 

l^ockingham  earthenware,  not 

40  p  c 

30  p  c 

55  p  c 

450 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


China, porcelain, crockeryware, 
ornaments  and  toys,  decor- 
ated or  ornamented,  includ- 
ing clock  cases,  with  or  with- 
out movements  

Plain  white,  without  ornament 

All  other  china,  porcelain, 
crockeryware,  etc.,  in  any 
way  decorated  or  ornamented 

If  not  ornamented  or  decorated 

Articles  wholly  or  in  pan  ol 
mineral  substances,  not  dec- 
orated   

If  decorated  

Gas  retorts  

J^ava  tips  

Carbons  for  electric  lighting  . . 

Filter  tubes  

Porous  carbon  pots  for  electric 
batteries,    without  metallic 

connections  

Glass  and  Glassware — 

Plain  green  or  colored,  molded 
or  pressed  flint,  lime  or  lead 
glass  bottles,  vials,  jars,  demi- 
johns, Jcarboys,  filled  or  un- 
filled, holding  more  than  one 
pint  

Holding  not  more  than  one  pint 
and  not  less  than  %.  pint. . . . 

Holding  less  than  %  pint  

None  to  pay  less  than  

Glass  bottles,  or  other  vessels 
of  glass,  in  any  way  orna- 
mented or  decorated,  and 
porcelain  and  opal  glassware 

Unpolished,  cylinder,  crown, 
and  common  window  glass, 
not  exceeding  10  by  15  inches 
square  

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24  by  30  inches  square  

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24  by  36  inches  square  

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24  by  36  inches  square. . . 


U)  p  c 
5.0  p  c 

60  p  c 
.55  p  c 


35  p  c 

45  p  c 
$3  each 
lOcgross 

15  p  c 
90c  per 
^  100 

45  p  c 


20  p  c 


Ic  lb, 

l^c 
50c  gr'ss 
40  p  c 


60  p  c 
l^iclb. 

2/8C 


60p  c 
35  p  c 


40  p  c 
30  p  c 

30  p  c 
40  p  c 
20  p  c 
30  p  c 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 


40c 


40  p  c 


iy,c 


451 


Articles. 


Not  exceeding  30  by  40  inches 
square  

Above  that,  not  exceeding  4( 
by  60  

Above  that  

Cylinder  and  crown  glass,  pol 
ished,  not  exceeding  16x24 
inches  square  

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24x30  inches  

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24x60  inches  

Above  that  

Fluted,  rolled,  or  rough  plate 
glass,  or  the  same  containing 
wire  netting  within  itself,  not 
including  crown,  cylinder,  or 
common  window  glass,  not  ex- 
ceeding 10x15  inches  square 

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
16x24  inches  

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24x30  inches  

All  above  that  

AH  fluted,  rolled,  rough  plate 
glass  weighing  over  100  lbs. 
per  100  square  feet,  shall  pay 

fan  additional  duty  on  the  ex 
cess  at  the  same  herein  im 
posed. 

Cast  polished  plate  glass,  unsil 
vered,  not  exceeding  16x24 
inches  square.  .  

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24x30  inches  square  

Above  tha^.,  and  not  exceedin; 
24x60  lognes  square  

All  ab<?7,€  that  

Cast  polished  plate  glass,  sil- 
vcfTsd,    and    looking  glass 

-  pietes,  exceeding  in  size  144 
square  inches,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding 16x24  inches  square 

Above  that,  and  not  exceeding 
24x30  inches  square. . . 

Above  lhat,  and  not  exceeding 
24x60  inches  square. . . 

All  above  that  


Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

2/8C 

3K8C 

3%c 

3V^c 

4^8C 

3/8C 

4c  s  f 

2>^c 

4c 

6c 

4c 

6c 

15c 

15c 

2ac 

20c 

2C^ 

40c 

He 

Ic 

Die 

2c 

VAc 

2c 

2c 

VAc 

8c 

8c 

5c 

5c 

12c 

8c 

8c 

22>^c 

225^  c 

25c 

35c 

35c 

50c 

11c  sq  ft 

6c 

6c 

13c 

8c 

8c 

25c 

22%c 

25c 

38c 

35c 

dtc 

4.  J  2 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law, 


McKin- 
Icy  Law 


No  looking  glass  framed  to  pay 
less  duty  than  when  un- 
framed,  and  shall  pay  addi- 
tional duty  applicable  tc 
frames. 

Cast  polished  plate  glass,  or 
common  window  glass,  bent, 
obscured,  beveled,  etched, 
or  otherwise  ornamented  or 
decorated  


Spectacles,  eye  -  glasses,  gog- 
gles, and  their  frames,  or 
parts,  valued  at  or  not  over 
40c  per  doz  


Valued  at  over  40c  per  doz  and 
not  over  $1.50  per  doz. ... 


Valued  at  over  $1.50  per  doz  . 

Lenses  of  glass  or  pebble, 
ground  and  polished  to  a 
spherical,  cylindrical,  or 
prismatic  form,  and  ground 
and  polished  piano  orcoquill 
glasses,  wholly  or  partly  man- 
ufactured, with  the  edges  un- 

ground  

with  the  edges  ground  or 
beveled  


Strips  of  glass  not  more  than 
three  inches  wide,  ground  or 
pnolished  on  one  side  or  both 
sides  to  a  cylindrical  or  pris- 
matic form,  and  glass  slides 
for  magic  lanterns  

.  pera  and  field  glasses,  tele- 
scopes, microscopes,  photo- 
graphic and  projecting  lenses, 
other  optical  instruments, 
and  frames  or  mountings  for 
the  same,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  

Stained  or  painted  glass  win- 
dows, mirrors  not  exceeding 
in  5126 144  square  inches,  with 
or  without  frames  or  cases, 


5  p  c 
ad^tional 


20c  doz 
&  15pc 

45c  & 
20  pc 
50  pc 


45  p  c 

10c  & 
45  p  c 


45  p  c 


45  p  c 


10  pc 


40  pc 

40  pc 
40  pc 


35  pc 
35  pc 


25  pc 


40  pc 


10  pc 


60pc 

60pc 
60pc 


60  pc 
60pc 


60pC 


60pC 


453 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


and  all  glass  (except  broken) 
or  manufactures  of  which 
glass  or  paste  is  the  compo- 
nent material  of  chief  value, 
not  specially  provided  for. . . 

Fusible  enamel  

Marble  and  Stone  and  Manu- 
factures of — 

Marble,  in  block,  rough  or 
squared  only  

Onyx,  in  block,  rough  or 
squared  

Marble  or  onyx,  s  a  w  e  d  or 
dressed,  over  two  inches  in 
thickness  

Slabs  or  paving  tiles  of  marble 
or  onyx,  containing  not  less 
than  four  superficial  inches, 
if  not  more  than  one  inch  in 
thickness  

If  more  than  one  inch  and  not 
more  than  1  ^  ins  in  thickness 

If  more  than  1^  inches  and 
not  more  than  two  inches  in 
thickness  

If  rubbed,  in  whole  or  part. . . . 

Mosaic  cubes  of  marble,  onyx, 
or  stone,  not  exceeding  two 
cubic  inches  in  size,  if  loose. 

If  attached  to  paper  or  other 
material  

Manufactures  of  agate,  ala- 
baster, coral,  marble,  rock 
crystal,  etc.,  not  provided 
for,  including  clock  cases,  with 

or  without  movements  

Stone — 

Burr  stones,  manufactured  or 
bound  up  into  millstones  

Freestone,  granite,  sandstone, 
limestone,  and  other  building 
or  monumental  stone,  except 
marble  and  onyx,  unmanu- 
•actured  or  undressed,  not 
specially  provided  for  


45  p  c 
25pc 


65c  c  f 
«1.50c  f 

$L10c  f 

12c  su  f 
I5c 


18c 
8c  addi- 
tional 


Ic  lb 
&  20  p  c 

20c  su  f 
&  35  pc 


50  p  c 
15  pc 


12c  c  f 


35  p  c 
25  p  c 


50c 
50c 

85c 

85c  cf 
85c  c  f 

85c  c  f 

85c  c  f  ! 
85c  c  f  : 


45  p  c 
45  p  c 


7c 


454 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

ley  Law 

Freestone,  granite,  sandstone, 
limestone,  and  other  building 
or  monumental  stone,  except 
marble  and  onyx,  not  special- 
ly proved  for,  hewn,  dressed, 

Grindstones,  finished  or  un- 

50  p  c 
$1.75  ton 

20  pc 

30  pc 
lOpc 

20  pc 

40  pc 
30pc 

Siates,  slate  chimney  pieces, 
mantels,  slabs  for  tables,  roof- 
ing slates,  and  all  other  man- 
ufactures of  slate  notspecially 

Schedule  C  — Metals  and  Manufac- 
tures of. 

Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Iron  ore,  including  mangani- 
ferous  iron  ore,  and  dross 

Basic  slag,  ground  or  unground 
Iron  in  pigs,  iron  Kentledge, 
Spiegeleisen,  ferro  mangan- 
ese, ferro  silicon,  wrought 
and  cast  scrap  iron  and  scrap 

40c  ton 
$1  ton 

6-lOc  lb 
8-lOc 

5-lOc 

40c  ton 
40c 

$4 

6-lOc 
8-lOc 

5-lOc 

75c  ton 
75c 

3-lOclb 

11-lOc 
8-lOtt 

Bar  iron,  square  iron,  rolled  or 
hammered,  comprising  flats, 
not  less  than  1  inch  wide,  nor 
less  than  %  in  thickness, 
round  iron,  not  less  than  7-16 

iRound  iron,  in  coils  or  rods, 
less  than  7-16  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  bars  or  shapes 
of  rolled  or  hammered  iron, 
not  specially  provided  for.. 

t*rovided,  that  all  iron  in  slabs, 
blooms,  loops,  or  other  forms 
less  finished  than  iron  in  bars, 
and  more  advanced  than  pig 
iron,  except  castings,  shall  be 

455 


Articles 


Provided  further,  that  all  iron 
bars,  blooms,  billets  or  sizes 
or  shapes  of  any  kind,  in  the 
manufacture  of  which  char- 
coal is  used  as  a  fuel,  shall  be 
subject  to  a  duty  of  

Beams,  girders,  joists,  angles, 
channels,  car  truck  channels, 
tees,  columns,  and  posts  or 
parts  or  sections  of  columns 
and  posts,  deck  and  bulb 
beams  and  building  forms, 
together  with  all  other  struc- 
tural shapes  of  iron  or  steel, 
whether  plain  or  purK:hed  or 
fitted  for  use  

Boiler  or  other  plate  iron  or 
steel,  except  crucible  plate 
steel  cind  saw  plates,  herein- 
after provided  for,  not  thin- 
ner than  No.  10  wire  gauge, 
sheared  or  unsheared,  and 
skelp  iron  or  steel,  sheared 
or  rolled  in  grooves,  valued 
at  Ic  per  pound  or  less  

Valued  above  Ic  and  not  above 
2c  per  pound  

Valued  above  2c  and  not  above 
4c  per  pound   

Valued  at  over  4c  

Iron  or  steel  anchors  or  parts 
thereof  

Forgings  of  iron  and  steel  of 
whatever  shape  or  stage  of 
manufacture  

Ball  forgings  of  iron  or  steel. . 

Hoop,  band,  or  scroll  iron  or 
steel,  valued  at  3c  per  pound 
or  less,  8  inches  or  less  in 
width,  and  less  than  %  of  1 


than  No.  10  wire  gauge 
Thinner  than  No.  10  wire  gauge 


wire  gauge  . 


Dingfcy 
Law. 

Law. 

McKia- 

$12  ton 

$12 

5-lOc  lb 

6-lOc 

9-ldc 

5-lOc 

5-lOc 

5-lOc 

6-lOc 

6-lOc 

8-lOc 

Ic 
25  p  c 

30  p  c 
25  p  c 

15-lOc 

2c 

l^clb 

23-lOc 

35pc 
45  p  c 

5-lOc 

35  p  c 

45  p  c 

30  p  c 

Ic 

6-lOc 
8-lOc 

30  p  c 
30p  c 

11-lOc 
13-1^ 

456 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law, 


Wilson 
Law. 


band  iron,  splayed  or  punch 
ed,  shall  pay  more  duty  than 
that  imposed  on  the  hoop  or 
band  from  which  they  are 

made  

Steel  bands  or  strips,  untem 
pered,  suitable  for  band  saws 

If  tempered  

Hoop  iron  or  steel,  wholly  or 
partially  manufactured  into 
hoops,  painted  or  not,  with  or 
without  fastenings  for  baling 

Kailway  bars  made  of  iron  or 
steel  and  railway  bars  made 
in  part  of  steel,  T  rails,  and 
punched  iron  or  steel  flat  rails 

Railway  fish  plates  or  splice 
bars,  made  of  iron  or  steel. . . 

Sheets  of  iron  or  steel,  common 
or  black,  of  whatever  dimen- 
sions, and  skelp  iron  or  steel, 
valued  at  3c.  per  lb.  or  less, 
thinner  than  No.  10  and  not 
thinner  than  No.  20  wire 
gauge  ,  

Thinner  than  No.  20  wire  gauge 
and  not  thinner  than  No.  25 
wire  gauge  

Thinner  than  No.  25  wire  gauge 
and  not  thinner  than  No.  32 
wire  gauge  

Thinner  than  No.  32  wire  gauge 

Corrugated  or  crimped  

Steel  sheets  or  plates,  and  hoop 
or  scroll  iron  or  steel,  not  tin 
plates  and  taggers  tin,  gal- 
vanized or  coated  with  metal, 
more  than  if  not  galvanized. 

Sheetsof  iron  or  sheetsteel, pol- 
ished, planished  or  glanced, 
by  whatever  name  designated 

Provided,  that  plates  or  sheets 
of  iron  or  steel,  by  whatever 
name  designated,  other  than 
'he  polished,  planished,  or 
glanced  herein  provided  for. 


MOc 

3c  lb 
&  20pc 
6c  & 
20p  c 


5-lOc  lb 


7-20C 
4- 10c 


7-  lOc 

8-  lOc 


1  1-lOc 
1  2-lOc 
1  1-lOc 


2-lOc 

2c 


457 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKta 
ley  Law 


which  have  been  pickled  or 
cleaned  by  acid  or  by  any 
other  material  or  process,  or 
which  are  cold  rolled, 
smoothed  only,  not  polished, 
shall  pay  more  duty  than  the 
corresponding  gauges  of  com 
mon  or  black  sheet  iron  or 
steel  

Sheets  or  plates  of  ir^n  or 
steel  or  taggers  iron  or  steel, 
coated  with  tin  or  lead, 
with  a  mixture  of  which  these 
metals  or  either  of  them  is 
a  component  part,  by  the  dip- 
ping or  any  other  process, 
and  commercially  known  as 
tin  plates,  terne  plates,  and 
taggers  tin  

Steel  ingots,  cogged  ingots, 
blooms,  and  slabs,  by  what- 
ever process  made ;  die  blocks 
or  blanks;  billets,  and  bars, 
and  tapers  or  beveled  bars, 
mill  shafting ;  pressed,  shear- 
ed, or  stamped  shapes;  saw 
plates  wholly  or  partially 
manufactured  ;  hammer 
molds  or  swaged  steel;  gun 
barrel  molds  not  in  bars 
alloys  used  as  substitutes  for 
steel  in  the  manufacture  of 
tools;  all  descriptions  and 
shapes  of  dry  sand,  loam,  or 
iron  molded  steel  castings; 
sheets  and  plates,  and  steel  in 
aH  forms  and  shapes  not 
specially  provided  for;  all 
of  the  above  valued  at  Ic  per 
pound  or  less  

Valued  above  Ic  and  not  above 
14-lOc  per  lb  

Valued  above  1  4-lOc  and  nor 
above  !  8-lOc  lb  

Valued  above  1  8-lOc  and  not 
above  2  2-lOc  lb  

Valued  above  2  2-lOc  and  not 
above  3c  lb  


2-lOc 


He 


1  l-5c 


2  2-l«c 


3-  10c 

4-  lOc 

6-  lOc 

7-  lOc 
9-lOc 


3-  lOc 

4-  lOc 

6-  lOc 

7-  lOc 
9-lbc 


4-IOc 
4-16C 
8-iac 

1  2-l«c 


458 


Articles. 


Dinglcy 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Valued  above  3c  and  not  above 

4c  lb  

Valued  above  4c  and  not  above 

7c  lb  

Valued  above  7c  and  not  above 

10c  I)  

Valued  above    10c   and  not 

above  13c  lb  

Valued  above    13c   and  not 

above  16c  lb  

Valued  above  16c  per  lb  

Wire- 
Wire,  rods,  rivet,  screw,  fence, 
and  other  iron  or  steel  wire 
rods,  whether  round,  oval, 
flat,  or  square,  or  in  any  oth- 
er shape,  and  nail  rods  in 
coils  or  otherwise,  valued  at 
4c  or  less  per  lb  

Valued  over  4c  

If  tempered,  treated,  or  par 
tially  manufactured,  an  addi 
tional  duty  of  

Round  iron  or  steel  wire,  not 
smaller  than  No.  13  wire 
gauge  

Smaller  than  No.  13,  and  not 
smaller  than  No.  16  

Smaller  than  No.  16  

Valued  at  more  than  4c  lb. . 

iron,  or  steel,  or  other  wire  not 
provided  for,  including  such 
as  is  known  as  hat,  lK)nnet, 
crinoline,  corset,  needle, 
piano,  clock,  and  watch  wire, 
flat  or  otherwise ;  and  corset 
clasps,  steels  and  dress  steels 
and  sheet  steel  in  strips  .0025 
of  an  inch  thick  or  thinner, 
whether  uncovered  or  cov- 
ered with  cotton,  silk,  metal, 
or  other  material,  valued  at 
more  than  40c  lb  

Provided,  that  articles  manu- 
factured from  iron,  steel, 
brass,  or  copper  wire  shall 


12-lOc 

1  3-lOc 

2c 

2  4- 10c 

2  8-lOc 
4  7- 10c 


4-lOc 


IVaC 

2c 
40p  c 


45  p  c 


12-lOc 
1  3-lOc 

1  O-lOc 

2  4-lOc 

2  8-lOc 
4  7-lOc 


1  6-lOc 

2c 

2  8-lOc 

3Kc 

4  2-lOc 
7c 


4-lOc 


6-lOc 
6-lOc 


2c 


40  pc 


459 


Articles. 


Drnglcy 

Law, 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin. 
ley  Law 


pay  the  rate  of  duty  which 
would  be  imposed  on  the  wire 
used,  and  in  addition  

And  on  iron  or  steel  wire  coat- 
ed with  zinc,  tin,  or  other 
metal,  in  addition  to  duty  on 
the  wire  

All  metal  produced  from  iron 
or  its  ores,  which  is  cast  and 
malleable,  shall  be  classed  as 
steel. 

No  article  wholly  or  partly  of 
tin  plate  shall  pay  less  duty 
than  tinplate. 

All  iron  or  steel,  cold  rolled, 
drawn,  or  hammered  or  pol 
ished,  in  addition  

On  strips,  plates,  or  sheets  of 
iron  or  steel,  other  than  pol- 
ished or  planished,  treated  in 
like  manner,  in  addition   . . . 

On  steel  circular  saw  plates,  in 
addition  to  rates  for  steel  saw 
plates   

Manufacture  of  Iron  and 
Steel- 
Anvils  of  iron  or  steel,  or  of 
iron  and  steel  combined,  by 
whatever  process  made,  or  in 
whatever  stage  of  manufac- 
ture   

Axles  or  parts  thereof,  axle 
bars,  axle  blanks  or  forgings 
for  axles,  whether  of  iron  or 
steel,  without  reference 
the  stage  or  state  (A  xrianu- 
facture,  valued  at  not  more 

than  6c  lb  

Blacksmiths'  hammers  and 
sledges,  track  tools,  wedges^ 
and   crowbars,  whether  of 

iron  or  steel  

Bolts,  with  or  without  threads 
or  nuts,  or  bolt  blanks  and 
6ntshed  hinges  or  hinge 
blanks,  whether  of  iron  or 
•tee.  


2-lOc 


He 


'Ac 
Ic 


l%c  lb 


Ic  lb 


l>tfc 


2Xc 


460 


'Card  clothing  manufactured 
from  tempered  stieel  wire. . .' . 

All  other  

Cast  ir©n  pipe  of  every  descrip- 
tion   

Cast  iron  ves^pls,  plates,  stove 
plates,  andirons,  sadirons, 
tailors'  irons,  hatters*  irons 
and  castings  of  iron  not  spe 
cially  provided  for  

Castings  of  malleable  iron  not 
specially  provided  for  

Cast  hollow  ware,  coated, 
glazed  or  tinned  

Chain  or  chains  of  all  kinds, 
made  of  iron  or  steel,  not  less 
than  ^  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter   

Xess  than  ^  of  an  inch  and  not 
less  than  }i  inch  in  diameter. 

Xess  than  ^  inch'  and  not  less 
than  5-16.  

Xess  than  5-16  

Provided,  no  chain  or  chains  of 
any  description  shall  pay  a 
lower  rate  of  duty  than  

Xap  welded,  butt  welded 
seamed  or  jointed,  iron  or 
steel  boiler  tubes,  pipes,  flues 
or  stays,  not  thinner  than  No. 
16  wire  gauge  

Welded  cylindrical  furnaces, 
made  from  plate  metal  

All  other  iron  or  steel  tubes, 
finished  or  unfinished,  not 
provided  for.  


Cutlery- 
Penknives,  pocket  knives, 
claspknives,  pruning  knives, 
and  budding  knives  of  all 
kinds,  erasers  or  parts  there- 
of, wholly  or  partly  manufac- 
tured, valued  at  not  more  than 

40c  per  doz  

Valued  at  more  than  40c  and 
OQt  exceediog  50c  per  doz.  . . 


45c  sf 
20c  s  f 

4-lOc  lb 

8-  lOc 

9-  lOc 

2c 

mc 
mc 

3c 
45  p  c 

2c 
2Hc 


40p  c 

Iceach 
&  40  p  c 


40c 
40c 

6-lOc 

8-  lOc. 

9-  lOc 

2c 

30  p  c 

30p  c 

30p  c 
30p  c 

30p  c 


25p  c 
25  p  c 


25  p  c 
25pc, 


461 


Articles. 


Dinglcy 
Law, 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Valued  at  more  than  50c  and 
not  exceeding  $1.25  per  doz 

Valued  at  more  than  $1.25  and 
not  exceeding  $3  per  doz. . . . 

Valued  at  more  than  $3  per  doz, 

Razors  and  razor  blades,  fin- 
ished or  unfinished,  valued 
at  less  than  $1  50  per  doz  

At  $1.50  per  doz  and  less  than 
$3  per  doz  

Valued  at  $3  per  doz  or  more. . 

Scissors  and  shears,  and  blades 
of  the  same,  finished  or  un- 
finiMied,  valued  at  not  more 
than  50c  doz.  

Valued  at  more  than  50c  and 
not  more  than  $1.75  per  doz  . 

Valued  at  more  than  $1.75  per 
doz  

Swords,  sword  blades,  and  side 
arms  

Table,  butchers'^  carving, 
cooks',  huntmg,  kitchen, 
bread,  butter,  vegetable, 
fruit,  cheese,  plumbers', 
painters',  palette,  artists',  and 
shoe  knives,  forks  and  steels, 
finished  or  unfinished,  with 
handles  of  mother-of-pearl, 
shell  or  ivory   

With  handles  of  deer  horn. . . . 

With  handles  of  hard  rubber, 
solid  horn,  celluloid,  or  any 
pyroxyline  material. . . 

With  handles  of  other  material 


5c 
&  40  p  c 

10c 
&  40p  c 

20c 
&  40p  c 


50c  doz 
&  15p  c 

$1 

&  15pc 
fl.75cloz 
&  20p  c 


15c 
&  15  p  c 

50c 
&  15pc 

75c 
&  25p  c 

35p  c 


16c  each 
&  15p  c 

12c 
&  15pc 


5c 
&  15  p  c 

l^c 
&  15  p  c 


25  pc 

7^c  doz 
$1.50doz 

40  p  c 

40  p  c 
40  p  c 

40  p  c 
45  p  c 
35  p  c 
35  p  c 


35  p  c 


$2  doe 

$2  doz 

&50pc 


$1  do« 
&  30pc 

$1  doz 
30p  c 
$1.75doie 
&30pc 


45  p  c 
45  p  c 
35  p  c 
35p  c 


$1  doz 
&  35pc 


462 


Articles. 


Files,  file  blanks,  rasps,  and 
floats  of  all  cuts  and  kinds, 
2)i  ins.  in  length  and  under 

Over  2}i  inches  and  under  4% 
inches  in  length  

Over  4^  and  under  7  inches  . . 

Seven  ins.  in  length  and  over. . 
Firearms — 

Muskets,  muzzle  loading  shot- 
guns, rifles  and  parts  thereof. 

Double  barreled,  sporting 
breech  loading  shotguns, 
combination  shotguns  and 
rifles  valued  at  not  more  than 
$5  

Valued  at  more  than  $5  and 
not  more  than  $10  

Valued  at  more  than  #10  

Double  barrels  for  sporting 
breech  loading  shotguns  and 
,  rifles,  further  advanced  in 
manufacture  than  rough 
bored  only  

Stocks  for  double  barreled 
sporting  breech  loading  shot- 
guns and  rifles,  wholly  or  par- 
tially manufactured  

On  all  other  parts  of  such  guns 
or  rifles,  and  fittings  for  such 
stocks  or  barrels,  finished  or 
unfinished.  

Provided,  that  all  double  bar- 
reled sporting  breech-loading 
shotguns  and  rifles  imported 
without  a  lock  or  locks  or 
other  fittings  shall  be  subject 
to  a  duty  of  

Single  barrel  breech  loading 
shotguns,  or  parts  thereof,  ex- 
cepting as  otherwise  specially 
provided  for.  


Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

30c  do2 

•35c 

85c 

50c  doz 

60c 

60c 

75c 

60c 

60c 

$1 

$2 

25  p  c 

25  pc 

25  p  c 

$1.50  & 

30  p  c 

$1.50& 

15  p  c 

35  p  c 

14  & 

30  p  c 

13  & 

15  p  c 

35pc 

30  p  c 

$6& 

35  p  c 

35pc 

$S  each 

30  p  c 

$3& 

35  p  c 

35pc 

30pc 

$3& 

35  pc 

50  pc 

30  pc 

35  pc 

$6& 

30pc 

I6& 

35  pc 

35pc 

ii  & 

SOpc 

11  & 

35  pc 

35pc 

463 


Articles. 


Revolving  pistols  or  parts 
thereof  


Sheets  and  plates,  ware  or  ar- 
ticles of  iron,  steel,  or  other 
metal,  enameled  or  glazed 
with  vitreous  glasses  

Nails,  Spikes,  Tacks  and 
Needles — 

Cut  nails  and  cut  spikes  of  iron 
or  steel  

Horseshoe  nails,  hob-nails,  and 
all  other  wrought  iron  or  steel 
nails  not  specially  provided 
for  

Wire  nails  made  of  wrought 
iron  or  steel  not  less  than  1 
inch  in  length  and  not  lighter 
than  No.  16  wire  gauge  . . 

Shorter  than  1  inch  and  lighter 
than  No,  16  wire  gauge  . . 

Spikes,  nuts  and  washers,  and 
horse,  mule  or  ox  shoes,  of 
wrought  iron  or  steel  

Cut  tacks,  brads,  or  sprigs,  not 
exceeding  16  ounces  to  the 
1.000  

Exceeding  16  ounces  to  the 
1.000  

Needles  for  knitting  or  sewing 
machines,  including  latch 
needles  


Crochet  needles  and  tape  nee 
dies,  knitting  and  all  other 
needlesnotspecially  provided 
for,  and  bodkins  of  metal. . . . 

Steel  engraved,  stereotype 
plates,  electrotype  plates, 
and  plates  of  other  materials, 
engraved  or  lithographed,  for 
printing  

Rivets  of  iron  or  steel  

Saws — 

Crosscut  saws,  per  linear  foot.. 
Mill  saws,  per  linear  foot  


40  pc 


6- 10c  lb 


214c 


ma 


25  p  c 


25  p ' 


25  pc 
2c  lb 

6c 
10c 


Wilson 
Law. 


SOpc 

35  p  c 

22 lisp  c 

30pc 

25  pc 
25pc 

25  pc 

25  pc 
25  pc 


35  pc 
25  pc 

6c 
10c 


464 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Pit  and  drag  saws,  per  linear 
foot  

8c 

25  pc 

10c  lb 
&20pc 

30  pc 

4c  lb 

6c 

B^uc 
12c 

50pc 

l^lb 
154c  lb 

8c 
25  pc 

10c  to 
16c 
30pc 

Steel  band  saws,  finished  or 

Hand,  buck,  and  all  other  saws 
not  specially  provided  for. . . 

Screws,  commonly  called  wood 
screws,  made  of  iron  or  steel, 
more  than  2  inches  in  length 

Over  1  inch  and  not  more  than 

Over  ^2  inch  and  not  more  than 

25  p  c 

3c 

5c 

7c 
10c 

50pc 

40pc 

5c 

7c 

10c 
14c 

45pc 

l%c  to 
2i«c 

l^cto 
2Xc 

One-half  inch  and  less  in  length 
Umbrella  and  parasol  ribs  and 
stretchers,  composed  in  chief 
value  of  iron,  steel,  or  other 

Wheels  or  parts  thereof,  made 
of  iron  or  steel,  and  steel 
tired  wheels  for  railway  pur- 
poses, whether  wholly  or 
partly  finished,  and  iron  or 
steel  locomotive,  car,  or  other 
railway  tires  or  parts  thereof, 
wholly  or  partly  manufac- 

Ingots—Cogged  ingots,  blooms, 
or  blanks  for  the  same,  with- 
out regard  to  the  degree  of 

Provided,  that  when  wheels  or  parts  thereof  of  iron  or 
Steel  are  imported,  with  iron  or  steel  axles  fitted  in  them, 
the  wheels  and  axles  together  shall  be  dutiable  at  the  same 
rate  as  is^rovided  for  the  wheels  when  imported  separately. 


Miscellaneous  Metals  and 
Manufactures  of — 

Aluminum  and  alloys  of  any 
kind  in  which  aluminum  is 
the  component  material  of 
chief  value  in  crude  form .... 

Plates,  sheets,  bars,  and  rods. . 

Antimony  as  regulus  or  metal. . 


8c  lb 

10c 

13c 

10c 

He 

Free 

465 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Argentine,  Albata,  or  German 
silver,  unmanufactured  

Bronze  powder  

Bronze  or  Dutch  metal  of  alumi- 
num in  leaf  

Copper  in  rolled  plates,  sheets, 
rods,  pipes,  and  copper  bot- 
toms  

Sheathing  or  yellow  metal,  of 
which  copper  is  the  compo- 
nent material  of  chief  value, 
and  not  composed  wholly  or 
in  part  of  iron  ungalvanized 
Gold  and  Silver — 

Gold  leaf,  500  leaves  

Silver  leaf,  500  leaves..,  

Tinsel  wire,  lame  or  lahn,  made 
wholly  or  in  chief  value  of 
gold,  silver  or  other  metal. . . 

Bullions  and  metal  thread,with 
chief  value  in  tinsel  wire, 
lame  or  lahn  

Laces,  embroideries,  braids, 
trimmings  or  other  articles 
with  chief  value  in  tinsel 
wire,  lame  or  lahn,  bullions 
or  metal  threads  

Hooks  and  eyes,  metallic, 
whether  loc  e,  carded  or 
otherwise  

Lead — 

Lead-bearing  ore  o^  all  kinds, 
on  the  lead  contained  therein 

Lead  dross,  lead  bullion  or  base 
bullion,  lead  in  pigs  and  bars 
and  old  refuse ;  lead  run  into 
blocks  and  bars,and  old  scrap 
lead  fit  only  to  be  remanu- 
factured  

Lead  in  sheets,  pipe,  shot, 
glaziers*  lead  and  lead  wire.. 

Meta'lic  mineral  substances  in 
crude  state,  and  metals  un- 
wrought,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  

Monazite  sand  and  thorite  • 


25  p  c 
12c  lb 

6c  100 
leaves 


2c 


ri.75 

75c 


5c  lb 


5c  and 
35  p  c 


I  p  c 


5^^c  lb 
i:  15  p  c 


l^c  lb 


2/8C 

2%c 


20  p  c 
6c  lb 


15  p  c 
40  p  c 

40  p  c 
20  p  c 

20  p  c 

30  p  c 
30  p  c 

25  p  c 

Free 

Free 
35  p  c 


Ic 

li^c 


466 


Articles. 


Dingley 

Law, 


Wilson 
Law. 


Mica  unmanufactured.. 


Cut  or  trimmed. 


Nickel  oxide,  alloy,  in  which 
Dickel  is  of  chief  value,  in 
pigs,  ingots,  bars  or  sheets. . . 

Pens,  metallic,  except  gold  pens 

Penholder  tips,  penholders  and 
parts,  and  gold  pens  

Pins  with  solid  heads,  without 
ornamentation,  including 
hair,  safety,  hat  and  shawl 
pins,  wholly  of  brass,  copper, 
iron,  steel  or  other  base  metal 
not  plated,  and  not  commonly 
known  as  jewelry  

Quicksilver  

Type  metal,  for  the  lead  con- 
tained therein  

New  types  

Watch  movements  having  not 
more  than  7  jewels  


If  having  more  than  7  jewels 
and  not  more  than  11  jewels 

If  having  more  than  11  jewels 
and  not  more  than  15  jewels 

If  having  more  than  15  jewels 
and  not  more  than  17  jewels 

If  having  more  than  17  jewels 

Watch  cases  and  parts  of  watch 
cs.includingwatch  dials,chro- 
nometers,  box  or  ship,  and 
parts  thereof,  clocks  and 
parts  thereof,  not  otherwise 
provided  tor,  whether  separ- 
ately packed  or  otherwise, 
not  wholly  or  in  chief  value 
al  china,  porcelain  or  earth- 
enware   

All  jewels  for  watches  or  clocks 

2inc  in  blocks  or  pigs  

In  sheet  


6c  lb 
&20  p  c 
12c  & 
20p  c 

6c 

12c  grs 
25  PC 


35  p  c 
7c  lb 

25  p  c 

35c  each 
&  25pc 

50c  & 
25  p  c 

75c 
25  p  c 

$1.25  & 
25p  c 

$3.00  & 
25  pc 


40  p  c 
10  p  c 
l^clb 


20  p  c     35  p  c 


20  p  c 


25p  c 


25  p  c 

7c 

15  p  c 


25  p  c 
25  p  c 
Ic 


467 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKia 
ley  Law 

Old  and  worn  out,  fit  only  to  be 

Ic 

45  p  c 

He 

35  p  c 

l%c 
45  p  c 

Articles  or  wares  not  specially 
provided  for,  composed  whol- 
ly or  in  part  of  iron,  steel, 
lead,  copper,  nickel,  pewter, 
zinc,  gold,  silver,  platinum, 
aluminum,  or  other  metal, 
and  whether  partly  or  wholly 

SchediUe  D— Wood  and  Mcuiuf  aotures  of. 

Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

1*imher,  hewn,  sided  or  squared 
(not  less  than  8  inches  square) 
and  round  timber  used  for 
spars  or  in  building  wharves. 

Sawed  boards,  planlcs,  deals 
and  other  lumber,  of  white- 
wood,  sycamore  and  bass- 

Ic  c  f 

$1  M 

$2 

50c 

$1 

$1.50 

20p  c 
20  p  c 

3-lOc 

Free 

Free 
Free 

Free 

Free 

Free 

Free 
Free 

Free 

10  p 

11 

12 

60c 

$1 

$1.50 

20p  c 
Free 

Free 

Sawed  lumber,  not  provided 

When  lumber  of  any  sort  is 
planed  or  finished,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  rates  herein  pro- 
vided there  shall  b,e  paid  for 
each  side  so  planed  or  fin- 
ished, per  thousand  feet. 

If  planed  on  one  side,  and 
tongued  and  grooved,  per 

If  planed  on  two  sides,  and 
tongued  and  grooved,  per 

Paving  posts,  railroad  ties,  tele- 
phone, trolley,  electric  light, 
and  telegraph  poles  of  cedar. 

Kindling  wood  in  bundles,  not 
exceeding  one-quarter  of  a 
cubic  foot  each,  per  bundle; . 

468 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Larger  bundles,  for  each  addi 
tional  quarter  of  a  cubic  foot 
or  fraction  thereof  

Sawed  boards,  planks,  deals, 
etc.,  not  further  manufac- 
tured than  sawed  

Veneers  of  wood,  unmanufac- 
tured, not  specially  provided 
for  

Clapboards,  per  M  

Hubs  for  wheels,  posts,  last 
blocks,  wagon  blocks,  head 
ing  bolts,  stave  bolts,  oar 
blocks,  heading  blocks,  and 
all  like  blocks  or  sticks,  rough 
hewn,  sawed  or  bored .... 

Fence  posts  

Lath,  per  M  

Pickets  and  palings  and  staves 
of  wood  of  ail  kinds  

Shingles,  per  M  

Casks  and  barrels  and  hogs- 
heads (empty),  sugar  box 
shocks,  packing  boxes  and 
packing  box  shocks  of  wood, 
not  specially  provided  for. . . 

Boxes,  barrels,  or  other  articles 
containing  oranges,  lemons, 
fruit,  etc  

Chair  cane  or  reeds,  wroughf 
or  manufactured  fromrattans 
or  reeds  

Osier  or  willow,  prepared  for 
basket  makers'  use  

Manufactures  of  osier  or  willow 

Toothpicks  or  vegetable  sub- 
stances, per  thousand  

Butchers'  and  packers*  skewers 

House  or  cabinet  furniture, 
manufactured  or  partially 
manufactured,  and  manufac- 
tures of  wood,  or  of  which 
wood  is  the  material  of  chief 
value,  not  specially  provided 
for  


3-lOc 
15  p  c 


ZUp  c 
$1.50 


20  p  c 
10  p  c 
25c 

10  p  c 


30  p  c 


)  p  c 


10  pc 

20p  c 
40  p  c 

15  pc 
40c  M 


Free 
Free 


Free 
Free 


Free 
Free 
Free 

Free 
Free 


20  p  c 


10  p  c 

20  p  c 
25  p  c 

35  p  c 


35pc     25pc  35pc 


469 


Schedule  E— Sugrar,  Molasses,  and  Manu- 
factures of. 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Sugar,  not  above  No.  16  Dutch 
standard  in  color,  tank  bot- 
toms, syrups  of  cane  juice, 
melada    concrete  and  con- 
centrated  molasses,  testing 
by  the  polariscope  not  above 

For  each  additional  degree  and 
fraction  of  degree  in  propor- 

95-lOOc 
lb 

35-lOOOc 

195-lOOc 

3c  gal 
6c  gal 

4c  lb 
l^clb 

20  p  c 
$1.50  & 

10  p  c 

4c  & 
15  p  c 
50  p  c 

40  p  c 

Free 

Sugar  above  No.   16  Dutch 
standard  in  color,  and  on  all 
sugar    which    has  gone 
through  a  process  of  refining 

Molasses  testing  above  40  de- 
grees and  not  above  56  de- 

%c  and 
40  p  c 

5-lOc 

Testing  56  degrees  and  above. . 

Sugar  drainings  and  sweepings 
shall  pay  duty  according  to 
polariscopic  test. 

Maple  sugar  and  maple  syrup . 

Sugar  candy  and  all  confec- 
tionery valued  at  15c  per  lb 
or  less,  and  on  sugar  after 
being  refined  when  tinctured, 

Valued  at  more  than  15c  lb  

40  p  c 
15  p  c 
10  pc 
25  p  c 

35  p  c 
35  p  c 

40  p  c 
He  lb 
10  p  c 
50  pc 

5c 
50  p  c 

470 


Schedule  F— Tobacco  and  Manufactures  ofl 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Wrapper  tobacco  and  filler  to- 
bacco, when  mixed  or  packed 
with  more  than  15  per  cent 
of  wrapper  tobacco,  and  a  " 
leaf  tobacco  the  product  of 
two  or  more  countries,  when 
mixed  or  packed  together,  if 
unstemmed  

If  stemmed  

Filler  tobacco  not  provided  for, 
if  unstemmed  

If  stemmed  

All  other  tobacco,  manufac- 
tured or  unmanufactured,  not 
provided  for  

Snuff  and  snuff  flour,  manufac- 
tured of  tobacco,  of  pU  de- 
scriptions  

Cigars,  cigarettes,  and  che- 
roots, including  paper  cigars 
and  cigarettes  


«1.85  lb 
$2.50 

35c 
50c 


55c 


55c 


$4.50  lb 

&25pc 


35c 
50c 


35c 
50c 


40c 


50c 


$4 

&25pc 


$2 
$2.75 

35c 
50c 


40c 


50c 


$4.50 

&25pc 


Schedule  G— Agrricultural  Products  and 
Provisions. 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Animals,  Live — 

Cattle,  if  less  than  1  year  old 

All  other  cattle,  if  valued  at  not 
more  than  $14  a  head  

Valued  at  more  than  $14  

Swine  

Horses  and  mules  valued  at 
$150  or  less  per  head  

Valued  at  over  $150  

Sheep  1  year  old  or  over  

hess  than  1  year  old  

Other  live  animals  not  provid- 
ed for   

Breadstuffs  and  Farinaceous 
Substances — 

Barley  


$2  head 

$3.75 
275^  pc 
$1.50 

$30  head 
25  p  c 
$1.50 
75c 

20  p  c 


20  p  c 


$2 


20  p  c 

20  p  c 
20  p  c 
20  p  c 
20  p  c 

20  p  c 


30c  bu     40  p  c 


$1.50 

$30 
30  pc 
$1.50 
75c 

20  pc 


30c 


471 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin^ 
ley  Law 

T>      1  1*. 

^C 

An 

4U  p  C 

AKt^ 

Csrley,  peErled^  patent  or 

^C  ID 

An 

40  p  C 

4C 

15c  bu 

lO  p  C 

IOC 

Corn  

15c 

LO  p  C 

lOv 

20c 

15  p  c 

20c 

Twr            •  "       •  *  *  1  r       A    •  • 
JVlEcaroniy  verniiceiii,  a.nci  simi- 

1%C  ID 

on 

/iV  P  C 

46C 

Ic  lb 

15  p  c 

IC 

Ic  lb 

15  p  c 

nuns,  per  luu  ids. .'>.^.  

lUC 

20  p  c 

on  n 
<iO  p  C 

2c  lb 

1  i/o 

2c 

XJnclea.ned,  or         from  outer 

hullf  wit^  fiisner  cuticle  on.  • . 

*/*c 

O-lUC 

IJ^C 

Rice  flc^ijsr,  mesil,  sincl  rice  bro- 

lce>(  ^wliich  will  pciss  through 

j|^  sieve  known  £is  !No.  12  wire 

1/ _ 

Ic 

Paddy, or  rice  with  outer  hull  on 

Sat 
^C 

%c 

*sic 

lu  P  C 

10c 

IgQ  lb 

10  p  C 

■*2C 

"Wheat 

15  p  c 

(40C 

25  p  c 

25  p  c 

25  pc 

Dairy  Products- 

Butter  and  substitutes  therefor 

6c  lb 

4C 

OC 

Cheese  and  substitutes  therefor 

DC 

Af- 
4C 

DC 

2c  gal 

Free 

5c 

IVIilk,  preserved  or  condensed, 

tic  ID 

2c 

3c 

oc 

DC 

DC 

Farm  and  Field  Products — 

45c  bu 

on 

<6U  p  C 

Beans,  peas  and  mushrooms, 
preserved  in  tms^  jars  or  sini" 

2-^c  lb 

^11   vegetables,   prepared  or 

preserved,  including  pickles 

anQ  sauces  oi  all  Rinos,  not 

provided  for,  and  fish  paste 

40  p  c 

30  p  c 

40  p  c 

3c  ea 

Free 

Free 

Cider 

5^  gal 

Free 

oc 

£ggs,  not  provided  for  

Lc  doz 

3c 

5c 

25  pc 

Free 

25  pc 

3c  lb 

Free 

l^sc 
$4  ton 
20c  gal 

Free 
$2 
10c 

$4 

20c 

472 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Hops  

Hop  extract  

Onions  

Garlic  

Peas,  green,  in  bulk,  barrels, 
sacks,  or  similar  packages . . . 

peas,  dried  

Pead,  split  

]?eat,  in  cartons,  papers,  etc. . . 

Orc&ids,  palms,  drecoenas,  cro- 
tBUs  and  azaleas  

Tulips,  hyacinths,  narcissi,  jon- 
quils, lilies,  and  all  other 
bulbs,  bulbous  roots,  culti- 
vated for  their  flowers  

Natural  flowers  of  all  kinds 
suitable  for  decorative  pur- 
poses   

Stocks,  cuttings,  or  seedlings 
of  Myrabolan  plum,  Mahaleb 
cherry,  3  years  old  or  less, 
per  1,000  

Stocks  of  pear,  apple,  quince, 
and  St.  Julien  plum,  3  years 
old  or  less,  and  evergreen 
seedlings,  per  1,000  

Rose  plants,  budded,  grafted, 
or  grown  on  their  own  roots. 

Stocks,  cuttings,  and  seedlings 
of  all  fruit  and  ornamental 
trees,  deciduous  and  ever- 
green shrubs  and  vines,  and 
all  trees,  shrubs,  plants  and 
vines  known  as  nursery  stock, 
not  provided  for  

Potatoes  

Castor  beans  or  seeds  

Flaxseed  or  linseed  and  other 
oil  seeds  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  

Poppy  seed  

Seeds  of  all  kinds  not  specially 
provided  for  

Straw  

Teazles  


12c  lb 
50  pc 
40c  bu 
Iclb 

40c  bu 
30c  bu 
40c  bu 
Iclb 

25  pc 


25  pc 
25  pc 


50c  & 
15  p  c 


$1& 
15  pc 

2^c  ea 


25  pc 
25c  bu 
25c 


25c 
15c  bu 

30  pc 
i^l.50ton 
30  p  c 


473 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Vegetables  in  natural  state  not 

specially  provided  for  

Fish- 
Anchovies,  sardines,  sprats, 
brislings,  or  sardels,  packed 
in  oil  or  otherwise,  in  bottles, 
jars,  tin  boxes,  or  cans,  con- 
taining '7%  cubic  inches  or 
less,  per  bottle,  jar,  or  can. . 

Containing  more  than  7^  and 
not  more  than  21  cubic  in. . . 

Containing  more  than  21  and 
not  more  than  33  cubic  in. . . 

Containing  more  than  33  and 
not  more  than  70  cubic  in . . . 

If  in  other  packages  .... .   

All  other  fish  in  tin  packageSj 
except  shellfish  

Fish  in  packages  containing  less 
than  %  bbl.  not  provided  for 

Fresh  water  fish  not  specially 
provided  for  

Herring,  pickled  or  salted  

Herring,  fresh.  

Fish,  fresh,  smoked,  dried, 
salted,  pickled,  frozen,  pack- 
ed in  ice  or  otherwise  for  pres- 
ervation, not  provided  for. . . 

Fish,  skinned  or  boned  

Mackerel,  halibut  or  salmon, 

fresh,  pickled,  or  salted  

Fruits  and  Nuts — 

Apples,  peaches,  quinces,  cher- 
ries, plums,  and  pears,  green 
or  ripe  

Apples,  peaches,  pears,  and 
other. edible  fruits,  including 
berries  when  dried  or  pre- 
pared in  any  manner,  not 
provided  for  

Berries,  edible,  in  their  natural 
condition  

Cranberries  

Comfits,  sweetmeats,  and  fruits 
preserved  in  sugar,  molasses, 
spirits,  or  in  their  own  juices, 
QOt  provided  for  


25  p  c 


iKc 

5c 

10c 
40  p  c 

30  p  c 

30  p  c 

x/c  lb 
^clb 
5<c 


%c  lb 
IMc 


25c  bu 


2c  lb 

Ic  qt 

25  p  c 


Ic  lb  & 
35  p  c 


10  p  c 


40  p  c 
20  p  c 
20  p  c 
Free 


20  p  c 


Free 


30  p  c 


Articles. 

Di  1 
ing^ey 

Wil 

McKHk 

■ 

• 

ley  Law 

If  containing  over  10  p.  c.  alco- 

35  p  c 

36  p  c 

30  p  c 

On  alcohol  contained  over  10 

$2.50 

Spirit 

Spirit 

per  gal 

duty 

duty 

Jellies  of  all  kinds  

35  p  c 

30  p  c 

35  p  c 

Pineapples  in  their  own  juice. . 

25  p  c 

20  p  c 

25  pc 

Figs,  plums,  prunes  and  prunel- 

2c  lb 

VAc 

2Hc 

Raisins  and  other  dried  grapes 

2Mc 

VAc 

2Kc 

>6c 

30  p  c 

2c 

Free 

Olives,  in  bottles,  jars,  etc  

25c  gal 

20  p  c 

Free 

In  casks,  or  other  than  in  bot- 

15c 

20  p  c 

Free 

Grapes,  in  barrels,  or  other 

20c  cf 

20  p  c 

60c  bri 

Oranges,  lemons,  limes,  grape 

fruit,  shaddocks,  or  pomelos 

Ic  lb 

8c  c  f 

13c  pkg 

Orange  peel  or  lemon  peel, 

of  Ijic 

preserved,  candied  or  dried. 

and  cocoanut  meat,  desiccat- 

2c  lb 

30  p  c 

2c 

Citron  or  citron  peel,  preserved. 

4c 

20  p  c 

20  pc 

Pineapples,  in  barrels  or  other 

7c  cf 

20  p  c 

Free 

$7 

20  p  c 

Free 

4c  lb 

3c 

5c 

6c 

5c 

7J^c 

Filberts  and  walnuts  of  all 

3c 

2c 

3c 

5c 

4c 

6c 

20  p  c 

Ic 

Ic 

20  p  c 

VAc 

Nuts  of  all  kinds,  shelled  or 

unshelled,  not  provided  for. 

Ic 

20  p  c 

l%c 

Meat  Products — 

5c  lb 

20  p  c 

5c 

Fresh  beef,  veal,  mutton,  and 

2c 

20  p  c 

25  p  c 

Meats  of  all  kinds,  prepared  or 

preserved,  not  provided  for. . 

25  pc 

20  p  c 

25  p  c 

Extract  of  meat,  not  provided 

35c 

20  p  c 

25  p  c 

1.5c 

20  p  c 

25  pc 

2c 

20  p  c 

25p  c 

3c 

2c 

3c 

5c 

3c 

5c 

475 


Articles. 

Dingley 

r>  - 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Free 

Ic 

Free 

Miscellaneous  Products- 

Ic  lb 

Free 

Free 

Burnt,  ground,  or  unground,  in 

rolls  or  otherwise,  not  pro- 

vided for ••••••  •••••• .  • 

2J^c 

2c 

2c 

Chocolate  and  cocoa,  prepared. 

not  provided  for,  valued  at 

2c 

2c 

Valued  over  15c,  not  above  24c 

lb  

2%c  & 

2c 

2c 

10  p  c 

Valued  above  24c  and  not  above 

35c  lb  

5c  & 

2c 

2c 

10  p  c 

Valued  above  35c  lb.  

50  p  c 

35  p  c 

2c 

Powdered  cocoa,  unsweetened. 

5c  lb 

2c 

2c 

Cocoa  butter  or  cocoa  butterine 

3^c 

3>^c 

Dandelion  root  and  acorns,  pre- 
p3red,  and  articles  used  as 

2>«^c 

Salt  in  bags,  sacks,  barrels,  or 

other  packages,  per  100  lbs. . 

12c 

Free 

12c 

In  bulk   

8c 

Free 

8c 

The  provisions  of  the  McKin- 

ley  law  remitting  the  duty 

paid  on  salt  used  in  curing 

fish  on  vessels  or  on  the 

shores  of  navigable  waters  of 

the  United  States,  and  in 

packing  meats,  is  re-enacted 
Starch  and   all  preparations 

\%c  lb 

l^C 

2c 

Dextrine,  burnt  starch,  gum 

substitute,  or  British  gum. . . . 

2c 

\%c 

Spices— 

I^ustard  prepared  in  bottles  or 

10c 

25  p  c 

10c 

25^c 

2>^c 

Ic 

Ic 

3c 

3c 

3c 

4c 

7^c 

T^cgal 

pr'f  gal 

470 


Schedule  H— Spirits,  "Wines,  and  Other 
Beverages. 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Spirits — 
Brandy  and  other  spirits,  man- 
ufactured or  distilled  from 
grain  or  other  materials,  and 
not  specially  provided  for,  per 
proof  gallon  

Cordials,  liqueurs,  arrack,  ab- 
sinthe, Kirschwasser,  ratafia, 
and  other  spirituous  bever- 
ages or  bitters  of  all  kinds, 
containing  spirits,  and  not 
specially  provided  for  

Imitations  of  brandy  or  spirits 
or  wines,  imported  by  any 
names  whatever,  shall  be 
subject  to  the  highest  rate  of 
duty  provided  for  the  genu- 
ine articles  respectively  in- 
tended to  be  represented  ; 
and  in  no  case  less  than  

Bay  rum  or  bay  water,  whether 
distilled  or  compounded,  of 
first  proof,  and  in  proportion 
for  any  greater  strength  than 
first  proof  

Wines — 

Champagne  and  all  other 
sparkling  wines,  in  bottles, 
containing  each  not  more 
than  one  quart  and  more 
than  one  pint,  per  doz  

Containing  not  more  than  one 
pint  each  and  more  than  one- 
half  pint,  per  doz  

Containing  one-half  pint  each 
or  less,  per  doz  

In  bottles  or  other  vessels,  con- 
taining more  than  one  quart 
each  in  addition  to  ^8  per  doz- 
en bottles,  on  the  quantity  in 
excess  of  one  quart,  per  gal.. 


$2.25 
per  gal 


$2.25 
per  gal 


$1.50gal 


$1.50  gal 


12.50 


477 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Lav 


Wilson 
Law. 


Still  wines,  including  ginger 
wine  and  vermouth,  in  casks 
orpackages  other  than  bottles 
or  jugs,  containing  14  p  c  or 
less  of  absolute  alcohol  

Containing  more  than  14  p  c 
alcohol  

In  bottles  or  jugs,  per  case  of 
one  doz.,  containing  each  not 
more  than  one  quart,  and  less 
than  one  pint,  or  24  bottles 
or  jugs,  containing  each  not 
more  than  one  pint,  per  case. 

Excess  of  these  quantities  is 
subject  to  a  duty  per  pint  or 
fractional  part'  thereof  of. . . . 

Ale,  porter,  and  beer,  in  bottles 

or  jugs,  per  gal  

But  no  separate  or  additional 
duty  shall  be  assessed  on  the 
bottles  or. jugs. 

Otherwise  than  in  bottles  or 
jugs,  per  gal  

Malt  extract,  fluid,  in  casks, 
per  gal]  

In  bottles  or  jugs  

Solid  or  condensed  

Cherry  juice  and  prune  juice, 
or  prune  wmes  and  other  fruit 
juice  not  specially  provided 
for,  containing  no  alcohol  or 
not  more  than  18  p  c  of  alco- 
hol, per  gal  

If  contStining  more  than  18  p  c 
of  alcohol  


Ginger  ale,  ginger  beer,  lemon- 
ade, soda  water,  and  other 
similar  beverages,  in  plain, 
green  or  colored,  molded  or 
pressed  glass  bottles,  con- 
taining each  not  more  than 
^  of  a  pint,  per  doz  

Containing  more  than  %  of  a 
pint  each  and  not  more  than 
Iji  pints,  per  doz  


40c  gal 
50c 


$1.60 


30  to  50c 
30  to  50c 


$1.60 


5c 
40c 


20c 

20c 
40c 
40  p  c 


60c 

60c  gal 
&  $2.07 
per  gal 
on  spr's 


18c 

28c 


5c 
30c 


15c 

15c 
30c 
30  p  c 


50c 


$1.80 
gal 


20  p  c 
20  p  c 


478 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Lav 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


If  imported  otherwise  than  in 
plain  green  or  colored, molded 
or  pressed  glass  bottles,  or  in 
such  bottles  containing  more 
than  V/i  pints  each,  duty 
shall  be  collected  on  the  bot- 
tles or  other  colorings  at  the 
rate  charged  thereon  if  im- 
ported empty  

All  mineral  waters,  and  all  imi- 
tations of  natural  mineral 
waters,  and  all  artificial  min- 
eral waters  not  specially  pro- 
vided for,  in  green  or  colored 
glass  bottles,  containing  not 
more  than  one  pint  per  doz. . 

If  containing  more  than  one 
pint  and  not  more  than  one 
quart,  per  doz  

If  imported  otherwise  than  in 
plain,  green  or  colored  glass 
bottles,  or  if  imported  in  such 
bottles  containing  more  than 
one  quart,  per  gal  


50c  gal 

20c 
30c 

24c 


20  p  c 
20  p  c 

20  p  c 


50c 


16c 
25c 


20c 


Schedule  I— Cotton  Manufactures. 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Cotton  thread  and  carded  yarn, 
warps  or  warp  yarn,  except 
spool  thread  or  cotton,  not 
colored,  bleached,  dyed,  etc., 
up  to  and  including  No.  15. . . 

On  all  numbers  exceeding  No. 
15  and  up  to  No.  30  

i:xceeding  No.  30  

Colored,  bleached,  dyed,  etc., 

all  numbers  up  to  20  

Exceeding  No.  20,  and  up  to 

No.  80,  per  No.,  per  lb  

No.  80  and  above,  per  No., 

per  lb  

Cotton  card  laps,  roping,  sliver 

cr  roving  


3c  lb 

l-5c  per 

No 
%c 

6c 

Yac 

3-lOc 

45  p  c 


3c  lb 

l-5c  per 
No 
Vac 

6c 


479 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law 


Wilson 
Law. 


Spool  thread  of  cotton,  includ 
ing  crochet,  etc.,  on  spools  or 
reels;  spools  100  yards  each, 
per  doz  

For  «ach  additional  100  yards, 
per  dozen  

If  otherwise  than  on  spools  or 
reels,  for  each  100  yards  or 
fraction  

Cotton  cloth,  not  exceeding  50 
threads  to  the  square  inch, 
not  bleached,  per  yard. . . 

Bleached,  per  yard  

Dyed,  colored,  or  printed,  per 
yard  

Exceeding  50  threads,  and  not 
exceeding  100  threads  to  sq. 
I  inch;  not  bleached;  not  ex- 

-  ceeding  6  yds  to  lb.,  per  yd. 

Over  6  and  not  over  9  yards  to 
lb,,  per  yard  

Over  9  yards  to  lb  

Bleached :  Not  over  6  yards  to 
lb.,  per  yard  

Over  6  and  not  over  9  yards 

Over  9  yards  to  lb  

Dyed,  colored,  or  printed;  not 
over  6  yards  to  lb.,  per  yard. 

Over  6  and  not  over  9  

Over  9  yards  to  lb  

Not  over  100  threads,  not 
bleached,  valued  at  over  7c 
per  yard  

Over  100  and  not  over  150 
threads  to  the  sq,  inch,  not 
bleached,  not  over  4  sq.  yds 
to  lb.,  per  yard  

Over  4  and  not  over  6  

Over  6  and  not  over  8  

Over  8  

If  bleached  and  not  exceeding 
4  sq.  yds.  to  the  lb  ,  per  sq 
yard  

Over  4  and  not  over  6  sq.  yds. 
per  lb  

Over  6  and  not  over  8  

Over  8  

Dyed,  not  over  4  yards  to  lb . . . 


6c 
6c 

^c 


Ic 


2c 


VAc 

IXc 

VAz 

2Kc 

2^c 
3^c 
3>^c 


25  p 


2c 
2^c 
2^c 


2^c 

3c 
3^2C 
334c 
3^c 


480 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Over  4  and  not  over  6  

Over  6  and  not  over  8  

Over  8  

Over  100  and  not  over  150 
threads  to  the  sq.  in.,  not 
bleached,  etc.,  valued  at  over 
9c  sq.  yd  

Bleached,  valued  at  over  He. . 

Dyed,  colored,  etc.,  valued  at 
over  I2>^c  

Exceeding  150  and  not  over  200 
threads  to  square  inch,  not 
bleached,  not  over  Sj4  yards 
to  lb.,  per  yd  

Over  S%  and  not  over  4)^. . 

Over  4J^  and  not  over  6  

Over  6  

Bleached,  not  over  S%  yards 
to  the  pound  

Over  3^  and  not  over  4%  

Over  4>^  and  not  over  6  

Over  6  

Dyed,  not  over  3^  yds  to  lb. . . 

Over  3^  and  not  over  4^  

Over  4^  and  not  over  6  

Over  6  

Exceeding  150  and  not  over  200 
threads  to  the  square  inch, 
not  bleached,  etc.,  valued 
over  10c  per  square  yard. 

Bleached,  valued  at  over  12c 
square  yard  

Dyed,etc.,  valued  at  over  12%c 
square  yard  

Exceeding  200  and  not  exceed- 
ing 300  threads  to  square 
inch,  not  bleached,  not  over 
2^  yards  to  pound,  per  yard 

Over  2^2  and  not  over  3^  

Over  3^  and  not  over  5  

Over  g.  

Bleached,  not  over  2^  yards 
to  pound  

Over  2^2  and  not  over  3^  

Over  3^  and  not  over  5  

Over  5  

Dyed,  not  over  3^  yards  to 

Y(  pound,  per  yard  


SHc 
4Xc 


30  p  c 
35  p  c 

35  p  c 


2c 
3c 

2Hc 

4c 

4Kc 

4^c 
434c 
5c 


55  p  c 
S5pc 
40  pc 


3c 

4c 

4^c 

5c 

4^c 

4c 

5c 

4^c 

5^c 

5c 

6c 

534c 

481 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Exceeding  3^  square  yards  to 
pound  

Kot  bleached,  dyed,  etc.,  val- 
ued at  over  12^20  per  square 
yard ;  bleached,  valued  at 
over  15c  square  yard,  and 
dyed,  valued  at  over  I7^c 
square  yard  

Exceeding  300  threads  to  the 
square  inch,  not  bleached, 
and  not  over  2  yards  to  the 
pound,  per  yard  

Over  2  and  not  over  3  yards, 
per  pound  

Over  3  and  not  over  4  

Over  4    

Bleached,  not  over  2  yards  to 
the  pound  

Over  2  and  not  over  3  

Over  3  and  not  over  4  

Over  4  

Dyed,  not  over  3  yards  to  the 
pound,  per  yard  

Over  3  

Not  bleached,  dyed,  etc.,  val- 
ued at  over  14c  per  square 
yard ;  bleached,  valued  at 
over  16c  per  square  yard,  and 
dyed,  valued  at  over  20c  per 
square  yard  

Cloth  composed  of  cotton  or 
other  vegetable  fiber  and  silk, 
of  which  cotton  is  the  chief 
value,  per  square  yard  

None  such  to  pay  less  than. . . . 
Cotton  cloth  filled  or  coated, 
per  square  yard  

Handkerchiefs  and  mufflers  to 
pay  same  duty  as  on  cotton 
cloth  in  them,  not  less  than . 

II  hemstitched,  additional  

If  embroidered,  additional  

Cotton  cloth,  known  as  lappets, 
shall  pay  in  addition  to  duty 
on  cotton  cloth  valued  at  less 
than  7c  per  yard  


7c 


40  pc 

4c 

r  ~ 

5c 

6c 
6V 

8c 


40  pc 


8c  & 
30  pc 
50pc 

3c  & 
20  pc 


45  p  c 
10  pc 
60  pc 


482 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law, 


Wilson 
Law. 


At  more  than  7c  

Clothing,   ready    made,  and 

wearing  apparel  

Articles  having  India  rubber  as 
component  material .... 

Plushes,  velvets,  velveteens, 
corduroys  and  all  pile  fabrics, 
cut  or  uncut,  any  composed 
of  cotton  or  other  vegetable 
fiber,  not  bleached  or  dyed. . 

Bleached  or  dyed  

Bias  dress  facings  from  plushes, 
velvets,  or  other  pile  fabrics, 
the  foregoing  rates  of  duty 
and  additional  

None  of  such  fabrics  to  pay  less 
than  

Curtains,  table  covers,  and  ar- 
ticles manufactured  of  cotton 
chenille  

Hosiery  made  on  knitting  ma- 
chines  

Stockings,  hose  and  half  hose, 
fashioned  or  shaped  wholly 
or  in  part  by  knitting  ma- 
chines, of  cotton  or  other 
vegetable  fiber,  finished  or 
unfinished,valuedatnotmore 
than  $1  per  doz.,  per  doz. 
pairs  

Valued  at  more  than  $1,  and 
not  more  than  $L50  

Valued  at  more  than  $1.50,  and 
not  more  than  $2  

Valued  at  more  than  $2,  and 
not  more  than  $3  

Valued  at  more  than  $3,  and 
not  more  than  $5  

Valued  at  more  than  $5  


2c 

50  pc 

15c  lb  & 
50  pc 


9c  s  y  & 
25  p  c 
12c  & 
25  pc 


10  p  c 

47K  P  c 

50  p  c 
30  p  c 


50c  & 
15  pc 

60c  & 
15  p  c 

70c  & 
15  p  c 

$1.20  & 
15  p  c 

12  & 
15  p  c 
55  p  c 


40  pc 
50  pc 


40?*^ 
47^2  p  c 


40  p  c 
30pc 


50  p  c 

50  p  c 

50  p  c 

50p  c 

50  p  c 
50  p  c 


Articles. 

ing  ey 

W  1 

1  on 

• 

MrKin- 

ley  Law 

Shirts,  drawers,   pants,  vests, 

etc.,  valued  at  not  more  than 

^Gc  (Be- 

dT)  p  c 

85  p  c 

15  p  c 

Valued  at  more  than  $1.50,  and 

$1.10  & 

50  p  c 

$1.25  & 

15  p  c 

35  p  c 

Valued  at  more  than  $3,  and 

not  more  than  |5  

$1.50  & 

50  p  c 

$1.25  & 

25  p  c 

40  p  c 

Valued  at  more  than  $5,  and 

#1.75  & 

50  p  c 

$1.50  & 

35  p  c 

40  p  c 

Valued  at  more  than  $7,  and 

$2.25  & 

50  p  c 

$2& 

35  p  c 

40  pc 

50  p  c 

50  p  c 

$2& 

40  p  c 

Bandings,  beltings,  bindings, 

bone  casings,  cords,  garters, 

suspenders,  and  braces,  gor- 
ings,  lining  for  bicycle  tires, 
ribbons,  tapes,  tubing,  webs. 

45  p  c 

45  p  c 

40  p  c 

Spindle  banding,  woven,  braid- 
ed, or  twisted  lamp,  stove,  or 

10c  lb 

45  p  c 

40  pc 

&15pc 

50c  lb 

35  p  c 

40  pc 

&25pc 

Boot,  shoe,  and  corset  lacings. 

25c  lb 

&15pc 

50c  lb 

35  pc 

40  pc 

&30pc 

40  p  c 

35  p  c 

40  p  c 

35  p  c 

35  p  c 

40  pc 

All  other  manufactures  of  cot- 

ton not  specially  provided  for 

45  p  c 

35  pc 

40  pc 

Schedule  J— Flax>  Hemp,  Jute,  and 
factures. 

ISffanu" 

Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Flax«  not  hackled  or  dressed  . . 

$5  ton 
Ic  lb 

Free 
Free 

$3 
Ic 

484 


Articles. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Flax,  hackled  

Tow  of  flax  

Hemp  and  tow  of  hemp  

Hemp,  hackled  

Single  yarns,  made  of  jute,  not 
finer  than  5  lea  

Finer  than  5  lea  

Cables  and  cordage  of  istle, 
Tampico  fiber,  Manila,  sisal 
grass,  or  mixture  

Cables  and  cordage  made  of 
hemp  

Threads,  twines,  or  cords  made 
from  yarn,  not  finer  than  5 
lea  or  number  of  flax,  hemp, 
or  ramie,  or  of  which  either 
*  of  these  substances  is  a  ma 
terial  of  chief  value  

From  yarn  liner  than  5  lea,  for 
each  lea  in  excess  of  5,  addi- 
tional   

Single  yarns,  in  the  gray,  of 
flax,  hemp,  or  ramie,  not 
finer  than  8  lea  

Finer  than  8  lea  and  not  finer 
than  80  lea  

Finer  than  80  lea  

Flax  gill  netting,  nets,  webs  and 
seines,  same  duty  as  on  mate- 
rial of  which  they  are  made . 

Floor  mattings,  plain  or  fancy, 
from  straw,  round  or  split, 
or  other  vegetable  substance, 
not  provided  for,  including 

'  Chinese. straw  mats,  etc.,  not 
exceeding  10c  square  yard. . 

Exceeding  10c  

Carpets,  carpetings,  mats  and 
rugs  of  flax,  hemp,  jute,  or 
other  vegetable  fiber,  except 
cotton,  valued  at  not  more 
than  15c  per  square  yard. . . . 

Valued  above  15c  square  yard. 


3c 

$20  ton 
$20  ton 
$40  ton 

Ic  lb 
&  lOpc 
35  pc 


13c  lb 


34c 


7c  lb 

40  pc 
15  p  c 


3c  sq  yd 
7c  yd 
&25pc 


5c  sq  yd 
&35pc 
10c  & 
35  pc 


3c 
ific  lb 
i2c  lb 
$50 


35  pc 

35  pc 
35  pc 


40  pc 


Free 
Free 


15clb& 
35  pc 


Free 
Free 


485 


Articles. 


Hydraulic  hose,  made  in  whole 
or  in  part  of  flax,  hemp, 
ramie  or  jute.   

Tapes,  composed  wholly  or  in 
part  of  flax,  with  or  without 
metal  threads,  etc  

Oilcloth  for  floors,  stamped, 
painted,  or  printed,  including 
linoleum,  corticene,  figured 
or  plain,  and  all  other  oil- 
cloth (except  silk  oilcloth) 
not  specially  provided  for. . . 


Oilcloths  for  floors,  and  lino- 
leum, 12  feet  and  over  sn 
W^dth,  inlaid  and  cork  cnx- 
peU.  


Shirt  collat-^rand  cuffs  com- 
posed of  co(ft^-»n  


Whole  or  in  part  of  lifi>n  

Plain  woven  fabrics  of  single 
jute  yarns,  not  exceeding 
in.  wide,  weighing  not  less' 
than  6  oz  per  square  yard, 
not  exceeding  30  threads  per 
square  inch  


Exceeding  20  and  not  exceed- 
ing 55  threads  


Bags  or  sacks,  plain  woven  fab- 
rics, single  jute  yarn,  not 
dyed,  stained,  or  bleached, 
not  exceeding  30  threads  to 
square  inch  


Bagging  for  cotton,  gunny 
cloth,  similar  fabrics,  for  cov- 
ering cotton,  of  single  yarns 
of  jute,  etc.,  not  bleached, 
colored,  or  stained,  not  ex- 
ceeding 16  threads  to  the 
square  inch,  weighing  not 
less  than  15  oz  per  square  yd 


Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
I«aw. 

McKin. 

ley  Law 

29^  lb 

40  pc 

30c  lb 

40  pc 

25  pc 

50  pc 

8c  sq  yd 
&  15pc 

25  pc 
or  40  p  c 

20csqyd 
&20pc 

25  pc 
or  40  p  c 

40  pc 

45c  doz 
pieces 
&i5pc 
40c  tlbz 
&20pfe, 

40  pc 

20c  doz 
&30pc 

15c  doz 
&35p>; 

30c  doz 

&20p^ 

&15pc 

Free 

ISfic  lb 

^Ib 
&  15  p  c 

FrC^ 

IBgclb 

^sc  lb 
&  15  p  c 

Free 

l%&Zb 

6-lOc  lb 

486 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Laces,  lace  window  curtains, 
tidies,  bed  sets,  flouncings, 
and  other  lace  articles;  hand- 
kerchiefs, napkins,  and  other 
articles  wholly  or  part  of  lace, 
or  'in  imitation ;  nets,  veils, 
ruchings,  tuckings,  fleshings, 
and  quillings ;  embroideries, 
and  all  trimmings,  including 
braids,  edgings,  insertings, 
flouncings,  galloons,  gorings, 
and  bands;  wearing  apparel, 
handkerchiefs,  and  other 
fabrics  embroidered  in  any 
manner;  tamboured  articles, 
or  wearing  apparel ;  hem- 
stitched or  tucked  flouncings 
or  skirtings ;  articles  wholly 
or  in  part  of  rufflings,  tuck- 
ings or  ruchings ',   all  fore- 
going of  flax,  cotton,  or  other 
vegetable  fiber,  not  provided 
for,  in  part  India  rubber  or 

60  pc 

Icsqyd 
&20pc 

20  pc 
50  pc 
60  pc 

50  pc 

50  pc 
50  pc 

60p« 

60pc 
60  pc 

Lace  window  curtains,  pillow 
shams,  bed  sets,  finished  or 
unfinished,  made  on  the  Not- 
tingham  lace   curtain  ma- 
chines, or  on  the  Nottingham 
warp  machines,  composed  of 
cotton    or  other  vegetable 
fiber,    when   counting  five 
points  or  spaces  between  the 
warp  threads  to  the  inch  

Counting  more  than  five  points 
or  spaces  to  the  inch  in  addi- 
tion for  each  point  to  the 

None  of  the  above  to  pay  less 

Pile  fabrics,  in  which  flax  is  of 

35  p  c 

50  pc 

Handkerchiefs,   composed  of 
flax,  hemp,  ramie,  or  other 
vegetable  fiber,  in  the  piece 
or  otherwise,  wholly  or  partly 

487 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


finished,  not  hemmed,  or 
..emmed  only  

If  hemstitched,  or  imitation 
hemstitched,  or  revered,  or 
with  drawn  threads,  but  not 
embroidered,  or  initialed  

Woven  fabrics,  not  provided 
for,  of  flax,  hemp,  or  ramie 
in  chief  value,  weighing  4^ 
ozs.  or  more  per  sq.  yd., 
when  containing  not  more 
than  60  threads  to  sq.  in  

Containing  more  than  60  and 
not  more  than  120  threads  to 
sq.  in  

Containing  more  than  120  and 
not  more  than  180  threads  to 
sq.  in  

Containing  more  than  180 
threads  to  sq.  in  

None  of  the  foregoing  woven 
fabrics  less  than  

Woven  fabrics  of  flax,  hemp,  or 
ramie,  or  in  which  they  are 
cjhief  value,  including  such 
as  i5  known  as  shirtmg  cloth, 
weighing  less  than  4%  oz.  per 
sq.  yd.,  and  containing  more 
than  100  threads  to  sq.  in  . . . 

All  such  manufactqres  of  flax, 
hemp,  ramie,  or  other  vege- 
table fiber,  or  in  which  they 
are  chief  value,  not  provided 
for  


50  p  c 
55  p  c 


l^cs.y. 
&30pc 


2Kc& 
30  p  c 


6c  & 
30  p  c 

9c  & 
30  p  c 

50  p  c 


35  p  c 


45  p  c 


40pc 
50  p  c 

35p  c 
35  p  c 
35  p  c 


35  p  c 


35  p  c 


Schedule  K— Wool  and  Manufactures  of 
Wool. 

All  wools,  hair  of  the  camel,  goat,  alpaca^  and  other 
like  animals  shall  be  divided,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the 
duties  to  be  charged  thereon,  into  the  three  following 
classes : 

Class  one,  that  is  to  say,  merino,  mestiza,  metz,  or  metis 
wools,  9t  other  wools  of  merino  blood,  immediate  or 


4^ 

temote,  down  ilMttm'g  wools,  and  wools  of  like  character 
with  any  of  the  preceding,  including  Bagdad  wo<^ 
China  lamb's  wool.  Castle  Branca,  Adrianople  skin  w<jo^ 
or  butcher's  wool,  and  such  as  have  been  heretofore 
usually  imported  into  the  United  States  from  Buenos 
Ayres,  New  Zealand,  Australia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Russia,  Great  Britain,  Canada,  Egypt,  Morocco,  and  else- 
where, and  all  wools  not  hereinafter  described  or  desig- 
nated in  classes  two  and  three. 

Class  two,  that  is  to  say,  Leicester,  Cotswold,  Lmcoln* 
shire,  down  combing  wools,  Canada  long  wools,  or  other 
like  combing  wools  of  English  blood,  and  usually  known, 
by  the  terms  herein  used,  and  also  hair  of  the  camel, 
Angora  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals. 

Class  three,  that  is  to  say,  Donskoi,  native  South 
American,  Cordova,  Valparaiso,  native  Smyrna,  Russian 
camel's  hair,  and  all  such  wools  of  like  character,  as  have 
been  heretofore  usually  imported  into  the  United  States 
from  Turkey,  Greece,  Syria,  and  elsewhere,  excepting 
improved  wools  hereinafter  provided  for. 

The  standard  samples  of  all  wools  which  are  now  or 
may  be  hereafter  deposited  in  the  principal  custom-houses 
©I  the  United  States,  under  the  authority  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  shall  be  the  standard  for  the  classification 
of  wools  under  this  act,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
is  authorized  to  renew  these  standards,  and  to  make  such 
additions  to  them  from  time  to  time  as  may  be  required, 
and  he  shall  cause  to  be  deposited  like  standards  in  other 
custom-houses  of  the  United  States  when  they  may  be 
seeded. 

Whenever  wools  of  class  three  shall  have  been  im- 
proved by  the  admixture  of  merino  or  English  blood 
U'om  their  present  character,  as  represented  by  the  stand- 
ard samples  now  or  hereafter  to  be  deposited  in  the 
principal  custom-houses  of  the  United  States,  such  im- 
proved wools  shall  be  classified  for  duty  either  as  class 
one  or  as  class  two,  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  duty  on  wools  of  the  first  class  which  shall  be  im- 
ported washed  shall  be  twice  the  amount  of  the  duty  to 
which  they  would  be  subjected  if  imported  unwashed,  and 
the  duties  on  wools  of  the  first  and  second  classes  which 
shall  be  imported  scoured  shall  be  three  times  the  duty  to 
which  they  would  be  subjected  if  imported  unwashed.  The 
duty  on  wools  of  the  third  class  if  imported  in  condition 
for  use  in  carding  or  spinning  into  yarns,  or  which  shall 
not  contain  more  than  8  per  cent,  of  dirt  or  other  foreign 
substance,  shall  be  three  times  the  duty  to  which  they 
would  otherwise  be  subjected. 

Unwashed  wools  shall  be  considered  such  as  shall  have 
been  shorn  from  the  sheep  without  any  cleansing — that  is, 
in  their  natural  condition.  Washed  wools  shall  be  con- 
sidered such  as  have  been  washed  with  water  only  on  the 


489 


sheep's  back  or  on  the  skin.  Wools  of  the  first  and  second 
classes  washed  in  any  other  manner  than  on  the  sheep's 
back  or  on  the  skin  shall  be  considered  as  scoured  wool. 

The  duty  upon  wool  of  the  sheep,  or  hair  of  the  camel. 
Angora  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals  of  class  one 
and  class  two,  which  shall  be  imported  in  any  other  than 
ordinary  condition,  or  which  has  been  sorted  or  increased 
in  value  by  the  rejection  of  any  part  of  the  original  fleece^ 
shall  be  twice  the  duty  to  which  it  would  be  otherwise 
subject;  provided,  that  skirted  wools,  as  imported  in  1890 
and  prior  thereto,  are  hereby  excepted. 

The  duty  upon  wool  of  the  sheep,  or  hair  of  the  camel. 
Angora  goat,  alpaca,  and  other  like  animals  of  any  class 
which  shall  be  changed  in  its  character  or  condition  for 
the  purpose  of  evading  the  duty,  or  which  shall  be  re- 
duced in  value  by  the  admixture  of  dirt  or  any  other 
foreign  substances,  shall  be  twice  the  duty  to  which  it 
would  be  otherwise  subject. 

When  the  duty  assessed  upon  any  wool  equals  three 
times  or  more  that  which  would  be  assessed  if  said  wool 
was  imported  unwashed,  the  duty  shall  not  be  doubled  on 
account  of  the  wool  being  sorted.  ^ 

If  any  bale  or  package  of  wool  or  hair  specified  in  this 
act,  imported  as  of  any  specified  class,  or  claimed  by  the 
importer  to  be  dutiable  as  of  any  specified  class,  shall  con- 
tain any  wool  or  hair  subject  to  a  higher  rate  of  duty  than 
the  class  so  specified,  the  whole  bale  or  package  shall  be 
subject  to  the  highest  rate  of  duty  chargeable  on  wool  of 
the  class  subject  to  such  higher  rate  of  duty,  and  if  any 
bale  or  package  be  claimed  by  the  importer  to  be  shoddy, 
mungo  flocks,  wool,  hair,  or  other  material  of  any  class 
specified  in  this  act,  and  such  bale  contain  any  admixture 
of  any  one  or  more  of  said  materials  or  any  other  material, 
the  whole  bale  or  package  shall  be  subject  to  duty  at  the 
highest  rate  imposed  upon  any  article  in  said  bale  or 
package. 


Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

11c  lb 

Free 

12c 

Free 

4c 

Free 

7c 

Free 

Articles. 


Wools  and  haii>  of  the  first 

class   11c  lb       Free  He 

Wools  and  hair  of  the  second 

class   12c       Free  12c 

Wools  of  the  third  class  and 

camel's  hair  of  the  third 

class,  valued  at  12c  or  less.  4c       Free      32  pC 

Wools  of  the  third  class  and 
camel's  hair  of  the  third 

class,  valued  above  12c  .  7c       Free      50  pC 

The  duty  on  wools  on  the  skin  shall  be  Ic  less  per  pound 
than  is  imposed  on  other  wools  of  the  same  class. 


490 


Articles. 


Top  waste,  slabbing  waste,  rov 

ing  waste,  ring  waste,  and 

garneted  waste  

Shoddy   

Noils  wool  extract,  yarn  waste, 

thread  waste,  and  all  waste 

wholly  or  part  of  wool,  not 

provided  for  

Woolen  rags,  mungo  and  fiocks 

Wool  and  hair,  advanced  beyond  washed  or  scoured 
condition,  not  provided  for,  shall  be  subject  to  same  duties 
as  imposed  on  manufactures  of  wool  not  specially  pro- 
vided for. 

Yarns  wholly  and  in  part  of  wool 
valued  at  not  more  than  30c 
per  lb  


Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

30c  lb 

Free 

25c 

15c 

20c 

Free 

10c 

Free 

McKin- 
ley  Law 


30c 
30c 


30c 
10c 


Valued  at  more  than  30c  

Cloths,  knit  fabrics  and  all  man- 
ufactures wholly  or  part  of 
wool,  not  provided  for,  valued 
at  not  more  than  40c  per  lb. . 

Valued  above  40c  and  not  above 
70c  per  lb  


Valued  at  over  70c. 


27Kc& 

30  p  c 

40  p  c 

38%c& 

30  or 

40  p  c 

40  p  c 

33c  & 

40c 

50  p  c 

44c  & 

40c  or 

50  p  c 

50  p  c 

44c  & 

Free 

55  p  c 

The  McKinley  law  provided  on  woolen  or  worsted  cloths, 
shawls,  knit  fabrics  and  all  fabrics  made  on  knitting  ma- 
chines and  frames,  and  all  manufactures  of  every  descrip- 
tion made  wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  worsted,  hair  of 
camel,  goat,  alpaca,  or  other  animal,  not  specially  pro- 
vided for,  valued  at  not  more  than  30  cents  a  pound,  the 
duty  shall  be  three  times  the  duty  imposed  on  a  pound  of 
unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition  45  per 
cent. ;  valued  at  more  than  30  cents  and  not  more  than  40 
cents  a  pound,  the  duty  shall  be  three  and  one-half  times 
that  on  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addition 
40  per  cent. ;  valued  above  40  cents  a  pound,  the  duty 
shall  be  four  times  that  on  unwashed  wool  ot  the  first 
class,  and  in  addition  thereto  50  per  cent. 


491 


Vrticles. 


Blankets,  and  flannels  for  un- 
derwea«»,  composed  wholly  or 
in  part  of  wool,  valued  at  not 
more  than  40c  lb  

Valued  at  more  than  40c  and 
not  more  than  50c  lb  

Valued  at  more  than  50c  lb  


Flannels  valued  above  50  cents  a  pound  shall  pay  the 
same  as  women's  and  children's  dress  goods,  etc. 

Blankets  over  three  yards  in  length  pay  same  duty  as  on 
cloths. 

The  McKinley  law  provided  on  blankets,  hats  of  wool, 
and  flannels  for  underwear,  composed  wholly  or  in  part  of 
wool,  etc.,  valued  at  not  more  than  30  cents  a  pound,  the- 
duty  per  pound  shall  be  the  same  as  that  imposed  ot^  one. 
and  one-half  pounds  of  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class, 
and  in  addition  30  per  cent. ;  valued  at  more  than  30  cents ' 
and  not  more  than  40  cents  per  pound,  twice  the  duty  on 
unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class ;  valued  at  more  than  40;. 
cents,  and  not  more  than  50  cents  a  pound,  three  times 
the  duty  on  unwashed  wool  of  the  first  class,  and  in  addi- 
tion on  all  the  above  named  35  per  cent. ;  on  blankets  and 
hats  of  wool,  etc.,  valued  at  more  than  50  cents  a  pound, 
three  and  one-half  tiines  the  duty  on  unwashed  wool  of  the- 
first  class,  and  40  per  cent.  Flannels  composed  wholly  or- 
in  part  of  wool,  etc.,  valued  above  50  cents  a  pound,  shall 
be  classed  and  pay  the  same  duty  as  women's  and  chil- 
dren's dress  goods,  coat  linings,  Italian  cloths,  and  goods  of 
similar  character  and  description  


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKio. 
ley  Law 

Women's  and  children's  dress 
goods,  coat  linings,  Italian 
cloths,  and  goods  similar,  of 
which  warp  is  wholly  of  cot- 
ton, or  other  vegetable  ma- 
terial, with  remainder  wholly 
or  partly  wool,  valued  at  not 

Valued  at  more  thjin  15c  sq.  yd. 

7c  sq  yd 
&50pc 
8c  & 
50  p  c 

40  pc 

40  or 

50p  c 

7c  & 
40pc 

8c& 
&Opc 

Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKm^ 
ley  Law 


22c  lb 
&30pc 

33c  & 
35  p  c 
33c  & 
40  p  c 


25  or 
30  p  c 

35  p  c 

35  p  c 


492 


Articles. 


Dineley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Valued  above  70c  per  lb ... . 

Provided  that  on  foregoing 
weighing  over  4  oz.  per  sq.yd. 
the  duty  shall  be  the  same  as 
imposed  in  schedule 
cloths. 

Women's  and  children's  dress 
goods,  coat  linings,  Italian 
cloths,  bunting,  and  similar 
goods,  -wholly  or  in  part  of 
wool,  not  provided  for. . . . 


Valued  not  above  70c  per  lb. . . 
Valued  above  70c  per  lb ... . 


The  foregoing,  weighing  over 
4  oz.  per  sq.  yd.,  the  duty 
shall  be  the  same  as  imposed 
in  schedule  on  cloths. 

Clothing,  ready  made,  and  ar- 
ticles of  wearing  apparel  of 
every  description,  including 
shawls,  knitted  or  woven,  and 
knitted  articles  of  every  de- 
scription, made  up  of  manu- 
factured, wholly  or  in  part, 
felts  not  woven  and  not  spe- 
cially provided  for,  wholly  or 
in  part  of  wool  


Webbings,  gorings,  suspenders, 
braces,  beltings,  bindings, 
braids,  galloons,  fringes, 
gimps,  cords,  cords  and  tas- 
sels, dress  trimmings,  laces 
and  embroideries,  head  nets, 
buttons,  or  barrel  buttons,  or 
buttons  of  other  forms,  for 
tassels  or  ornaments,  and 
manufactures  of  wool  orna- 
ments with  beads  or  spangles, 
made  of  wool,  etc.,  or  of 
which  wool,  etc.,  is  a  com- 
ponent material,  in  part  India 
rubber  or  otherwise  


55  p  c 


11c  s  y 
&50pc 
50  p  c 

55  p  c 


44c  & 
60  p  c 


.50c  lb 
&60pc 


40  or 
50  p  c 


40  or 
50  p  c 

40  or 
50  p  c 

40  or 
50  p  c 


45  or 
50  p  c 


50  p  c 


493 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Aubusson,  Axminster,  mo- 
quette,  and  chenille  carpets, 
figured  or  plain,  and  all  car- 
pets of  like  character  or  de 
scription  


Saxony,  Wilton,  and  Tournay 
velvet  carpets,  figured  or 
plain,  and  all  carpets  and 
carpetings  of  like  character 
and  description  


Brussels  carpets,  figured  or 
plain,  and  all  carpets  and 
carpeting  of  like  description. 

Velvet  and  tapestry  carpets,  fig- 
ured or  plain,  printed  on  the 
warp  or  otherwise,  and  all 
carpets  or  carpeting  of  like 
character  or  description.. 


Tapestry  Brussels,  figured  or 
plain,  and  all  carpets  or  car 
peting  of  like  description, 
printed  on  the  warp  or  other- 
wise  


Treble  ingrain,  three-ply,  and 
all  chain  Venetian  carpets. . . 

Wool,  Dutch,  and  two-ply  in- 
grain carpets  


Carpets  woven  whole  for  rooms, 
and  Oriental,  Berlin,  etc., 
and  similar  rugs  


Druggets  and  bockings,  print- 
ed, colored,  or  otherwise  

Carpets  and  carpeting  of  wool, 
flax  or  cotton,  or  composed  in 
parts  of  either,  not  bpeciaily 
provided  for  


60c  s  y 
&  40«p  c 


60c  & 
40  p  c 


44c  s  y 
&40pc 


40c  & 
40  p  c 


28c  & 
40  p  c 

22c  & 
40  p  c 

i8c& 
40  p  c 


10c  s  ft 
&40pc 

22c  s  y 
&40pc 


50  p  c 


40  p  c 

40  p  c 
40  p  c 

40  p  c 

42%  pc 
32M  pc 
30  p  c 

40  p  c 
30  p  c 

30  p  c 


Mats,  rugs,  screens,  covers,  hassocks,  bed  sides,  art 
squares,  and  other  portions  of  carpets  or  carpeting,  made 


494 


wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  and  n,ot  specially  provided  for, 
shall  be  subject  to  the  rate  of  duty  imposed  on  carpets  or 
carpeting  of  like  description. 

Whenever  in  any  schedule  of  this  act  a  duty  is  provided 
for  or  imposed  on  any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  com- 
posed wholly  or  in  part  of  wool,  the  word  "wool "  shall  be 
held  to  include  wool  or  hair  of  the  sheep,  camel,  goat, 
alpaca,  or  other  animal,  whether  prepared  by  the  woolen, 
worsted,  felt,  or  any  other  process  of  manufacture. 


Schedule  Ij— Silks  and  Silk  Goods. 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Silk  partially  manufactured 
from  cocoons  or  from  waste 
silk,  and  not  further  ad- 
vanced or  manufactured  than 
carded  or  combed  silk  

Thrown  silk,  not  more  ad- 
vanced than  singles,  tram, 
organzine,  sewing  silk,  twist, 
floss,  and  silk  threads  or 
yarns  of  every  description, 
except  spun  silk   

Spun  silk  in  skeins,  cops,  warps 
or  on  beams,  valued  at  not 
exceeding  $1  per  lb  


Valued  at  over  $1  per  lb  and 
not  exceeding  $1.50  per  lb. 

Valued  at  over  $1.50  lb  and  not 
exceeding  $2  per  lb  


Valued  at  over  $2  per  lb  and 
not  exceeding  $2.50  per  lb. . . 


40c  lb 


30  p  c 

20c  lb 
&15pc 

30c  & 
15  p  c 

10c  & 
15  pc 


20  p  c 


30  p  c 


30p  c 


30  p  c 


30  p  c 


Valued  at  over  $2.50  per  lb. . . 


30  p  c 
30  p  c 


50c  & 
15  p  c 
60c  & 
.  15pc 

But  in  no  case  shall  the  foregoing  articles  pay  a  less  rate 

of  duty  than  35  p 

Velvets,  velvet  or  plush  rib- 
bons, chenilles  or  other  pile 
fabrics,  composed  of  silk  or 
of  which  silk  is  the  compo- 
nent material  of  chief  value, 
cut  or  uncut,  not  provided 
for. 


$1.50  lb 

$1.50 

&  15pc 

495 


Articles. 


Plushes,  composed  of  silk,  or  of 
which  silk  is  the  component 
material  of  chief  value  


In  no  case  shall  foregoing  pay 
less  than  50  p  c. 

Woven  fabrics,  in  the  piece, 
not  provided  for,  weighing 
not  less  than  1^  oz.  per  sq. 
yard,  and  not  more  than  8  oz. 
per  square  yard,  and  contain- 
ing not  more  than  20  p  c  in 
weight  of  silk,  if  in  the  gum. 

If  dyed  in  the  piece  

If  containing  more  than  20  p  c 
and  not  more  than  30  p  c  in 
weight  of  silk,  if  in  the  gum. 

If  dyed  in  the  piece  

If  containing  more  than  30  and 
not  more  than  45  p  c  in  weight 
of  silk,  if  in  the  gum  

If  dyed  in  the  piece  

If  dyed  in  the  thread  or  yarn 
and  containing  not  more  than 
30  p  c  in  weight  of  silk,  if 
black  (except  selvedges)  .... 

If  other  than  black  

If  containing  more  than  30  and 
not  more  than  45  p  c  in  weight 
of  silk,  if  black  (except  selv- 
edges)   

If  other  than  black  

If  containing  more  than  45  p  c 
in  weight  of  silk,  or  if  cod- 
posed  wholly  of  silk,  if  dyed 
in  the  thread  or  yarn,  and 
weighted  in  the  dyeing  so  as 
to  exceed  the  original  weight 
of  the  raw  silk,  if  black  (ex- 
cept selvedges)  

If  other  than  black  

If  dyed  in  the  thread  or  yarn, 
and  the  weight  is  not  in- 
creased by  dyeing  beyond  the 
original  weight  of  raw  silk. . . 

If  in  the  gum  

If  boiled  off,  or  dyed  in  the 
piece,  or  printed  


Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  jLaw 

$1& 
15  pc 

$1 

$1.50 
&15pc 

50c  lb 
60c  lb 

45  p  c 
45  p  c 

50  pc 
50pc 

65c 

OUC 

45  p  c 
45  p  c 

50  pc 
50  p  c 

90c 
$1.10 

45  p  c 
45  p  c 

50  pc 
50pc 

75c 
90c 

45  p  c 
45  p  c 

50pc 
50  pc 

$1.10 
$1.30 

45  p  c 
45  p  c 

50pc 
50  pc 

$1.50 

45  p  c 
45  p  c 

50pc 
u\j  p  c 

$3 
$2.50 

45  pc 
45  p  c 

50pc 
50pc 

$3 

45  pc 

50pc 

496 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


If  weighing  less  than  1^  ozs, 
and  more  than  ^  oz.  per  sq 
yd,  if  in  the  gum  or  if  dyed 
m  the  thread  or  yarn  

If  weighing  less  than  1}^  ozs. 
and  more  than  ^  oz.  per  sq 
yd,  if  boiled  off  

If  dyed  or  printed  in  the  piece 

If  weighing  not  more  than  ^ 
oz.  per  sq  yd  


$2.50 


$3 
$3.25 


$4.50 


45  p  c 


45  p  c 
45  pc 

45  p  c 


50pc 


50  pc 
50  pc 

50pc 


In  no  case  shall  any  of  such  fabrics  pay  less  duty  than 
50  per  cent. 

Handkerchiefs  or  mufflers  composed  wholly  or  in  part 
of  silk,  whether  in  the  piece  or  otherwise,  finished  or 
unfinished,  if  not  hemmed  or  hemmed  only,  shall  pay  the 
same  rate  of  duty  as  is  imposed  on  goods  in  the  piece,  of 
the  same  description,  weight,  and  condition  as  provided 
for  in  this  schedule ;  but  such  handkerchiefs  or  mufflers 
shall  not  pay  a  less  rate  of  duty  ithan  50  per  cent,  ad  valo- 
rem. If  such  handkerchiefs  or  mufflers  are  hemstitched 
or  imitation  hemstitched,  or  revered,  or  have  drawn 
threads,  or  are  embroidered  in  any  manner,  whether  with 
an  initial  letter,  monogram,  or  otherwise,  by  hand  or 
machinery,  or  are  tamboured,  appliqued,  or  are  made  or 
trimmed  wholly  or  in  part  with  lace  or  with  tucking  or 
insertion,  they  shall  pay  a  duty  of  10  per  cent,  ad  valorem 
in  addition  to  the  duty  hereinbefore  prescribed,  and  in  no 
case  less  than  60  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 


Articles. 


Dingley  Wilson  McKin- 
Law.      Law.     ley  Law 


landings,  bindings,  beltings, 
bone  casings,  braces,  cords, 
cords  and  tassels,  garters,  gor- 
ings,  suspenders,  tubings  and 
webbings,  composed  wholly 
or  in  part  of  silk,  whether 
composed  in  part  of  India 
rubber  or  otherwise,  if  not 
embroidered  by  hand  or  ma- 
chinery  

Laces  and  articles  made  wholly 
or  in  part  of  lace  edgings,  in- 
sertings,  galloons,  chiffon  or 
other  flouncings,  nets  or  net- 
tings, and  veilings,  neck  ruf- 


50  p  c 


45  p  c 


50  pc 


497 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


flings,  ruchings,  braids,  fring- 
es, trimmings,  embroideries, 
and  articles  embroidered  by 
hand  or  machinery,  tam- 
boured, or  appliqued,  cloth- 
ing ready  made,  and  articles 
of  wearing  apparel  of  every 
description,  including  knit 
goods,  made  up  or  manufac- 
tured, in  whole  or  in  part,  by 
the  tailor,  seamstress, or  man- 
ufacturer. All  the  above 
named  articles  made  of  silk 
or  of  which  silk  is  the  chief 
component  material,  of  value 
not  specially  provided  for, 
and  silk  goods  ornamented 
with  beads  or  spangles,  of 
whatever  material  composed. 
Proviso — 
That  any  wearing  apparel  or 
other  articles  provided  for  in 
this  paragraph  (except  gloves) 
when  composed  in  part  of 
India  rubber,  shall  be  subject 
to  a  duty  of  


All  manufactures  of  silk,  or  of 
which  silk  is  the  component 
material  of  chief  value, 
eluding  such  as  have  India 
rubber  as  a  component  mate- 
rial, not  specially  provided 
for,  and  all  jacquard  figured 
goods  in  the  piece,  made  on 
looms,  of  which  silk  is  of 
chief  value,  dyed  in  the  yarn 
and  containing  two  or  more 
colors  in  the  filling  


60  p  c 


60  p  c 


50p  c 


50  p  c 


60  pa 


8c  02 
&60pc 


50  p  c 


45  p  c 


50  PC 


498 

Schedule  M— Pulp,  Papers,  and  Books. 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Mechanically  ground  wood 
pulp,  dry  weight  

Chemical  wood  pulp,  un- 
bleached, dry  weight. . . . 

Bleached,  dry  weight  

If  export  duty  is  imposed  by* 
any  country,  it  shall  be  added 
to  imports  from  that  country. 

Sheathing  paper  and  roofing 
felt  .,  

Filter  masse,  wholly  or  in  part 
wood,  wood  fiour,  or  other 
vegetable  fiber  


Printing  paper,  unsized,  sized, 
or  glued,  suitable  only  for 
books  and  newspapers,  val- 
ued not  above  2c  per  lb.. . 


Valued  above  2c,  not  above 
2^c  


Valued  above  2^c,  and  not 
above  3c  


Valued  above  3c,  and  not  above 
4c  


Valued  above  4c,  and  not  above 
5c  


Valued  above  5c  per  lb  

From  countries  imposing  ex- 
port duty  on  pulp  wood,  for 
each  $1  of  export  duty  per 
cord  so  imposed,  and  pro- 
portionately for  fractions  ad 
ditional  

Papers  commonly  known  as 
copying  paper,  stereotype, 
bibulous,  tissue,  pottery  pa- 
per, and  all  similar  papers, 
white,  colored,  or  printed, 
weighing  not  over  6  lbs  to 
the  ream  of  480  sheets,  on 


1-12C  lb 


l-6clb 


10  p  c 


l^c 
&  15p  c 


3-  lOc  lb 

4-  10c  lb 

5-  lOc  lb 

6-  lOc  lb 

8-lOc  lb 
15  p  c 


1-lOc  lb 


10  p  c 
10  D 


10  p  c 
35  p  c 

15  p  c 

15  p  c 

15  p  c 

15  p  c 

15  p  c 
15  p  c 


$2. 50  ton 


499 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin^ 
ley  Law 


a  basis  of  20x30  inches  in 
ream  or  other  form  

Weighing  over  6  lbs  and  not 
over  10  lbs  to  ream,  and  let- 
ter copying  books,  whether 
wholly  or  partly  manufac- 
tured  

Crepe  paper  and  filtering  paper 

Surface  coated  papers  not  pro- 
vided for  

If  printed,  wholly  or  partly 
covered  with  metal  or  its  so- 
lutions, or  with  gelatin  or 
flock  

Parchment  papers  

Plain,  basic,  photogra.phic  pa- 
pers for  albumenizing,  sensi- 
tizing, or  baryta  coating  

Albumenized  or  sensitized,  or 
paper  otherwise  surface  coat- 
ed for  photographic  purposes 

Lithographic  prints  from 
stones,  zinc,  aluminum,  or 
other  material,  bound  or  un- 
bound (except  cigar  labels 
and  bands,  lettered  or  blank; 
music  and  illustrations,  when 
forming  a  part  of  a  periodical 
or  newspaper  and  accom- 
panying the  same,  or  if  bound 
in  or  forming  part  of  print- 
ed books),  on  paper  or  other 
material  not  exceeding  8-1000 
of  an  inch  in  thickness  

On  paper  or  other  material  ex- 
ceeding 8-1000  of  an  inch,  and 
not  exceeding  20-1000  of  an 
inch  in  thickness,  and  exceed- 
ing 35  square  inches,  but  not 
exceeding  400  square  inches, 
cutting  size  and  dimensions. , 


6c  lb 
&  15p  c 


5c  & 
15  p  c 

5c  & 
15  p  c 

2>^c  lb 
&15pc 


3c  & 
20  p  c 

2c  & 
10  p  c 

3c  & 
10  p  c 

30  p  c 


20c  ib 


8c 


35  p  c 


35  p  c 
35  p  c 

30  p  c 


30  p  c 
30  p  c 

30  p  c 

30  p  c 


8c 

&  15pc 


20c 


8c- 


500 


Articles. 


Exceeding  400  square  inches, 
cutting  size  and  dimensions. . 

Prints  exceeding  8-1000  of  an 
inch,  and  not  exceeding 
20-1000  of  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness and  not  exceeding  35 
square  inches,  cutting  size 
and  dimensions  

Lithographic  prints  from  stone, 
zinc,  aluminum,  or  other  ma- 
terial on  cardboard  or  other 
material  exceeding  20-1000  of 
an  inch  in  thickness  

Lithographic  cigar  labels  and 
bands,  lettered  or  blank, 
printed  from  stone,  zinc, 
aluminum,  or  other  material, 
if  printed  in  less  than  eight 
colors  (bronze  printing  to  be 
counted  as  two  colors),  but 
not  including  labels  printed 
in  whole  or  in  part  in  bronze 
or  metal  leaf  

If  printed  in  whole  in  bronze.. . 

If  printed  in  eight  or  more  col- 
ors, but  not  including  printed 
in  whole  or  part  in  metal  leaf 

If  printed  in  whole  or  in  part  in 
metal  leaf  

Books  for  children's  use,  with 
illuminated  lithographic 
prints,  not  exceeding  24  ozs, 
and  periodicals  printed  in 
whole  or  in  part  by  litho- 
graphic process  or  decorated 
by  hand    

Writing,  note,  letter,  hand- 
made, drawing,  ledger,  bond, 
record,  tablet,  and  typewriter 
paper,  weighing  not  less  than 
10  lbs  and  no  more  than  15 
lbs  to  the  ream  , 


Weighing  more  than  15  lbs  to 
the  ream  


But  if  any  such  paper  is  ruled, 
bordered,  embossed,  printed, 


5c 


6c 


20c 
15c 


30c 
50c 


8c  lb 


2c  lb  & 
10  p  c 

3}^c  & 
15  pc 


Wilson 
Law. 


20  p  c 
20  p  c 


501 


Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

or  decorated  in  any  manner, 
it  shall  pay  in  addition  to  the 

Paper  hangings  and  paper  for 
screens  and  all  other  paper 

Jacquard  designs  of  one -line 
paper,  or  designs  cut  on  jac- 
q  uard  cards,  or  parts,  finished 

Books  of  all  kinds,  including 
blank  books  and  pamphlets, 
and  engravings,  bound  and 
unbound,  photographs,  etch- 
ings, maps,  charts,  music  in 
books  or  sheets,  and  printed 
matter,  all  such  not  provided 

10  pc 

25  p  c 

35  p  c 

25  p  c 
35  pc 

45  p  c 

10c  pk 
&20pc 

35  p  c 

20  p  c 
20  p  c 

20  p  c 

25  p  c 
30  pc 

30  pc 

10c  & 
50  p  c 

20  p  c 

25  p  c 
25  p  c 

25  p  c 

25  p  c 
35  p  c 

35  p  c 

50c 

25  pc 

Photograph,  autograph,  and 
scrap  albums,  wholly  or 

Al!  fancy  boxes  of  paper,  or  in 
Vv  hich  paper  is  chief  value,  or 
if  covered  with  surface  coated 

Playing  cards  in  packs  not  ex- 
ceeding 54  cards,  and  at  a 
like  rate  for  any  number  in 

Manufactures  of  paper  or  in 
which  paper  is  chief  value, 

Schedule  N— Sundries. 

Articles. 

Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

Beads  of  all  kinds  not  threaded 

Fabrics,  nets,  or  nettings,  laces, 
galloons,  wearing  apparel, 
and  articles  not  provided  for, 
wholly  or  in  part  of  beads  or 
spangles  made   of  glass  or 
pa.ste,   gelatine,    metal,  or 

35  p  c 

20  pc 

10  pc 

602 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law 


Wilson 
Law, 


McKin* 
ley  Law 


other  material,  but  not  com- 
posed in  part  of  wool  

Braids,  plaits,  laces,  and  willow 

sheets  or  squares  composed 

wholly  of  straw,  chip,  grass, 

palm  leaf,  willow,  osier,  or 

rattan,  suitable  for  making  or 

ornamenting  hats,  bonnets, 

or  hoods  not  bleached,  dyed, 

or  stained  

If  bleached,  dyed,  or  stained. . 
Hats,  bonnets,  and  hoods,  com- 
posed cff  straw,  chip,  grass, 

palm  leaf,  willow,  osier,  or 

rattan,  whether  wholly  or 

partly  manufactured,  but  not 

trimmed  

If  trimmed  

But  the  terms  "grass"  and  "straw"  shall  be  understood 
to  mean  these  substances  in  their  natural  form  and  struc- 
ture, and  not  the  separated  fiber  thereof. 
Brushes,  brooms,  and  feather 

dusters,  hair  pencils,  in  quills 

or  otherwise  

Bristles,  sorted,  bunched, 

prepared  

Trousers  buckles,  wholly  or 

partly  of  iron  or  steel,  or 

parts,  valued  at  more  than 

15c  per  100  


60  pc 


15  p  c 

10  pc 


35  pc 
50  pc 


35  pc 


Free 
Fre( 


Free 
Free 


Free 
Free 


Free 
Free 


Valued  at  more  than  15c  and 
not  more  than  50c  per  100  . .. 

Buttons  and  Button  Forms- 
Button  forms,  lastings,  mohair, 
cloth,  silk,  or  other  manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  woven  or  made 
in  patterns,  of  such  sizes, 
shape,  or  form,  or  cut  in  such 
manner  as  to  be  fit  for  buttons 

exclusively  

Buttons,  or  parts,  and  molds, 
finished  or  unfinished,  the 
line,  button  measure,  being 
^4  in.,  viz. : 
Buttons  known  as  agate  metal 
trousers  buttons,  except  steel 


40  pc 

35  pc 

7^c  lb 

7^c  lb 

5c  100 

35  pc 

&  15pc 

10c  & 

35  p  c 

15  pc 

10  pc 

10  pc 

40  pc 
7^c  lb 


lOpc 


503 


Articles. 


and  nickel  bar,  per  line,  per 

gross  

Of  bone  and  steel  trousers  but- 
ton, per  line,  per  gross,  c . . . . 

Pearl,  or  shell  

Horn,  vegetable  ivory,  glass,  or 
metal.not  provided  for  

Shoe  buttons,  of  paper,  pulp,  or 
similar  material,  not  pro- 
vided for,  value  not  exceed- 
ing 3c.  gross  

Buttons,  not  provided  for,  and 
collar  and  cuff  buttons  and 
studs  

Coal,  bituminous,  and  all  coals 
containing  less  than  92  per 
cent,  fixed  carbon,  and  shale 

Slack,  such  as  will  pass  through 
ifi-inch  screen  

Coke  

Cork  bark,  cut  into  squares  or 
cubes  

Manufactured  cork,  over  %  in. 
in  diameter  at  larger  end  

Measuring  3^  in.  and  less  in 
diameter  

Artificial  or  cork  substitutes, 
from  cork  waste,  not  provided 
for    

Dice,  draughts,  chessmen, 
chess  bails,  and  billiard, 
pool,  and  bagatelle  balls,  of 
ivory,  bone,  or  other  mate- 
rials   

Dolls,  doll  heads,  toy  marbles, 
of  whatever  materials  com- 
posed, and  all  other  toys  not 
composed  of  rubber,  china, 
porcelain,  parian,  bisque, 
earthen  or  stone  ware,  and 
not  specially  provided  for. . . 

J£mery  grains  and  emery  man- 
ufactures, ground,  pulver- 
ized, or  refined  


Dingiey 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

l-12c  & 

25  p  c 

25  p  c 

15  pc 

14c  & 

25  pc 

25  pc 

lc& 

2^c& 

15  p  c 

15  p<: 

25  pc 

34c  & 

35  pc 

SOpc 

15  p  c 

Ic  gross 

25  p  c 

50  pc 

35  pc 

SOpc 

67c  ton 

40c 

75c 

15c 

15c 

30c 

20  pc 

15  p  c 

20  pc 

8c  lb 

Free 

10c 

15c 

10c 

15c 

25c 

10c 

15c 

8c 

10c 

15c 

SOpc 

50  pc 

50  pc 

35  pc 

25  pc 

35  pc 

Iclb 

8-lOc 

U 

504 


.Articles. 


Emery  wheels  «4id  emery  files, 
and  manufactures  ia  which 

emery  is  chief  value  

Explosive  Substances — 

Firecrackers  of  all  kinds,  the 
weight  to  include  all  wrap- 
ping and  packing  materials. . 

Fuhninates,  fulminating  pow- 
ders, and  like  articles,  not 
provided  for  ^  

Gunpowder  and  all  explosive 
substances  used  for  mining, 
blasting,  artillery,  or  sporting 
purposes,  when  valued  at  20c 
or  less  per  lb  

Valued  above  20c  

Matches,  friction  or  lucifer,  of 
all  descriptions,  per  gross  of 
14  4  boxes,  containing  not 
more  than  100  matches  per 
box,  per  gross  

When  imported  otherwise  than 
in  boxes  containing  not  more 
than  100  matches  each,  per 
1,000  

■percussion  caps  

Cartridges  

fjlasting  caps,  per  1,000  

Feathers  and  downs  of  all  kinds, 
including  bird  skins  or  parts 
thereof,  with  the  feathers  on, 
*prude  or  not  dressed,  col- 
(j>red,  or  otherwise  advanced 
ijr  manufactured  in  any  man- 
lier not  provided  for  

W^ben  dressed,  colored,  or 
Otherwise  advanced  or  man- 
ifactured  in  any  manner,  in- 
;luding  quilts  of  down  and 
i;ther  manufactures  of  down, 
f,nd  also  dressed  and  finished 
i)irds,  suitable  for  millinery 
ornaments,  and  artificial  or 
ornamental  feathers,  fruits, 
grains,  leaves,  flowers,  and 
stems  or  parts  thereof,  of 
whatever  material  composed, 
not  provided  for  


Dingley 
Law, 


25  p  c 

8c  lb 
30  pc 


4c  lb 
6c 


Ic 

30  p  c 
35  p  c 
$2.36 


15  pc 


Wilson 
Law. 


50  p  c 


8-lOc 

50  pc 
30  pc 


20  p  c 


20  p  c 
30  p  c 
30  p  c 
$2.07 


35  p  c 


McKin. 
ley  Law 


35  p  c 


505 


Articles. 


Furs,  dressed  on  the  skins,  but 
not  made  up  into  articles, 
and  furs  not  on  the  skin,  pre 
pared  tor  hatters'  use,  includ 
ing  fur  skins  carroted  

Fans  of  all  kinds,  except  com' 
mon  palm  leaf  fans  

Gun  wads  of  all  descriptions. . . 

Hair,  human,  if  clean  or 
drawn,  but  not  manufactured 

Hair,  curled,  suitable  for  beds 
or  mattresses  

Hair  cloth,  or  crinoline  cloth 

Hair  cloth,  known  as  "hair 
seating"  and  hair  press  cloth. 

Hats,  bonnets  or  hoods  for 
noen's,  women's,  boys',  o  r 
children's  wear,  trimmed  or 
untrimmed,  including  bodies, 
hoods,  plateaux  forms,  or 
shapes  for  hats  or  bonnets, 
composed  wholly  or  in  chief 
value  of  fur  of  the  rabbit, 
beaver,  or  other  animals,  val- 
ued at  not  more  than  $5  per 
doz  

Valued  at  more  than  |5  per  doz 
and  not  more  than  $10  per 
doz  

Valued  at  more  than  $10  and 
not  more  than  $20  per  doz. . . 

Valued  at  more  than  $20  per 
doz  

Indurated  fiber  ware  and  man- 
ufactures of  wood,  or  other 
pulp,  and  not  provided  for. . . 

Jewelry  and  Precious 
Stones — 

Articles  known  as  jewelry,  and 
parts,  finished  or  unfinished, 
not  provided  for,  including 
precious  stones  set,  pearls  set, 
aod  cameos  in  frames  


Dingley 
Law. 

Wilson 
Law. 

McKin- 
ley  Law 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 

50  p  c 
20  p  c 

40  p  c 
10  p  c 

Various 
35  p  c 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 

10  p  c 
10c  s  yd 

10  p  c 

6c 

15  p  c 
6c 

20c  s  yd 

20c 

30c 

$2  doz  & 
20  p  c 

40  p  c 

55  p  c 

i3& 

20  p  c 

40  p  c 

55  p  c 

S5& 
20  p  c 

40  p  c 

55  p  c 

$7& 
20  p  c 

40  p  c 

55  p  c 

35  p  c 

20  p  c 

35  p  c 

60  p  c 

35  p  c 

60  p  c 

506 


Articles. 


Diamonds  and  other  precious 
stones  advanced  in  condition 

,    of  value  from  a  natural  state 

\"  by  cleaving,  splitting,  cut 
ting,  or  other  process  and  not 
set  

Imitations  of  diamonds  and 
other  precious  stones,  com- 
posed of  glass  or  paste,  not 

!  exceeding  an  inch  in  dimen- 
sions, not  engraved,  painted, 
or  otherwise  ornamented  or 
decorated,  and  not  mounted 
or  set  

Pearls  in  their  natural  state, 
not  strung  or  set  

Leather  and  Manufactures 
of— 

Hides  of  cattle,  raw  or  uncured, 
dry,  salted  or  pickled  

Band  or  belting  leather,  sole 
leather,  dressed  upper  and 
all  other  leather,  calf  skins, 
tanned  or  dressed,  kangaroo, 
sheep,  and  goat  skins  (includ- 
ing lamb  and  kid  skins), 
dressed  and  finished,  cham- 
ois and  other  skins,  and 
bookbinders'  calfskin,  all  not 
provided  for  

Skins  for  morocco,  tanned,  but 
unfinished  

Patent,  japanned,  varnished,  or 
enameled  leather,  weighing 
not  over  10  lbs  per  doz.  hides. 

Weighing  over  10,  and  not  over 
25  lbs  per  doz  

Weighing  over  25  lbs  per  doz 

Pianoforte  leather  and  action 
leather  

Leather  shoe  laces,  finished  or 
unfinished  


Dingley 

Wilson 

McKin. 

Law. 

Law. 

ley  Law 

10  p  c 

25  p  c 

10  p  c 

20  p  c 

10  p  c 

10  p  c 

10  pc 

10  p  c 

10  pc 

15  pc 

Free 

Free 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 

20  p  c 

10  p  c 

10  p  c 

10  p  c 

30c  lb  & 

20  p  c 

30  p  c 

20  p  c 

30c  & 

20  p  c 

30  p 

10  p  c 

20c  & 

20  p  c 

30  p  c 

10  p  c 

35  p  c 

20  p  c 

35  p 

50c  grs 

30pc 

35  p 

prs  & 

20  p'c 

507 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


Boots  and  shoes  made  of 
leather  , 

Leather  cdt  in  forms  for  manu- 
factured articles  classed  as 
manufactures  of  leather. . 

Gloves,  wholly  or  in  part  of 
leather,  the  length  being 
measure  when  stretched  to 
full  extent  

Women's  or  children's  "glace" 
finish,  schmaschen  (of  sheep 
origin),  not  over  14  inches  in 
length,  per  doz.  pairs  

Ovier  14  inches  and  not  over 
17  inches  

Over  17  inches  

Men's  glace  finish,  schmaschen 
(sheep)  

Women's  or  children's  glace 
finish,  lamb  or  sheep,  not 
over  14  inches  in  length  

Over  14  and  not  over  17  inches 

Over  17  inches  

Men's  glace  finish,  lamb  or 
sheep   


25  p  c 


Women's  or  children's  glace 
finish,  goat,  kid,  or  other 
leather  than  of  sheep  origin, 
not  over  14  inches  in  length. . 

Over  14  and  not  over  17  inches 
in  length  

Over  17  inches  

Men's  glace  finished,  kid,  goat, 
or  other  leather  than  of  sheep 
origin  , . 


Women's  or  children's,  of<sheep 
origin,  with  exterior  grain 
surface  removed,  by  what- 
ever name  known,  not  over 
17  inches  in  length  

Over  17  inches  


Men's,  of  sheep  origin,  with 
exterior  surface  removed  


$1.75 

#2.25 
$2.75 

13 


$2.50 
$3.50 
$4.50 


$3 


$3.75 
$4.75 


$4 


$2.50 
$3.50 


$4 


20  p  c 


$1.50 

$2 


$1.75 
$2.75 
$3.75 


$2.25 


$3 
$4 


$4 


$1.75 
$2.75 


$4 


508 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Law 


Women's  or  children's  kid, 
goat,  or  other  leather  than  of 
sheep  origin,  with  exterior 
grain  surface  removed,  not 
over  14  inches  in  length. . 

Over  14  and  not  over  17  inches 

Over  17  inches  

Men's  goat,  kid,  or  other  ieath' 
er  than  of  sheep  origin,  with 
exterior  surface  removed. . 

In  addition  to  foregoing  rates 
on  leather  gloves,  when 
lined,  per  doz.  pairs  

On  all  pique  or  prix  seam 
gloves    

Gloves  stitched,  with  more  than 
3  single  strands  

Glove  tranks,  with  or  without 
the  usual  accompanying  piec- 
es, shall  pay  75  per  cent,  of 
the  duty  provided  for  the 
gloves  in  the  fabrication  of 
which  they  are  suitable. 

Harness,  saddles,  and  saddlery, 
or  parts  of  either  in  sets  or  in 
parts,  finished  or  unfinished. 

Manufactures  of  amber,  asbes- 
tos, bladders,  cork,  catgut  or 
whipgut  or  wormgut,  spar, 
wax,  or  of  which  these  sub- 
stances, or  either  of  them,  is 
a  component  material  of 
chief  value,  not  provided  for 

JVianufactures  of  bone,  chip, 
grass,  horn,  India  rubber, 
palm  leaf,  straw,  weeds,  or 
whalebone,  not  provided  for. 

Manufactures  of  leather,  fin- 
ished or  unfinished ;  manu- 
factures of  fur,  gelatine,  gutta 
percha,  human  hair,  ivory, 
vegetable  ivory,  mother-of- 
-pearl and  shell,  papier 
mache,  and  vulcanized  India 
rubber,  known  as  hard  rub- 
ber, not  specially  provided 
lor,  and  shells,  engraved,, 


$3 
$3.75 
$4.75 


$4 

n 

40c 
40c 


45  p  c 

25  pc 
30  pc 


$2.25 
$3 
$4 


$4 


20  p  c 

25  p  c 
25  pc 


i 


509 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


McKin- 
ley  Lav/ 


cut,  ornamented,  or  other- 
wise manufactured  

Masks,  composed  of  paper,  or 
pulp  

Matting  made  of  cocoa  fiber  oi 
rattan,  per  square  yard  

Mats  made  of  cocoa  fiber  or 
rattan,  per  square  foot  

Musical  instruments  or  parts 
thereof,  piano-forte  actions 
and  parts  thereof,  strings  foi 
music:;!  instruments,  not  oth- 
erwise enumerated,  cases  for 
musical  LT.struments,  pitch 
pipes,  tuning  lorks,  tuning 
hammers,  and  metroe<?m,eSy 
strings  for  musical  instru- 
ments, wholly  or  partly  of 
steel  or  other  metal  


35  p 

35  p  c 
Cc 
4c 


30  p  c 
25  p  c 
20  pc 
20  pc 


35  p  c 
35  p  c 
12c 
8c 


45  p  c 


25  p  c 


Paintings  in  oil,  water,  pastel, 

pen  drawings,  statuary,  not 

provided  for   20  p  c  Free 

Statuary  includes  such  as  is  cut  or  otherwise 
by  hand  from  a  solid  mass  or  from  metal,  and  is 
fessional  production  of  a  statuary  or  sculptor  only. 

Peat  moss  

Pencils,  paper  or  wood,  filled 

with  lead  or  other  material, 

and  pencils  of  lead  


Slate  pencils,  covered  with 
wood  


Other  slate  pencils. 


Pencil  leads,  not  in  wood 
Photographic  dry  plates  and 

films  

Common  tobacco  gipes  and 

pipe  bowls  of  clay,  valued  at 

not  more  than  40c  per  gross. 
Other  tobacco  pipes  and  pipe 

bowls  of  clay  


Other  pipes  and  pipe  bowls  of 
whatever  composed,  and  all 
smokers'  articles  not  provided 


$1  ton 

Free 

45c  grs 
&  25  p  c 

50  pc 

35  pc 

30  pc 

3c  100 

30  pc 

10  pc 

10  pc 

25  p  c 

25  pc 

15c  grs 

10  pc 

50c  & 
25  p  c 

10  pc 

35  or 
45  p  c 


15  p  c 
wrought 
the  pro- 
Free 


;50c  & 
30  pc 

40c  grs 
&10p  c 

4c  grs 
&  lOpc 

10  pc 

60  pc 


15c 
15c 


510 


Articles. 


Dingley 
Law. 


Wilson 
Law. 


for,  including  cigarette  books 
and  covers,  pouches  for  to- 
bacco, and  cigarette  paper  in 
all  forms  

plows,  tooth  and  disk  harrows, 
harvesters,  reapers,  agricul- 
tural drills  and  planters, 
mowers,  horse  rakes,  culti- 
vators, thrashing  machines, 
and  cotton  gins  

plush,  black,  known  as  hatters', 
of  silk,  or  silk  and  cotton,  as 
is  used  for  men's  hats  

Umbrellas,  parasols,  and  sun 
shades,  covered  with  mate- 
rial other  than  paper  

Sticks  for  umbrellas,  etc.,  and 
walking  canes,  finished  or 
unfinished  

Waste  not  provided  for  


60pc 

20  pc 
10  pc 
50pc 


40  pc 
10  p  c 


50  pc 

Various 
Free 
45  p  c 


30  pc 
10  pc 


FREE  LIST. 

Acids—Arsenic  or  arsenious,  benzoic,  car- 
bolic, fluoric,  hydrochloric,  or  muriatic,  nitric, 
oxalic,  phosphoric,  phthalic,  picric,  or  nitro- 
picric;  prussic,  silicic,  and  valerianic. 

Aconite;  acorns  raw,  dried,  or  undried.  but 
imground;  agates,  manufactured;  albumen  not 
specially  provided  for;  alizaren,  natural  or  arti- 
ficial, and  dyes  derived  from  alizaren  or  from 
anthracen;  amber  and  amberoid,  unmanufac- 
tured or  crude  gum;  ambergris,  and  analine 

Any  animal  imported  specially  for  breeding 
purposes  shall  be  admitted  free,  provided  that 
no  such  animal  shall  be  admitted  free  unless 
pure  bred  of  a  recognized  breed  and  duly  regis- 
tered in  the  book  of  record  established  for  that 
breed.  Cattle,  horses,  sheep,  and  other  domes- 
tic animals,  strayed,  or  driven  into  a  foreign 
country  for  temporary  pasturage,  may,  with 
their  increase,  be  returned  within  six  months,, 
free. 

Animals  brought  into  the  United  States  tem- 
porarily for  a  period  not  exceeding  six  months 
for  the  purpose  of  exhibition  or  competition 
for  prizes  offered  by  any  agricultxiral  or  racing: 


511 

association;  teams  of  animals,  including  their 
harness  and  tackle,  and  the  wagons  or  other 
vehicles,  actually  owned  by  persons  emigrating 
from  foreign  countries  to  the  United  States 
with  their  families,  and  in  actual  use  for  the 
purpose  of  such  emigration,  and  wild  animals 
intended  for  exhibition  in  zoological  collec- 
tions for  scientific  and  educational  purposes,, 
and  not  for  sale  or  profit. 

Annotto,  roucou,  rocoa,  or  Orleans,  and  all 
extracts  of;  antimony  ore,  crude  sulphite  of; 
apatite;  arrowroot  in  its  natural  state  and  not 
manufactured;  arsenic  and  sulphide  of,  or  orpi- 
ment;  arseniate  of  aniline;  art  educational 
stops,  composed  of  glass  and  metal  and  valued 
at  not  more  than  6  cents  per  gross. 

Articles  in  a  crude  state  used  in  dyeing  or 
tanning,  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

Articles  the  growth,  produce  and  manufac- 
ture of  the  United  States,  when  returned  after 
having  been  exported,  without  having  been 
advanced  in  value  or  improved  in  condition  by 
any  process  of  manufacture  or  other  means; 
casks,  barrels,  carbqys,  bags  and  other  vessels 
of  American  manufacture  exported  filled  with 
American  products,  or  exported  empty  and 
returned  filled  with  foreign  products,  including- 
shooks  and  staves  when  returned  as  barrels  or 
boxes;  also  quicksilver  flasks  or  bottles,  of 
either  domestic  or  foreign  manufacture,  which 
shall  have  been  actually  exported  from  the 
United  States,  but  the  exemption  of  bags  irom 
duty  shall  apply  only  to  such  domestic  bags  aa 
may  be  imported  by  the  exporter  thereof,  and 
if  any  such  articles  are  subject  to  internal  tax 
at  the  time  of  exportation,  such  tax  shall  be 
proved  to  have  been  paid  before  exportation 
and  not  refunded.  And.  provided.  That  when 
manufactured  tobacco  which  has  been  exported 
"Without  payment  of  internal  revenue  tax  shall 
be  reimported,  it  shall  be  retained  in  the  cus- 
tody of  the  collector  of  customs  until  internal 
revenue  stamps  in  payment  of  the  legal  duties 
shall  be  placed  thereon.  Asbestos  unmanufac- 
tured; ashes,  wood  and  lye  of  the  beet  root 
ashes;  asafetida. 

■•Balm  of  Gilead;  barks,  cinchona  or  other  from 
which  quinine  may  be  extracted;  baryta,  car- 
bonate of,  or  witherite,  and  beeswax. 

All  binding  twine  manufactured  from  New 
Zealand  hemp,  istle  or  Tampico  fibre,  sisal 
grass,  or  sunn,  or  a  mixture  of  any  two  or  mora 


512 

of  them,  of  sin^rle  5>iy  and  measuring  not  ex- 
ceeding 600  feet  to  tH©  t^ound.  Provided,  that 
articles  mentioned  in  this  paragraph,  if  import- 
ed from  a  country  which  lays  an  import  duty  on 
like  articles  imported  from  the  United  States, 
shall  be  subject  to  a  duty  Oi  one-half  of  one 
cent  per  pound. 

Bells,  broken,  and  bell  metal,  L^oken  and  fit 
only  to  be  manufactured;  birds,  stuffed,  not 
suitable  for  millinery  ornaments;  births  and  hind 
and  water  fowls;  bismuth;  bladders  and  all  in- 
teguments and  intestines  of  animals  and  fish 
sounds,  cured  or  salted  for  preservation  only, 
and  unmanufactured,  not  specially  provided 
for;  blood,  dried  not  provided  for;  bolting  cloth 
composed  of  silk,  imported  expressly  for  mill- 
ing purposes,  and  so  permanently  marked  as 
not  to  be  suitable  for  any  other  use;  bones, 
crude,  or  not  burned,  calcined,  ground,  steamed, 
or  otherwise  manufactured,  ai'd  bone  dust  or 
animal  carbon,  and  bone  ash,  tit  only  for  fertil- 
izing purposes;  books,  engravings,  photo- 
graphs, etchings,  bound  or  unbound,  maps  and 
charts  imported  for  the  use  of  the  United  States 
or  the  Library  of  Congress;  books,  maps,  music, 
engravings,  photographs,  etchings,  bound  or 
unbound,  and  charts,  which  shall  have  been 
printed  more  than  twenty  years  at  the  date  of 
importation,  and  all  hydrographic  charts,  and 
publications  issued  for  their  subscribers  or  ex- 
changes by  scientific  or  literary  associations  or 
academies,  or  publications  of  individuals  for 
gratuitous  private  circulation,  and  public  docu- 
ments issued  by  foreign  governments;  books 
and  pamphlets  printed  exclusively  in  languages 
other  than  English;  also  books  and  music  in 
raised  print,  used  exclusively  by  the  blind; 
books,  maps,  music,  photographs,  etchings, 
lithographic  prints,  and  charts  specially  im- 
ported, not  more  than  two  copies  in  any  one 
invoice,  in  good  faith,  for  the  use  or  by  order 
of  any  society  or  institution  incorporated  or 
established  solely  for  religious,  philosophical, 
educational,  scientific,  or  literary  purposes,  or 
for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts,  or 
for  the  use  or  by  order  of  any  college,  acad- 
emy, school  or  seminary  of  learning  in  the 
United  States,  or  any  State,  or  public  library, 
and  not  for  sale,  subject  to  such  regulations 
as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  pre- 
scribe; books,  libraries,  usual  and  reasonable 
furniture,  and  similar  household  effects  of  per- 


513 

sons  or  families  from  foreign  countries,  if  actu- 
ally used  abroad  by  them  for  not  less  than  one 
year,  and  not  intended  for  any  other  person  or 
persons,  or  for  sale. 

Brass,  old  brass,  clippings  from  brass  or 
Dutch  metal,  all  the  foregoing,  fit  only  for  man- 
ufacture; Brazil  paste;  Brazilian  pebble,  un- 
wrought  or  unmanufactured;  breccia,  in  block 
or  slabs;  bristles,  crude,  not  sorted,  bunched  or 

Srepared;  broom  corn;  bullion,  gold  or  silver; 
iurgundy  pitch;  cadmium;  calamine;  camphor, 
crude;  castor,  or  castoreum;  cat  gut,  whip  gut, 
or  worm  gut,  unmanufactured;  cerium;  chalk, 
crude,  not  ground,  precipitated  or  otherwise 
manufactured;  chromate  of  iron  or  chromic  ore; 
civet,  crude;  common  blue  clay  in  casks,  suit- 
able for  the  manufacture  of  crucibles. 

Coal,  anthracite,  not  provided  for,  and  coal 
stores  of  American  vessels,  but  none  shall  be 
unloaded;  coal  tar,  crude;  pitch  of  coal  tar  and 
products  of  coal  tar  known  as  dead  or  creosote 
oil,  benzoi,  tolyol,  naphthalin,  xyol,  phenol, 
cresol,  toluidine,  xylidin,  cumidin,  binitrotol- 
uol,  binitrobenzol,  benzidin,  tolidin,  dionisidin, 
naphtol,  naphtylamin,  diphenylamin,  benzalde- 
hyde,  benzyl,  chloride,  resorcin,  nitrobenzol, 
and  nitrotoluol;  all  the  foregoing  not  medicinal 
and  not  colors  or  dyes. 

Cobalt  and  cobalt  ore;cocoulusindicus;  cochi- 
neal; cocoa,  or  cacao,  crude  and  fibre,  leaves 
and  shells  of;  coffee,  coins,  gold,  silver,  and  cop- 
per; coir  and  coir  yarn;  copper  in  plates,  bars, 
ingots,  or  pigs,  and  other  forms,  not  manufac- 
tured, or  specially  provided  for;  old  copper,  fit 
only  for  manufacture,  clipping  from  new  copper, 
and  all  composition  metal  of  which  copper  is  a 
component  material  of  chief  value  not  specially 
provided  for  in  this  act;  copper,  regulus  of,  and 
black  or  coarse  copper,  and  copper  cement; 
coral,  marine,  uncut,  and  unmanufactured;  corK 
wood  or  cork  bark,  unmanufactured;  cotton 
and  cotton  waste  or  flocks. 

Cryolite  or  kryolith;  cudbear;  curling  stones, 
or  quoits,  and  curling  stone  handles;  curry,  and 
curry  powder;  cutch;  cuttlefish  bone. 

Dandelion  roots,  raw.  dried,  or  undried,  but 
unground. .  ^  ^  . 

Diamonds  and  other  precious  stones,  rough  or 
uncut,  and  not  advanced  in  condition  or  value 
from  theirnatural  state  by  cleaving,  splitting, 
cutting,  or  other  -process,  including  miners', 
glaziers*  and  engravers'  diamonds,  not  set,  and 


514 

•diamond  dust  or  i^ort;  divi-divi;  dragon's 
fclood. 

Drucs,  such  as  barks,  J^eans,  berries,  balsams, 
rvQds,  bulbs,  and  bulbous  roots,  excrescences, 
ituits,  flowers,  dried  fibers,  and  dried  insects, 
grains,  gums,  and  gum  resin,  herbs,  leaves, 
lichens,  mosses,  nuts,  nutgalls,  roots  and  stems, 
spices,  Ye«?etables,  seeds  aromatic,  and  seeds  of 
morbid  growth,  weeds,  and  woods  used  ex- 
pressly l0r  dyeing;  any  of  the  foregoing  which 
are  not  edible  and  are  in  a  crude  state,  and  not 
advanced  in  Vc^lue  or  condition  by  refining  or 
grinding  or  by  other  process,  and  not  specially 
provided  for. 

Eggs  of  birdft,  >ish  and  insects,  not  including 
eggs  of  game  birds  or  eggs  of  birds  not  used  for 
food,  the  importation  of  which  is  prohibited, 
except  specimens  for  scientific  collections;  nor 
fish  roe  preserved  for  food  purposes,  emery  ore, 
ergot;  fans,  common  .^aim  leaf,  plain  and  not 
ornamented,  and  palm  loaf  in  its  natural  state, 
not  colored,  or  otherwise  advanced  in  manufac- 
ture; [felt,  adhesive,  for  sheathing  vessels,  and 
fibrin  in  all  forms. 

Fish,  fresh,  frozen  or  packed  in  ice,  caught  in 
the  Great  Lakes  or  other  fresh  v/aters  by  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  fish  skins,  fiint,  fiints 
and  flint  stones,  unground;  fossils;  fruits,  or 
berries,  green,  ripe.»or  dried,  and  fruits  in  brine, 
not  provided  for;  fruit  plants,  tropical  and 
semi-tropical,  for  the  purpose  of  propagation 
or  cultivation;  furs,  undressed;  fur  skins  of  all 
kinds  not  dressed  in  any  manner,  aot  provided 
for;  gambier. 

Glass  enamel,  white, for  watch  and  elock  dials; 
glass  plates  or  disks,  rough  cut  or  unwrought, 
for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  optical  instru- 
ments, spectacles  and  eyeglasses,  and  suitable 
only  for  such  use;  provided,  however,  tiiat  such 
disks,  exceeding  eight  inches  in  diameter  may 
be  polished  sufficiently  to  enable  ihe  character 
of  the  glass  to  be  determined. 

Grasses  and  fibres— Istle  or  Tampico  Hbre, 
jute,  jute  butts,  manila,  sisal  grass,  sunn,  and 
all  other  textile  grasses  or  fibrous  vegetable 
substances,  not  manufactured  or  dressed  in  any 
manner,  and  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
^act. 

Goldbeaters'  molds  and  goldbeaters*  skins- 
Grease  and  oilb  (excepting  fish  oils),  such  as 
are  commonly  used  In  soap  making  or  in  wire 
drawing,  or  for  stuffing  or  dressing  leather,  and 


515 

i^rhich  are  fit  only  for  such  uses,  and  not  spe- 
cially provided  for  in  this  act. 

Guano,  manures,  and  all  substances  used  only 
for  manure;  gutta  percha,  crude. 

Hair  of  horse,  cattle,  and  other  animals,  cle&ned 
or  uncleaned,  drawn  or  undrawn,  but  manufac- 
tured, not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act;  and 
iuman  hair,  raw,  uncleaned,  and  not  drawn; 
hide  cuttings,  raw,  with  or  without  hair;  and  all 
other  glue  stock;  hide  rope;  hones,  and  whet- 
stones; hoofs,  unmanufactured;  hop  roots  for 
cultivation;  horns  and  parts  of,  unmanufac- 
tured, including  horn  strips  and  tips. 

Ice,  India  rubber,  crude,  and  milk  of,  and  old 
scrap  or  refuse  India  rubber  which  has  been 
worn  out  by  use  and  fit  only  for  remanufacture; 
indigo,  iodine,  crude;  ipecac,  iridium,  ivory 
tusks  in  their  natural  state  or  cut  vertically 
across  the  grain  only  with  the  bark  left  intact, 
and  vegetable  ivory  in  the  natural  state. 

Jalap,  jet,  unmanufactured;  Joss  stick  or  Joss 
light;  junk,  old. 

Kelp,kieserite,  kyanite,  or  cyanite,  and  kainite. 

Lac  dye,  crude,  seed,  button,  stick  and  shell; 
lac  spirits;  lactarene;  lava,  unmanufactured; 
leeches,  lemon  juice,  lime  juice,  and  sour  orange 
juice;  licorice  root,  unground;  lifeboats  and  life- 
saving  apparatus  specially  imported  by  societies 
Incorporated  or  established  to  encourage  the 
saving  of  human  life;  lime,  citrate  of;  litho- 
graphic stones,  not  engraved;  litmus,  prepared 
or  not  prepared;  lodestones. 

Madder  and  munjeet,  or  Indian  madder,  ground 
or  prepared,  and  all  extracts  of  it;  magnesite, 
crude  or  calcined,  not  purified;  magnesium,  not 
made  up  in  articles;  manganese,  oxide  and  ore  of; 
manna,  manuscripts. 

Marrow,  crude;  marshmallow  or  althea  root, 
leaves  or  fiowers,  natural  or  unmanufactured; 
medals  of  gold,  silver,  or  copper,  and  other 
metallic  articles  actually  bestowed  as  trophies 
or  prizes,  and  received  and  accepted  as  honor- 
ary distinctions;  meerschaum,  crude  or  unman- 
ufactured. ^ 

Minerals,  crude,  or  not  advanced  in  value  or 
condition  by  refining  or  grinding,  or  by  other 
process  of  manufacture,  not  specially  provided 
for  in  this  act;  mineral  salts  obtained  by  evapo- 
ration from  mineral  waters,  when  accompanied 
by  a  duly  authenticated  certificate  and  satisfac- 
tory proof,  showing  that  they  are  in  no  way  arti- 


516 


ficially  prepared,  and  are  only  the  product  of  a 
designated  mineral  spring. 

Models  of  inventions  and  of  other  improve- 
ments in  the  arts,  including  patterns  for  ma- 
chinery, but  no  article  shall  be  deemed  a  model 
or  pattern  which  can  be  fitted  for  use  otherwise. 

Moss,  seaweeds,  and  vegetable  substances, 
crude  or  unmanufactured,  not  otherwise  spe- 
cially provided  for  in  this  act;  musk,  crude,  in 
natural  pods;  myrobolans;  needles,  hand  sewing, 
and  darning. 

Newspapers  and  periodicals;  but  the  term 
"periodicals"  as  herein  used  shall  be  understood 
to  embrace  only  unbound  or  paper  covered  pub- 
lications issued  within  six  months  of  the  time  of 
entry,  containing  current  literature  of  the  day, 
and  issued  regularly  at  stated  periods,  as 
weekly,  monthly,  or  ctuarterly. 

Brazil  nuts,  cream  nuts,  palm  nuts,  and  palm 
nut  kernels;  cocoanuts  in  the  shell  and  broken 
cocoanut  meat  or  copra,  not  shredded,  desicca- 
ted, or  prepared  in  any  manner;  nux  vomica; 
oakum;  oil  cake. 

Oils:  Almond,  amber,  crude  and  rectified 
ambergris,  anise  or  anise  seed,  aniline,  aspic 
or  spike  lavender,  bergamot,  cajeput,  caraway, 
cassia,  cinnamon,  cedrat,  chamomile,  citronella, 
or  lemon  grass,  civet,  cocoanut,  fennel,  ichthy- 
ol,  jasmine,  or  jessamine,  juglandium,  juniper, 
lavender,  lemon,  limes,  mace,  neroli,  or  orange 
fiower,  enfleurage  grease,  nut  oil,  or  oil  of  nuts 
not  otherwise  specially  provided  for  in  this  act, 
orange  oil,  olive  oil  for  manufacturing  or  me- 
chanical purposes  fit  only  for  such  use  and 
valued  at  not  more  than  60  cents  per  gallon, 
ottar  of  roses,  palm,  rosemary  or  anthoss,  sesa- 
me or  sesamum  seed  or  bean,  thyme,  origanum 
red  or  white,  valerian;  and  also  spermaceti, 
whale,  and  other  fish  oils  of  American  fisheries, 
and  all  fish  and  other  products  of  such  fisher- 
ies; petroleum,  crude  or  refined:  Provided,  that 
if  there  be  imported  into  the  United  States, 
crude  petroleum,  or  the  products  of  crude  pe- 
troleum produced  in  any  country  which  imposes 
a  duty  on  petroleum  or  its  products  exported 
from  the  United  States,  there  shall  in  such 
cases  be  levied,  paid,  and  collected  a  duty  upon, 
said  crude  petroleum  or  its  products  so  import- 
ed equal  to  the  duty  imposed  by  such  country. 

Orange  and  lemon  peel,  not  presarved,  can- 
died, or  dried;  orchid  or  orchil  liquid;  ores  of 


517 

gold,  silver,  copper,  or  nickel,  and  nickel  matte; 
sweepings  of  gold  and  silver;  osmium. 

Palladium,  paper  stock,  crude,  of  every  de- 
scription, including  all  grasses,  fibers,  rags 
(other  than  wool),  waste,  including  jute  waste, 
shavings,  clippings,  old  paper,  rope  ends,  waste 
rope  and  waste  bagging,  including  old  gunny 
cloth  and  old  gunny  bags,  fit  only  to  be  con- 
verted into  paper. 

Paraffin;  parchment  and  vellum;  pearl, 
mother  of,  and  shells,  not  sawed,  cut,  polished, 
or  otherwise  manufactured,  or  advanced  in 
value  from  the  natural  state. 

Personal  effects,  not  merchandise,  of  citizens 
of  the  United  States,  dying  in  foreign  coun- 
tries; pewter  and  britannia  metal,  old,  and  fit 
only  to  be  remanufactured. 

Philosophical  and  scientific  apparatus,  uten- 
sils, instruments  and  preparations,  including 
bottles  and  boxes  containing  the  same,  special- 
ly imported  in  good  faith  for  the  use  and  by  the 
order  of  any  society  or  institution  incorporated 
or  established  solely  for  religious,  philosophi- 
cal, educational,  scientific,  or  literary  purposes, 
or  for  the  encouragement  of  the  fine  arts,  or  for 
the  use  or  by  the  order  of  any  college,  academy, 
school,  or  seminary  of  learning  in  the  United 
States,  or  any  State  or  public  library,  and  not 
for  sale. 

Phosphates,  crude;  plants,  trees,  shrubs, 
roots,  seed  canes,  aud  seeds  imported  by  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  or  the  United  States 
Botanic  Garden. 

Platina,  in  ingots,  bars,  sheets,  and  wire; 
platinum,  unmanufactured,  and  vases,  retorts, 
and  other  apparatus,  vessels,  and  parts  thereof 
composed  of  platinum,  for  chemical  uses;  plum- 
bago; potash,  crude  or  "black  salts";  carbonate 
of  potash,  crude  or  refined;  hydrate  of,  or  caus- 
tic potash,  not  including  refined  in  sticks  or 
rolls;  nltrato  of  potash  or  saltpeter,  crude;  sul- 
phate of  potash,  crude  or  refined,  and  muriate 
of  potash. 

Professional  books,  implements,  instruments, 
and  tools  of  trade,  occupation,  or  employment, 
in  the  actual  possession  at  the  time  of  persons 
emigrating  to  the  United  States;  but  this  exemp- 
tion shall  not  be  construed  to  include  machinery 
or  other  articles  imported  for  use  in  any  manu- 
facturing establishment,  or  for  any  other  person 
or  persons,  or  for  sale,  nor  shall  it  be  construed 
to  include  theatrical  scenery,  properties,  and 


518 

apparel;  but  such  articles  brought  by  propri- 
etors or  managers  of  theatrical  exhibitions  ar- 
riving from  abroad,  for  temporary  use  by  them 
in  such  exhibitions,  and  not  for  any  other  per- 
son, and  not  for  sale,  and  which  have  been  used 
by  them  abroad,  shall  be  admitted  free  of  duty. 

Pulu:  quinia,  sulphate  of,  and  all  alkaloids  or 
salts  of  cinchona  bark;  rags  not  otherwise  pro- 
vided for. 

Regalia  and  gems,  statuary  and  specimens  or 
casts  of  sculpture,  imported  in  good  faith  for 
use  of  scientific  and  literary  societies  and  educa- 
tional organizations;  and  by  order  of  any  society 
incorporated  and  established  solely  for  relig- 
ious, philosophical,  educational,  scientific,  or 
literary  purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of 
the  fine  arts,  or  for  the  use  and  by  order  of  any 
college,  academy,  school,  or  seminary  of  learzi-> 
ing  in  the  United  States,  or  any  State  f-r  puolic 
library,  and  not  for  sale;  but  the  tcrm  "regalia" 
as  herein  used  shall  be  held  to  embrace  only 
such  insignia  of  rank  or  office  or  emblems  as 
may  be  worn  ui)on  the  person  or  borne  in  the 
hand  during  public  exercises  of  the  society  or 
institution,  and  shall  not  include  articles  of 
furniture  or  fixtures,  or  of  regular  wearing  ap- 
parel, nor  personal  property  of  individuals. 

Rennets,  raw  or  prepared;  saffron  and  saf- 
flower,  and  extracts  of,  and  saffron  cake;  sago, 
crude;  salacin;  salep;  sausages,  bologna;  seeds 
—anise,  caraway,  cardamon,  caulifloT>^<^r,  cori- 
ander, cotton,  cummin,  fennel,  fenugreek,  hemp, 
horehound,  mangel  wurzel,  mustard,  rape.  St. 
John's  bread  or  bean,  sugar  beet,  sorghum  or 
sugar  cane  for  seed;  bulbs  and  bulbous  roots, 
not  edible  and  not  otherwise  provided  for;  all* 
flower  and  grass  seeds;  all  the  foregoing  not 
specially  provided  for  in  this  act. 

Sheep  dip,  not  including  compounds  or  prep- 
arations that  can  be  used  for  other  purposes; 
shotgun  barrels  in  single  tubes,  forged,  rough 
bored;  shrimps  and  other  shell  fish;  silk,  raw, 
or  as  reeled  from  the  cocoon,  but  not  doubled, 
twisted,  or  advanced  in  manufacture  in  any 
way;  silk  cocoons  and  silk  waste;  silkworms' 
eggs;  skeletons  and  other  preparations  of  anat- 
omy; skins  of  all  kinds,  raw  (except  sheepskins 
with  the  wool  on),  and  hides  not  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  this  act;  soda,  nitrate  of,  or  cubic 
nitrate. 

Specimens  oi  Baitural  history,  botany,  and 


519 


mineralogy,  when  imported  for  scientific  publia 
collections,  and  not  for  sale. 

Spices— Cassia,  cassia  vera,  and  cassia  buds; 
<3innamon  and  chips  of;  cloves  and  clove  stems; 
mace;  nutmegs;  pepper,  black  or  white,  and 
pimento;  all  the  foregoing  when  unground; 
ginger  root,  unground  and  not  preserved  or 
•candied. 

Spunk;  spurs  and  stilts  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  earthenware,  porcelain  and  stoneware; 
stamps;  foreign  postage  or  revenue  stamps,  can- 
<3eled  or  uncanceled;  stone  and  sand;  burrstone 
in  blocks,  rough  or  unmanufactured;  cliff  stone, 
unmanufactured;  rotten  stone,  tripoli,  and 
sand,  crude  or  manufactured,  not  otherwise 
provided  forin  this  act;  storax,  orstyrax;  stron- 
tia,  oxide  of  and  protoxide  of  strontian,  and 
^trontianite,  or  mineral  carbonate  of  strontia; 
sulphur,  lac  or  precipitated,  and  sulphur  or 
brimstone  crude  in  bulk;  sulphur  ore  as  pyrites, 
or  sulphuret  of  iron  in  its  natural  state,  con- 
taining in  excess  of  25  per  centum  of  sulphur, 
and  sulphur  not  otherwise  provided  for. 

Sulphuric  acid  which  at  the  temperature  of  60 
<iegrees  Fahrenheit  does  not  exceed  the  specific 
^gravity  of  one  and  three  hundred  and  eighty 
thousandths,  for  use  in  manufacturing  super- 
phosphate of  lime  or  artificial  manures  of  any 
Kind,  or  for  any  agricultural  purposes;  provided 
that  upon  all  sulph^jric  acid  imported  from  any 
country,  whether  indevoi^ndent  or  a  dependency, 
which  Imposes  a  duty  u^^jn  sulphuric  acid  im- 
ported into  such  country  from  the  United 
States  there  shall  be  levied  and  collected  a  duty 
of  one-fourth  of  one  cent  per  pound. 

Tamarinds,  tapioca,  cassava,  or  cassady;  tar 
and  pitch  of  wood;  tea  and  tea  plants;  teeth 
natural  or  unmanufactured;  terra  alba  not  made 
from  gypsum  or  plaster  rock;  terra  japonica; 
tin  ore,  cassiterite  or  black  oxide  of  tin,  and  tin 
in  bars,  blocks,  pigs,  or  grain  or  granulated; 
tobacco  stems;  tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka 
beans;  turmeric;  turpentine,  Venice;  turpen- 
tine, spirits  of;  turtles;  types,  old,  and  fit  only 
to  beremanufactured;  uranium,  oxide  and  salts 
of;  vaccine  virus;  valonia;  verdigris,  or  suba- 
cetate  of  copper;  wax,  vegetable  or  mineral; 
wafers,  unleavened  or  unedible. 

Wearing  apparel,  articles  of  personal  adorn- 
ment, toilet  articles,  and  similar  personal  effects 
of  persons  arriving  in  the  United  States;  but 
this  exemption  shall  only  include  such  articles 


520 

as  actually  accompany  and  are  in  the  use  of  and 
as  are  necessary  and  appropriate  for  the  wear 
and  use  of  such  persons  for  the  immediate  pur- 
poses of  the  journ(3y  and  present  comfort  and 
convenience,  and  shall  not  be  held  to  apply  to 
merchandise  or  articles  intended  for  other  per- 
sons or  for  sale:  Provided,  that  in  case  of  resi- 
dents of  the  United  States  returning  from 
abroad  all  wearing  apparel  and  other  persona! 
effects  Itaken  by  them  out  of  the  United  States 
to  foreign  countries  shall  be  admitted  free  of 
duty,  without  regard  to  their  value,  upon  their 
identity  being  established,  under  appropriate 
rules  and  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  but  no  more  than 
$100  in  value  of  articles  purchased  abroad  by 
such  residents  of  the  United  States  shall  be  ad- 
mitted free  of  duty  upon  their  return. 

Whalebone,  unmanufactured. 

Wood— Logs  and  round  unmanufactured  tim- 
ber, including  pulp  wood,  firewood,  handle 
bolts,  shingle  bolts,  gun  blocks  for  gun  stocks^ 
rough  hewn  or  sawed,  or  planed  on  one  side^ 
hop  poles,  ship  timber  and  ship  planking;  all  the 
foregoing  not  specially  provided  for  in  this  act* 

Woods— Cedar,  lignum  vitae,  lancewood,  ebo- 
ny, box,  granadilla,  mahogany,  rosewood,  satin- 
wood,  and  all  forms  of  cabinet  woods,  in  the  log. 
rough,  or  hewn  only;  brier  root  or  brier  wood 
and  similar  wood  unmanufactured,  or  not  fur- 
ther advanced  than  cut  into  blocks  suitable  for 
the  articles  into  which  they  are  intended  to  be 
converted;  bamboo,  rattan,  reeds  unmanufac- 
tured, India  malacca  joints,  and  sticks  of  par- 
tridge, hair  wood,  pimento,  orange,  myrtle,  and 
other  woods  not  specially  provided  for  in  this 
act,  in  the  rough,  or  not  further  advanced  that 
are  cut  into  lengths  suitable  for  sticks  for  um- 
brellas, parasols,  sunshades,  whips,  fishing 
rods,  or  walking  sticks. 

Works  of  art,  drawings,  engravings,  photo- 
graphic pictures  and  philosophical  and  scien- 
tific apparatus  brought  by  professional  artists^ 
lecturers,  or  scientists  arriving  from  abroad  for 
use  of  them  temporarily  for  exhibition  and  in 
Illustration,  promotion,  and  encouragement  of 
art,  science,  or  industry  in  the  United  States^ 
and  not  for  sale,  shall  be  admitted  free  of  duty. 

Works  of  art,  collections  in  illustration  of 
the  progress  of  the  arts,  sciences,  or  manu- 
factures, photographs,  works  in  terra  cotta» 
parian,  pottery,  or  porcelain,  antiquities,  and 


521 

artistic  copies  thereof  in  metal  or  other  material, 
imported  in  good  faith  for  exhibition  at  a  fixed 
place  by  any  State  or  by  any  society  or  institu- 
tion established  for  the  encouragement  of  the 
arts,  sciences,  or  education,  or  for  a  municipal 
corporation  and  all  like  articles  imported  in 
good  faith  by  any  society  or  association,  or  for  a 
municipal  corporation,  for  the  purpose  of  erect- 
ing a  public  monument,  and  not  intended  for 
sale  nor  for  any  other  purpose  than  herein 

Works  of  art,  the  production  of  American  art- 
ists residing  temporarily  abroad,  or  other  works 
of  art,  including  pictoral  paintings  on  glass, 
imported  expressly  for  presentation  to  a  na- 
tional institution,  or  to  any  State  or  municipal 
corporation,  or  incorporated  religious  society, 
college,  or  other  public  institution,  except 
stained  or  painted  window  glass  or  stained 
or  painted  glass  windows* 

Yams:  zaff'er. 

The  administrative  features  of  the  bill  remain 
substantially  the  same  as  in  the  Wilson  law. 


Reciprocity  Provisions  of  the  Bill. 

These  are  the  reciprocity  provisions  of  the 
tariff  bill,  as  reported  by  the  conferees,  and  as 
they  will  be  in  the  new  law: 

That  for  the  purpose  of  eaualizing  the  trade 
of  the  United  States  with  foreign  countries  and 
their  colonies,  producing  and  exporting  to  this 
country  the  following  articles:  Argols,  or  crude 
tartar,  or  wine  lees,  Icrude;  brandies  or  other 
spirits  manufactured  or  distilled  from  grain  or 
other  materials;  champagne  and  all  other  spark- 
ling wines,  still  wines,  and  vermouth;  paintings 
and  statuary,  or  any  of  them,  the  President  be, 
and  he  is  hereby,,  authorized,  as  soon  as  may 
be  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  and  from  time 
to  time  thereafter,  to  enter  into  negotiations 
with  the  governments  of  those  countries  export- 
ing to  the  United  States  the  above  mentioned 
articles,  or  any  of  them,  with  a  view  to  the 
arrangement  of  commercial  agreements  in 
which  reciprocal  and  equivalent  concessions 
may  be  secured  in  favor  of  the  products  and 
manufactures  of  the  United  States;  and  when- 
ever the  government  of  any  country  or  colony 
producing  and  exporting  to  the  United  States 
the  above  mentioned  articles,  or  any  of  them, 
shall  enter  into  a  commercial  agreement  with 


522 

the  United  States,  or  make  concessions  in  favor 
of  the  products  or  manufactures  thereof,  which 
in  the  judgment  of  the  President,  shall  be 
reciprocal  and  equivalent,  he  shall  be,  and  he  is 
hereby,  authorized  and  empowered  to  suspend 
during  the  time  of  such  agreement  or  con- 
cession, by  proclamation  to  that  effect,  the  im- 
position and  collection  of  the  duties  mentioned 
in  this  act  on  such  article  or  articles  so  exported 
to  the  United  States  from  such  country  or  col- 
ony, and  thereupon  arid  thereafter  the  duties 
levied,  Goller'.ted,  and  paid  upon  such  article  or 
articles  shall  be  as  follows— Namely : 

Argols,  or  crude  tartar,  or  wine  lees,  crude, 
5  per  centum  ad  valorem. 

Brandies,  or  other  spirits,  manufactured  or 
distilled  from  grain  or  other  materials,  $1.75 
per  proof  gallon. 

Champagne  and  all  other  sparkling  wines,  in 
bottles  containing  not  more  than  one  quart  and 
more  than  one  pint,  $6  per  dozen;  containing 
not  more  than  one  pint  each  and  more  than  one- 
half  pint,  $3  per  dozen;  containing  one-half 
pint  each  or  less,  $1.50  per  dozen;  in  bottles  or 
other  vessels,  containing  more  than  one  quart 
each,  in  addition  to  $6  per  dozen  bottles,  on  the 
quantities  in  excess  of  one  quart  at  the  rate  of 
$1.90  per  gallon. 

Still  wines  and  vermouth  in  casks,  35  cents 
per  gallon;  in  bottles  or  in  jugs,  per  case  of 
one  dozen  bottles  or  jugs,  containing  each  not 
more  than  one  quart  and  more  than  one  pint,  or 
twenty-four  bottles  or  jugs,  containing  each 
not  more  than  one  pint,  $1.25  per  case;  and  any 
excess  beyond  these  quantities  found  in  such 
bottles  or  jugs  shall  be  subject  to  a  duty  of  4 
cents  per  pint  or  fractional  part  thereof,  but  no 
separate  or  additional  duty  shall.be  assess- 
ed upon  the  bottles  or  jugs. 

Paintings  in  oil  or  water  colors,  pastels,  pen 
and  ink  drawings  and  statuary,  15  per  centum 
ad  valorem. 

The  President  shall  have  power,  and  it  shall 
be  his  duty,  whenever  he  shall  be  satisfied  that 
any  such  agreement  in  this  section  mentioned 
is  not  being  fully  executed  by  the  government 
with  which  it  shall  have  been  made,  to  revoke 
such  suspension  and  notify  such  government 
thereof. 

And  it  is  further  provided  that,  with  a  view  to 
secure  reciprocal  trade  with  countries  produc- 
ing the  following  articles,  whenever  and  so 


523  . 

Often  as  the  President  shall  be  satisfied  that  the 
government  of  any  country  or  colony  of  such 
government  producing  and  exporting  directly 
or  indirectly  to  the  United  States  coffee,  tea, 
and  tonauln,  tonqua  or  tonka  beans  and  vanilla 
beans,  or  any  of  such  articles..imposes  duties 
or  other  exactions  upon  the  agricultural,  manu- 
factured, or  other  products  of  the  United  States, 
which  in  view  of  the  introduction  of  such  coffee, 
tea,  and  tonquin.  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans  and  van- 
illa beans,  into  the  United  States,  as  in  this  act 
hereinbefore  provided  for,  he  may  deem  to  be 
reciprocally  unequal  and  unreasonable,  he  snail 
have  the  power,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty,  to  sus- 
pend, by  proclamation  to  that  effect,,  the  pro- 
visions  of  this  act  relating  to  the  free  introduc- 
tion of  such  coffee,  tea,  and  tonquin,  tonqua,  or 
tonka  beans  and  vanilla  beans  of  the,  products 
of  such  country  or  colony,  for  such  time  as  he 
shall  deem  just;  and  in  such  ease  and  during 
such  suspension,  duties  shall  be  levied,  collected 
and  paid  upon  coffee,  tea,  and  tonquin,  tonqua. 
or  tonka  beans  and  vanilla  beans,  the  products 
or  exports,  direct  or  indirect,  from  such  desig- 
nated country  as  follows: 

On  coffee,  3  cents  per  pound, 

On  tea,  10  cents  per  pound. 

On  tonquin,  tonqua,  or  tonka  beans,  50  cents 
per  pound;  vanilla  beans,  $2  per  pound;  vanilla 
beans,  commercially  known  as  cuts,  $1  per  lb. 

That  whenever  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate,  with  a  view  to  secure  reciprocal 
trade  with  foreign  countries,  shall,  within  the 
period  of  two  years  from  and  after  the  passage 
of  this  act,  enter  into  commercial  treaty  or 
treaties  with  any  country  or  countries  concern- 
ing the  admission  into  any  such  country  or 
countries  of  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  of 
the  United  States,  and  their  use  and  disposition 
therein  deemed  for  the  interest  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  such  treaty  or  treaties,  in  con- 
sideration of  the  advantages  accruing  to  the 
United  States  itherefrom,  shall  provide  for  the 
reduction  during  the  specified  period,  not  ex- 
ceeding five  years,  of  the  duties  imposed  by  this 
act,  to  the  extent  of  not  more  than  20  per  cen- 
tum thereof,  upon  such  goods,  wares,  or  mer- 
chandise as  may  be  designated  therein  of  the 
country  or  countries  with  which  such  treaty  or 
treaties  shall  be  made  as  in  this  section  pro- 
vided for;  or  shall  provide  for  the  transfer 


524 

during  such  period  from  the  dutiable  list  of  this 
act  to  the  tree  list  thereof,  such  goods,  wares, 
and  merchandise  being  the  natural  products  of 
such  foreign  country  or  countries,  and  not  of 
the  United  States;  or  shall  provide  for  the  reten- 
tion on  the  free  list  of  this  act  during  a  specified 
period,  not  exceeding  fi  ve  years,  of  such  goods, 
wares,  and  merchandise  now  included  in  said 
^ct^e  list  as  may  be  deg.Wnated  therein;  and  when 
any  such  treaty  shall  ha^^  %5^n  duly  ratified  by 
the  Senate  and  approved  ♦'ingress,  and 
public  proclamation  made  accordinfeI;7^^j(!2ien  and 
thereafter  the  duties  which  shall  be  coiiex^tsd 
by  the  United  States  upon  any  of  the  designated 
goods,wares,  and  merchandise  from  the  foreign 
country  with  which  such  treaty  has  been  made 
shall,  during  the  period  provided  for,  be  the 
duties  specified  and  provided  for  in  such  treaty, 
and  none  other. 


TARIFF  FOR  CUBA. 


Customs  Schedule  Which  Went  Into  Effect  January 
I,  1899— Goods  Necessary  for  the  Education 
and  Uplifting  of  the  People  to 
Be  Admitted  Free. 

An  executive  order  establishing  a  customs  tariff  fot 
the  Island  of  Cuba,  to  go  into  effect  January  1,  1899, 
was  signed  by  the  President  December  13, 1898. 

The  undermentioned  articles  may  be  imported  into 
Cuba  exempt  from  the  duties  stipulated  in  the  tariffs  on 
compliance  with  the  prescribed  conditions  and  the 
formalities  established  for  every  case  in  the  customs 
ordinances: 

Manures,  natural.   Trees,  plants  and  moss,  in  a  natural  or  fresb 

state. 

For  Public  Bntertainment. 

Carriages,  trained  animals,  portable  theaters,  panoramas,  wax 
figures,  and  other  similar  objects  for  public  entertainment,  im- 
ported temporarily,  provided  bond  be  given. 

Receptacles  exported  from  Cuba,  with  fruits,  sugar,  honey  and 
brandy,  and  reimported  empty,  including  receptacles  of  galvanized 
iron  intended  for  the  exportation  of  alcohol. 

Specimens  and  collections  of  mineralogy,  botany  and  zoology; 
also  small  models  for  public  museums,  schools,  academies  and  sci- 
entific and  artistic  corporations,  on  proof  of  their  destination. 
Used  furniture  of  persons  coming  to  settle  in  the  island. 
Supplies  of  felt,  wall  paper  and  tissues,  when  they  comply  with 
the  following  conditions:    (a)  When  they  do  not  exceed  forty 
centimeters  in  length,  measured  in  the  warp  or  length  of  the  pieces 
even  when  such  samples  have  the  entire  width  of  the  piece.  The 
width  shall,  for  tissues,  be  determined  by  the  list,  and  for  felts  and 
wall  paper  by  the  narrow  border  which  i*as  not  passed  through  ttn 
press,   (b)  Samples  not  having  these  indications  shall  only  be  ad- 
mitted free  of  duty  when  they  do  not  exceed  forty  centimeters  in 
I    any  dimension,   (c)  In  order  to  avoid  abuse,  the  samples  declared 
j    for  free  entry  must  have  cuts  at  every  twenty  centimeters  o£  their 
I    width ,  so  as  to  render  them  unfit  for  any  other  purpose. 


525 


526 

Samples  of  Trimmings, 

Samples  of  trimmings  in  small  pieces,  of  no  commercial  value  or 
possible  application. 

Archaeological  and  numismatical  objects  for  public  museums, 
academies  and  scientific  and  artistic  corporations,  on  proof  of  their 
destination. 

Works  of  fine  art  acquired  by  the  government,  academies  or  other 
oflEicial  corporations,  and  intended  for  museums,  galleries  or  art 
schools,  when  due  proof  is  given  as  to  their  destination. 

Gold  in  bars,  powder  or  coined,  also  national  silver  or  bronze 
coins. 

Wearing  apparel,  toilet  objects  and  articles  for  personal  use,  bed 
and  table  linen,  books,  portable  tools  and  instruments,  theatrica' 
costumes,  jewels  and  table  services  bearing  evident  trace  of  having 
been  used,  imported  by  traveler?  in  their  luggage  in  quantities  pro- 
portionate to  their  class,  profession  and  position. 

When  travelers  do  not  bring  their  baggage  with  them,  the  clear- 
ing of  the  same  may  be  made  by  the  conductor  or  persons  author- 
ized for  the  purpose,  provided  they  prove,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
customs,  that  the  effects  are  intended  for  private  use. 

Stone,  unwrought,  for  paving  purposes.  Plows,  hoes,  hatchets, 
machetes,  cane  knives,  etc.,  for  agricultural  purposes,  and  other 
agricultural  implements  not  machinery. 

Ouinineand  Alkaloids. 

Quinine,  sulphate  and  bisulphate  of,  and  all  alkaloids  or  salts  of 
cinchona  bark. 

Hemp,  flax  and  ramie,  raw,  hackled  or  tow. 

Abaca,  heniquen,  pita,  jute  and  other  vegetable  fibers,  raw, 
tackled  or  tow. 

Spun  jute,  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar  bags. 

Books,  maps  and  scientific  instruments  for  the  use  of  schools. 

Coal  and  coke. 

Mineral,  carbonated  or  seltzer  waters,  root  beer,  ginger  ale,  and 
other  similar  non-alcoholic  beverages  not  otherwise  provided  for. 

*  Following  are  the  export  rates  of  duty : 

Tobacco  —  Cigarettes  in  boxes,  per  1,000,  90  cents.  Should 
wrapper  and  filler  leaves  be  exported  in  the  same  package,  bale  or 
bundle,  the  export  duty  leviable  on  wrapper  tobacco  shall  be  col- 
lected when  the  weight  of  the  latter  exceeds  10  per  cent,  of  the 
total  weight.  Tobacco,  cut,  100  kilos,  $3.75  >  other,  $6.30.  Cigars, 


527 


per  1,000,  $1.35.  In  the  leaf,  or  filled  tobacco,  harvested  in  the 
Province  of  Santiago  de  Cuba  and  exported  through  the  custom- 
houses of  Santiago,  Gibara  or  Manzanillo,  100  kilos,  $2.20.  Tobacco 
in  the  leaf  for  cigar  wrappers  shall  be  liable  to  the  duty  leviable  on 
tobacco  in  the  leaf,  with  a  surtax  of  100  per  cent. 

General  Pood  Products. 

Following  are  the  duties  on  alimentary  substances  (where  articles- 
are  sold  by  weight,  net  weight  of  100  kilograms  is  to  be  understood 
except  when  otherwise  indicated  or  by  Q.W.,  gross  weight) :  Poultry 
and  small  game,  live  or  dead,  per  kilo,  8  cents.  Beef,  brine  or  salt, 
$2.80.  Pork,  brine  or  salt,  $2.80.  Lard,  $2.80.  Tallow,  $2.  Bacon, 
$4.  Ham,  $5.50.  Jerked  beef,  $3.96.  Beef,  canned,  $5;  beef, 
fresh,  $4.50.  Mutton,  fresh,  $4.50.  Pork,  fresh,  $4.  Butter,  $7. 
Cheese,  $5.  Condensed  milk,  10  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Salt  cod 
and  stock  fish,  100  kilos,  $2.  Herring,  pickled,  $1.  Mackerel, 
pickled,  $2.    Salmon,  canned,  $5.    Eggs,  $5. 

Cereals— Rice,  husked  or  not,  $1.  Wheat,  60c.  Corn,  30c.  Po- 
tatoes, 50c.  Rye,  40c.  Barley,  50c.  Oats,  40c.  Wheat  flour,  $1.50; 
rice  flour,  $2i  corn  flour,  50c. ;  oat  flour,  $1.20.   Beans,  $1.10. 

Apparatus  and  Machines — Machinery  and  apparatus  for  making: 
sugar  and  brandy,  Q.  W.,  100  kilos,  10  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Agri- 
cultural machinery  and  apparatus,  G.  W.,  10  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 
Steam  motors,  stationary,  G.  W, ,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Marin© 
engines,  steam  pumps,  hydraulic,  petroleum,  gas  or  hot  or  com* 
pressed  air  motors,  G.  W.  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Sheet  iron  boilers, 
G  W, ,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem.  Tubular  boilers,  G.  W.  ,  20  per  cent, 
ad  valorem 

Domestic  Animals,  Petroleum,  Etc. 

Animals— Horses  and  mares  above  the  standard  height,  $10;  all 
others,  $5.  Mules,  $5  Asses,  $5.  Oxen,  $1.  Cows,  $1.  Bullocks, 
calves  and  heifers,  $1.  Pigs,  $1.  Sheep,  goats  and  animals  not 
specially  mentioned,  $1. 

Petroleum  and  other  mineral  oils,  refined,  etc.,  100  kilos,  G.  W., 
$4  70.  Crude  petroleum,  to  be  used  exclusively  in  the  manufacture 
of  illuminating  gas  in  Cuba,  100  kilos,  70c.  A  product  of  petroleum 
known  as  cordage  oil,  100  kilos,  $2.35. 

Artificial  or  chemical  fertilizers,  100  kilos,  5c. 

Bricks  of  clay^  not  glazed,  for  building  purposes,  furnaces,  etc., 
articles  of  fire  clay,  G  W.,  100  kilos,  30c.  Roofing  tiles  of  clay, 
not  glazed,  per  square  (10  by  10  feet),  $1.50. 

Tissues  of  hemp,  linen,  ramie,  jute  or  other  vegetable  fibers,  not 
specially  mentioned,  plain,  twilled  or  damasked,  weighing  35  kilo« 
or  more  per  100  square  meters,  unbleached,  half-bleached  or  dyed 
in  the  piece,  having :  Up  to  5  threads,  including  sugar  bags,  100 
kilos,  $2;  from  6  to  8  threads, ^ilo,  5c. ;  9  threads  or  more,  kilo,  8c. 

Books,  bound  or  unbound,  and  other  printed  matter,  100  kilos» 
$7.25. 

Pianos,  each,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 
Watches  and  clocks,  each,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 
Sewing  machines,  G.  W.,  100  kilos,  20  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 
Wagons  and  carts,  40  per  cent,  ad  valorem. 


528 


Wines  and  Liquors. 

Alcohol  and  brandy  (hecto),  $5.  Liquors,  cognac  and  other  com> 
pound  spirits,  in  flasks  (hecto),  $10;  in  bottles  or  flasks,  $15.  Whis- 
kies, in  casks  (hecto).  $5.  Sparkling  wines  (liter),  10c.  Malt  liquor, 
in  casks  (hecto),  $1.63  ;  in  bottles,  $1.83. 

Coffee,  in  the  bean  or  ground,  100  kilos,  $12.15.  Cocoa,  100 
kilos,  $20.25. 

Tobacco,  ill  cakes,  so-called  "breva,"  or  in  carrots,  100  kilos, 
$10.50;  in  powder  or  snu-ff,  per  pound,  12c.  Leaf  tobacco,  stemmed 
or  unstemmed,  whether  wrapper  or  filler,  per  pound,  $5.  Cigars, 
cigarettes,  cheroots  of  all  kinds,  per  pound.  $4.50  and  25  percent, 
ad  valorem.  Paper  cigars,  cigarettes,  $4.50  and  25  per  cent,  ad 
valorem. 

Cotton— Unbleached,  half-bleached  or  dyed  in  the  piece  (kilo),  8c. 
Bleached,  printed  or  manufactured,  with  dyed  yarns  (kilo),  20c. 
Undershirts  and  drawers  of  simple  finish  or  rough  sewing  (kilo)  ,70c. 
Undershirts  and  drawers  of  double  sewing  or  fine  finish  (kilo),  HOc. 
Stockings,  socks,  gloves  and  other  small  articles  of  simple  finish 
or  rough  sewing,  per  kilo,  70  cents.  Stockings,  socks,  gloves  and 
other  small  articles,  of  double  sewing  or  fine  finish,  per  kilo,  90c. 

Reduction  from  Old  Rates. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  per  cent,  of 
reduction  in  the  several  classes  between  the  old  Spanish 
rate  an  d  the  rate  originally  adopted  by  the  United  States 
for  all  imports: 


Class  I. ,  stones,  earths,  ores,  etc.   64.1 

Class  II.,  metals,  etc   iVZ.l 

Class  III.,  pharmacy  and  chemicals,  substances  of   58.1 

Class  IV.,  cotton,  etc   63.7 

Class  v.,  hemp,  flax,  etc     62.5 

Class  VI.,  wool,  etc   70.4 

Class  VII..  silk,  etc   59.0 

Class  VIII.,  paper,  etc  ,   76.9 

Class  IX.,  woods,  etc   63.1 

Class  X. ,  animals,  etc   61.8 

Class  XI.,  instruments,  machinery,  etc   60.6 

Class  XII.,  meat,  fish,  butter  and  greases   61.5 

Class  XIII.,  miscellaneous   61.8 

General  average,  all  classes     62.0 


Acting  Secretary  Meiklejohn,  of  the  War  Department, 
issued  an  order  December  17,  by  direction  of  the  Presi- 
dent, designating  Trinidad,  Santa  Cruz  and  Batabano 
as  sub-ports  of  entry  in  the  Island  of  Cuba,  in  addition 
to  those  indicated  in  the  order  of  September  13  last. 
An  army  officer  will  be  assigned  to  each  of  these  sub- 
ports,  who  will  be  the  collector  of  customs  and  have 
jurisdiction  of  the  collection  of  customs. 


529 


Customs  Ports. 

1.  The  port  of  Habana  has  been  duly  designated  as 
the  chief  customs  port  of  Cuba,  and  the  following  have 
been  declared  to  be  subports,  viz:  Matanzas,  Car- 
denas, Cienfuegos,  Sagua.  Caibarien,  Santiago,  Man- 
zanillo,  Neuvitas,  Guantanamo.  Gibara,  Baracoa,  Trin- 
idad, Santa  Oruz.  Zaza,  and  Batabano,  in  the  island  of 
Cuba,  and  the  officer  of  the  Army  duly  assigned  to  each 
of  said  ports  as  collector,  will  have  general  Jurisdiction 
of  the  collection  of  customs  at  such  ports  respectively. 
Every  collector  stationed  at  a  subport  will  make  weekly 
reports  to  the  collector  at  Habana  of  all  tpansactions  at 
his  subport,  with  copies  of  all  entries  of  merchandise 
duly  certified,  and  all  moneys  collected  at  subports 
must  be  deposited  with  the  duly  designated  officer, 
whose  receipt  therefor  must  be  taken  in  duplicate. 
Any  Questions  arising  at  any  subport  will  be  referred  to 
the  collector  at  Habana  for  his  decision,  from  which 
there  shall  be  no  appeal,  except  in  such  cases  as  h& 
may  refer  for  decision  to  the  Secretary  of  War. 

Entrance  and  Clearance  of  Vessels. 

2.  Every  vessel  shall,  on  arrival,  be  placed  under  cus- 
toms control  until  duly  discharged.  Passengers  with 
no  dutiable  property  in  their  possession  may  be  per- 
mitted to  land  without  detention. 

If,  upon  the  unloading  of  any  cargo,  there  shall  be 
found  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise  not  duly  declared 
on  the  manifest,  such  articles  in  excess  shall  be  re- 
quired to  pay  additional  duties  of  25  per  cent,  on  the 
regular  duties.  Should  any  packages  or  articles  named 
on  the  manifest  be  missing  on  the  arrival  of  the  vessel, 
the  latter  shall  pay  a  penalty  of  $1.00  per  ton  measure- 
ment, unless  such  deficiency  shall  be  satisfactorily 
explained  or  accounted  for. 


530 


CHRONOLOGY  of  the  SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAR. 

Feb.  15— Maine  blown  up  in  Havana  harbor;  266  killed, 
March  13— Senator  Proctor  tells  of  Cuban  horrors. 
March  25— Official  report  says  a  mine  destroyed  the 
Maine. 

April  4— MoKinley  declines  Pope's  Intervention. 
April  9— General  Lee  and  Americans  leave  Havana. 
April  19— Congress  recognizes  independence  of  Cuba. 
April  21— American  minister  in  Madrid  dismissed;  ulti- 
matum not  presented. 
April  22— North  Atlantic  Squadron  leaves  Key  West. 
April  23— President  Issues  call  for  125,000  volunteers. 
April  24— Asiatic  Squadron  sails  for  the  Philippines. 
April  24— Spain  declares  war. 

April  25— Congress  declares  war  has  existed  since  April 
21. 

April  27— Batteries  at  Matanzas  bombarded. 
April  29— Batteries  at  Cienfuegos  bombarded. 
April  30— Batteries  at  Cabanas  bombarded. 
May  1— Spanish  fleet  at  Manila  destroyed. 
May  7— Matanzas  forts  shelled. 

Hay  9— Fight  off  Cardenas  between  Winslow  and  three 

Spanish  gunboats. 
May  11— Attack  on  Cienfuegos. 
May  12— San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico  bombarded. 
May  12— Cardenas  shelled. 

May  13— Flying  Squadron  leaves  Hampton  Roads. 
May  18— Flying  Squadron  reaches  Key  West. 
May  18— New  Spanish  cabinet  under  Sagasta. 
May  19— Cervera's  Squadron  in  Santiago  harbor. 
May  25— President  issues  second  call,  for  75.000 

volunteers. 
May  25— First  Manila  expedition  leaves. 
May  31— Santiago  forts  bombarded. 
June  3— Collier  Merrimac  sunk. 
June  6— Bombardment  of  Santiago  forts. 
June  8— Shafter's  force  leaves  Tampa. 
June"*  8— Caimanera  bombarded. 


531 


June  10— Marines  land  at  Guantanamo. 

June  ll—Fight  at  Guantanamo;  Spaniards  repulsed. 

June  14— Army  sails  from  Tampa. 

June  16— Second  Manila  expedition  sails. 

June  15— Spanish  defeat  at  Guantanamo. 

June  16— Fort  Caimanera  demolished. 

June  16— Bombardment  of  Santiago  forts, 

June  20— Shafter's  army  arrives  at  Baiquiri. 

June  21— The  "Charleston"  captures  the  Ladrones. 

June  2 2  and  23— Shafter's  army  lands. 

June  24— Juragua  captured. 

June  24— Fight  at  La  Quasina;  Spaniards  repulsed. 
June  26— Cadiz  fleet  at  Port  Said. 
June  26— Shafter  occupies  Bevilla. 
June  28— Third  Manila  expedition  sails. 
June  29— First  expedition  arrives  at  Manila. 
June  30— El  Caney  evacuated  by  Spaniards. 
July  1— Outer  defenses  of  Santiago  taken. 
July  2— San  Juan,  near  Santiago,  taken. 
July  3 -Shafter  demands  surrender  of  Santiago. 
July  3— Cervera's  fleet  destroyed. 
July  5— Camara's  fleet  at  Suez. 
July  6— Spanish  cruiser  Alfonso  XII.  destroyed. 
July  7— Dewey  captures  Isla  Grande  and  1.300 
prisoners. 

July  8— Camara's  fleet  ordered  to  return  to  Spain. 
July  10— Bombardment  of  Santiago  resumed;  Linares 

refuses  to  make  an  unconditional  surrender. 
July  13— Truce. 
July  14— Santiago  surrenders. 

July  16— General  Shafter  announces  terms  of  Genera] 

Toral's  surrender. 
July  17— American  flag  is  raised  over  Santiago  de  Cuba* 

and  General  McKibbin  made  military  governer. 
July  18— War  council  orders  invasion  of  Porto  Rico; 

Manzanillo  bombarded. 
July  20— Spanish  cabinet  reported  as  agreed  to  ask  for 

peace. 


♦  632 

July  21— General  Garcia  withdraws  his  army  from 
Shafter's  support. 

July  22— General  Miles  sails  for  Porto  Bico  witn  an 
advance  guard:  American  lines  close  about  Manila; 
General  Wood  is  appointed  governor  of  Santiago. 

July  23— Spaniards  continue  to  surrender;  Topeka  cap- 
tures Port  Nipe. 

July  24— Shafter  reported  active;  Emperor  Wilhelm  said 
to  have  asked  our  intentions  in  the  East. 

July  25— General  Miles  lands  at  Guanica,  Porto  Bico. 

July  26— Spain  formally  sues  for  peace  through  the 
French  Ambassador. 

August  12-Peace  protocol  signed  at  4:23  p.  m.  by  Sec- 
retary of  State  Day  for  the  United  States,  and  French 
Ambassador  Cambon  for  the  Spanish  government. 

August  13— Admiral  Dewey  and  General  Merritt  assault 
and  capture  Manila. 

Bept.  9— U.  S.  Peace  Commission  appointed. 

Sept.  17— U.  S.  Peace  Commission  sailed  for  Paris. 

Sept.  X8— Spain  appointed  Peace  Commission. 

Oct.  1— Joint  Peace  Commission  meet  at  Paris. 

Dec.  10— Peace  Treaty  was  signed  at  Paris. 


